"The period from 1928 to 1963 cov­ers the time during which most of the basic concepts and theory of molecu­lar structure were born and grew to a vitality and vigor of their own. In the development of these principles the name of Mulliken will go down into history side by side with those of Pauling, Slater, Hund, and Lennard-Jones."

C. A. Coulson in "Molecular Orbitals in Chemistry, Physics, and Biology— A Tribute to R. S. Mulliken," Per-Olov Lowdin and Bernard Pullman, Editors, Academic Press, New York and Lon­don, 1964

same number of extranuclear electrons, those electrons should behave in the same way and should be subject to the assignment of quantum numbers. When a molecule forms, the electrons contributed by its atoms move into new patterns in molecular orbitals— and the aufbau principle applies to molecules as well as to atoms.

This work underlies almost every­thing that has come since in molecular structure. It destroyed the stereotype that atoms form molecules as bricks form walls, each brick retaining its original identity.

In the succeeding years, Prof. Mul­liken has been building on and ex­tending molecular orbital theory to polyatomic molecules, heteropolar di-atomics, hyperconjugation, intensities in spectra, and the theory of molecular complexes. He foresees "colossal re­wards" from the use of digital comput­ers in quantum-mechanical calcula­tions on the structure of matter. Says colleague Michael Kasha, director of Florida State's Institute of Molecular Biophysics: "He is at the very peak of his career and during the past five years has covered as much or more re­search territory than during any com­parable period in his life."

Since 1961, Prof. Mulliken has held a postretirement appointment as Dis­tinguished Service Professor of Phys­ics and Chemistry at Chicago, where he has been since 1928. For the past few years, the Mullikens have spent part of each year at FSU's Institute of Molecular Biophysics in Tallahassee, where he is Distinguished Research Professor of Chemical Physics and daughter Valerie is a freshman. A second daughter, Lucia Maria (Mrs. William W. McGrew) lives in Athens, Greece.

Prof. Mulliken, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, has re­ceived the Bronze Medal Award, Liege

(1948) ; Gilbert N. Lewis Gold Medal, ACS California Section (1960); Theo­dore W. Richards Gold Medal, ACS Northeastern Section (1960); ACS Peter Debye Award (1963); John Gamble Kirkwood Medal, Yale Uni­versity department of chemistry and ACS New Haven Section (1964); and the Willard Gibbs Medal, ACS Chi­cago Section (1965).

Physics prize to Frenchman French physicist Alfred Kastler was awarded the 1966 Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery and develop­ment of optical methods used to ob­serve resonances in the ground and excited states of atoms. About $60,-000 goes with the citation made by the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, and to be presented next month.

Since 1941, Prof. Kastler has been teaching physics at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, where he was once a student. His principal research has been in spectroscopy, including studies in excited states of atoms, atomic ground states, Raman spectra, spectra of the night sky, optical meth­ods of radio-frequency spectroscopy, interferometry, and optical masers.

Long recognized for his contribu­tions in physics, Dr. Kastler has re­ceived honorary doctorates from the universities of Louvain (Belgium), Pisa (Italy), and Oxford (England). He was made Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur in 1952 and received the Holweck Prize of the London Physical Society in 1954. In 1957, the French Academy of Sciences awarded him its Grand Prix de la Recherche Scienti­fique. The Optical Society of America awarded him, in 1962, the first

Physicist Kastler Resonances in atoms

C. Ε. Κ. Mees International Medal for his work in "extending the frontiers of optics."

Dr. Kastler's career has been a com­bination of research and teaching. Be­fore beginning graduate studies, he taught high school physics (1926-31) . Then he was an assistant at the University of Bordeaux while doing his thesis research on the stepwise ex­citation of mercury atoms. After he received his Docteur des Sciences Physiques, in 1936, for this work, he taught for two years at Clermont Fer-rand University. From 1938 to 1941, he was professor of physics at Bor­deaux University.

Case, WRU merge sciences The merger of three science depart­ments—chemistry, physics, and math­ematics—at Case Institute of Technol­ogy and Western Reserve University has been approved by the trustees of the two Cleveland schools. In addi­tion, the trustees also approved a plan for WRU's biology department (Case has none) to serve both institutions.

No timetable for formal unification of the departments has been an­nounced. The separate department chairmen will temporarily retain their titles, and the departments will prob­ably finish the current academic year separately. But eventually, each de­partment will have a single chairman, and faculty for the merged depart­ments will be jointly recruited and ap­pointed.

In a joint statement, the presidents of the two schools, WRU's John S. Millis and Case's Robert W. Morse, said the "intent of the trustees' action was to bring into being a nationally recognized community of academic ex­cellence, building on what has already been achieved." Planning for the de­velopment of physical facilities for the merged departments will begin imme­diately.

The action is not the first such col­laboration between the schools—sev­eral years ago their geology and astron­omy departments were merged. Nor is it likely to be the last. Both schools are undergoing a study headed by for­mer Ford Foundation president Dr. Henry T. Heald to investigate future collaboration on a broader scale. A report on the $400,000 study is not due until June. But the merger deci­sion was enthusiastically supported by the study commission, according to Dr. Morse and Dr. Millis.

