CASESCITED 201

A. v. United Kingdom, 27 Eur. H. R. Rep 611 (1999) (decided Sept. 23, 1998), 188-189

Adarand Contractors, Inc., v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995), 71n, 74n

Advance Music Corp. v. American Tobacco Co., 296 N.Y. 79, 70 N.E.2d 401 (1946), 115

Alcock v. ChiefConstable ofthe So. Yorks. Police, [1992] 1 A.C. 310 (1991), 120n, 121n

Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co., 328 U.S. 680 (1946), 19n

Anns v. Merton London Borough Council, [1978] A.c. 728 (19771 123-124, 126

Appalachian Power Co. v. Am. lost. of Certified Public Accountants, 177 F.Supp. 345 (S.D.N.Y. 1959), 116

Associated Press v. NLRB, 301 U.S. 103 (1937), 12n

BMW ofNo. Amer. Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559 (1996), 58n

Barr v. Matteo, 360 U.S. 564 (1959), 33-34n

Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), 164

Battaglia v. General Motors Corp., 169 F.2d 254, 19-20n

Benmax v. Austin Motor Co., [1955] A.C. 370,181-182

Bily v. Arthur Young & Co., 3 Cal. 4th 370, 11 Cal. Rptr. 2d 51 (1992), 119n

Blumenthai v. Picture Classics, 235 App. Div. 570,257 N.Y.S. 800 (1935), 113n

Bovsun v. Sanperi, 61 N.Y.2d 219, 473 N.Y.S.2d 357 (1984), 120n

Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616 (1886), 198n

Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969),33n

Briscoe v. Reader's Digest Ass'n, 4 Cal.3d 529, 93 Cal. Rptr. 866 (1971), 114

Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), 46n, 195n

Browning-Ferris Industries ofVt., Inc. v. Kelco Disposal, Inc., 492 U.S. 257 (1989), 58

Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976),28n

Burmah Oil Corp. v. Lord Advocate, [1965] A.C. 75, [1965] 2 W.L.R. 1231. 2 All E.R. 348 (Sc. 1964), 19-20n

Caparo Industries PLC v. Dickman, [1990] 2 A.C. 605, 118

Chandler v. Director ofPub. Prosecutions, [1964] A.C. 763 (1962),98n

Cie. Air France v. Teichner (1984), 39 REV. FRAN<;AISE DE DROIT ARIEN 232 (1985), 23 EUROP. TRANSP. L. 87 (1988), [1984] 1 S&B Av. Rep. VIII141, 52

Cities Service Co. v. State, 312 So.2d 799 (Fla. App. 1975), 175

City ofLa Crosse v. Schubert, Schroeder & Assocs., 72 Wis.2d 38,240 N.W.2d 124 (1976), 126n

City ofRichmond v. J. A. Croson

202 CASESCITED

Co., 488 V.S. 469 (1989), 71n Commonwealth v. Leis, 355 Mass.

189,243 N.E.2d 898 (1969), 112n

Commonwealth v. Soares, 377 Mass. 461, 387 N.E.2d 499 (1979), 164n

Consolidated Rail Corp. v. Gottshall, 512 V.S. 532 (1994), 78n, 120n

Costello-Roberts v. the Vnited Kingdom, 19 Eur. H. R. Rep. 112 (1995)(Mar. 25, 1993), 189n

Cox Broadeasting Corp. v. Cohn, 420 V.S. 469 (1975), 114

Dandridge v. Williams, 397 V.S. 471 (1970),59-60

Derry v. Peek, 14 App. Cas. 337 (1889), 117n

Diamond v. General Motors Corp., 20 Cal. App.3d 374, 97 Cal. Rptr 639 (1971), 67n

Dillon v. Legg, 68 Cal.2d 728, 69 Cal. Rptr. 72 (1968), 120

Doundoulakis v. Town of Hempstead, 42 NY.2d 440, 398 N.Y.S.2d 401 (1977), 175-176

Duke of Queensbury v. Shebbeare, 28 Eng. Rep. 924 (Ch. 1758), 109

Dziokonski v. Babineau, 375 Mass. 555, 380N.E.2d 1295 (1978), 120n

East River S.S. Corp. v. Trans-Ameriean DeLaval, Ine., 476 V.S. 858 (1986), 127

Eastern Airlines v. Floyd, 499 V.S. 530 (1991),51-52

EIden v. She1don, 46 Ca1.3d 267, 250 Cal. Rptr. 254 (1988), 77n, 121n

Entiek v. Carrington, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (K.B. 1765), 198n