Such joint planning is a logical out­come of, and would not be possible without, the back-to-back locations of the schools. The campuses are liter­ally within a stone's throw of each other in Cleveland's prestigious Uni-

20 C&EN NOV. 14, 1966

Western Reserve's Olah Followup moves that matter

Case's Barrow Operate at higher levels

versity Circle area on the east side of the city.

The chairmen of both chemistry de­partments agree that the merger is but one phase of the overall development of a "distinguished" chemistry depart­ment. Dr. George A. Olah of WRU calls the merger "a unique step for two major universities." But "what really matters," Dr. Olah adds, "is the follow-up moves that must be taken to imple­ment the intent of the trustees' action."

Case's Dr. Gordon Barrow feels the joint department offers "tremendous possibilities for achieving the goals we set a few years ago." He adds that "anyone can put together two depart­ments and make them work. The ex­citing part is getting the merged de­partment to operate at the higher lev­els made possible by the broader base."

Chemists' pay rises fastest Chemists' salaries showed a greater average increase in the five-year pe­riod 1961-66 than those of any other professional group studied by the Bu­reau of Labor Statistics. In this period chemists' salaries went up 21.3% com­pared to 20.8% for attorneys, 19.8% for personnel directors, 18.5% for auditors, and 18.0% for engineers of all types, including chemical.

Last week BLS released its seventh annual nationwide survey of "compen­sation for selected professional, admin­istrative, technical, and clerical occu­pations in private industry." The data were obtained by personal visits of BLS field economists in February-March 1966. They represent more than 1.3 million employees. This comes to about 20% of the total num­ber employed in the occupations sur­veyed.

The percentage of pay increase for professional and administrative work­ers is much larger than that for clerical workers. In the year ended Febru­ary-March 1966, clerical workers' pay went up 3 % . By contrast, salaries for chemists went up 4.8% while engi­neers received a 3.7% pay increase. Salaries for engineering technicians, however, rose only 2.8% in the year ended February-March 1966.

Engineers and chemists were each surveyed at eight different levels of competence and responsibility. At the lowest level, engineers earned higher salaries than chemists, but at the high­est level the situation was reversed. At level I—the trainee level requiring a B.S. degree—monthly salaries for en­gineers averaged $647 compared to $592 for chemists. At level VII I - the highest level, where the employee has

Chemists show highest five

Occupational group

Accountants Auditors Chief accountants Attorneys Managers, office services Job analysts Directors of personnel Chemists Engineers Engineering technicians Drafting Clerical

1965 to

1966

3.8% 3.8 3.3 4.0 3.3 5.4 3.6 4.8 3.7 2.8 1.5 3.0

full responsibility over a very broad and complex engineering or chemical program or is recognized as an author­ity doing individual research or consul­tation in difficult problem areas—the average monthly salary was $1942 for chemists and $1803 for engineers. In level IV (the group containing the largest number of each class) engi­neers averaged $982 a month com­pared to $954 for chemists. Employ­ees in this group are fully competent in all technical aspects of their assign­ments and work with considerable in­dependence.

Average salaries paid to engineering technicians ranged from $425 a month at the lowest level to $745 at the high­est level. At the lowest level techni­cians perform simple, routine tasks un­der close supervision or from detailed procedures. At the highest level, the technicians perform more complex tasks involving responsibility for plan­ning and conducting a complete proj­ect of relatively limited scope or a por­tion of a larger and more diverse proj­ect.

Manufacturing industries accounted for 9 1 % of the chemists surveyed; the rest were employed in scientific ser­vices. About 80% of the engineers surveyed worked in manufacturing in­dustries, 9% in public utilities, and the rest in scientific and engineering ser­vices.

About 79% of the engineering tech­nicians were employed in manufactur­ing industries; the rest were in the sci­entific and engineering service indus­tries. The ratio of technicians to engi­neers in the overall survey was 1 to 4. However, in research, development, and testing laboratories the ratio of technicians to engineers was about 1 to 2.

-year salary rise Percent increases in average salaries

1964 to

1965 3.5% 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.3 3.5 3.9 3.2 2.3 C) 2.4

1963 to

1964 2.8% 3.1 4.8 3.3 2.7 3.5 4.6 3.3 2.9 3.6 2.6 2.9

1962 to

1963 3.3% 3.6 2.8 4.6 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.8 4.4 2.9 3.6 2.6

1961 to

1962 2.8% 2.9 2.6 3.2 3.3 1.4 3.7 3.9 2.6 (a) 3.8 2.9

1961 to

1966 17.3% 18.5 18.6 20.8 16.8 18.4 19.8 21.3 18.0 ( a )

« 14.6

a Engineering technicians were not surveyed before 1962. b Comparison over this period was not possible for draftsmen because of changes in definitions of

work levels in 1965.

Source: Bulletin No. 1535, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor

NOV. 14, 1966 C&EN 21