Esso Petroleum Co. v. Southport Corp., 1956 A.C. 218, 81n

Ex parte Pinoehet V garte, [1998] 3 W.L.R. 1456 (H.L.), 189-191

First Nat'l Bk v. Belloti, 435 V.S. 765 (1978), 28n

The Florida Star v. B. J. F., 491 V.S. 524 (1989), 77n, 113

Fowler v. Southern Bell Tel. & Tel. Co., 343 F.2d 150 (5th Cir. 1965), IBn

Fullilove v. Klutznik, 448 V.S. 448 (1980),71n

Furman v. Georgia, 408 V.S. 238 (1972),21-22,58n

Galella v. Onassis, 487 F.2d 986 (2d Cir. 1973), 77n, 112

Gertz v. Robert Welch, Ine., 418 V.S.323 (1974134n, 77n

Georgia v. MeCollum, 505 V.S. 42 (1992), 164

Gill v. Hearst Pub. Co., 40 Cal.2d 224,253 P.2d 441 (1953), 112

Gregg v. Georgia, 428 V.S. 153 (1976),22-23,58n, 59n, 179n

Griswold v. Conneetieut, 381 V.S. 479 (1965), I11n

Grosjean v. Ameriean Press Co., 297 V.S. 233 (1936), 12n

Hambrook v. Stokes Bros., [1925] 1 K.B. 141 (C.A.), 120n

Hamburger v. Eastman, 106 N.H. 107,206 A.2d 239 (1964), IBn

Hammond v. Bristow Helieopters,

CASESCITED 203

Ltd., [1999], [1999] Scot. Law Times 919 (Ct. Sess. 1998), 52n

Harrison v. Wisdom, 54 Tenn. (7 Heisk.) 99 (1872), 97

Heckler v. Day, 467 U.S. 104 (1984), 154

Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc., 32 N.J. 358, 161 A2d 69 (1960), 130n

Horrocks v. Lowe, [1975] AC. 135 (1974),77n

Hudson v. Peavey Oil Co., 279 Or. 3,566 P.2d 175 (1977), 175

Hurd v. Hodge, 334 U.S. 24 (1948),57n

In re AC., 573 A.2d 1235 (D.C. Ct. App. 1990), 79n

In re Kinsman Transit Co., 388 F.2d 821 (2d Cir. 1968), 126n

Jewell Ridge Corp. v. Local No. 617,325 U.S. 161 (1945), 19n

Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409 (1968), 57n

Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson, 344 U.S. 495 (1952), 114n

Junior Books Ltd. v. Veitchi, Co. Ltd., [1983] 1 AC. 520 (1982) (Sc.), 125

Kotsambasis v. Singapore Airlines, Ltd., 42 N.S.W. Rep. 110 (C.A 1997),52n

Lewis v. United States, 146 U.S. 370 (1892), 166n

Loe v. Lenhardt, 227 Or. 242, 362 P .2d 3 12 (1961), 173

Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967),46n

Luthringer v. Moore, 3 1 Cal.2d 489,190 P.2d 1 (1948), 173

Mabee v. Wbite Plains Pub. Co., 327U.S.178(1946),12n

Marc Rich & Co. v. Bishop Rock Marine Co., [1996] 1 AC. 211 (1995), 118

McLeod v. U. K., 27 Eur. H. R. Rep. 493 (1999) (decided Sept. 23, 1998), [1994] 4 All E.R. 553 (C.A.),183-186

McLoughlin v. O'Brian, [1983] AC. 410 (1982), 120n, 125-126, 131

Melvin v. Reid, 112 Cal. App. 285, 297P.91 (1931), 113-114

Miller v. Califomia, 413 U.S. 15 (1973),34n

Mitchell v. Rochester Ry., 151 N.Y. 107,45 N.E. 354 (1896), 120n

Mitchell v. United States, 34 U.S. (9 Pet.) 711 (1835), 147

Mouse's Case, 12 Co. 63, 77 Eng. Rep. 1341 (K. B. 1609), 81n

Murphy v. Brentwood District Council, [1991] 1 AC. 398 (1990), 126

Naim v. Naim, 350 U.S. 985 (1956),46n

Neil v. State, 433 So.2d 51 (Fla. App. 1983), rev'd, 457 So.2d 481 (Fla. 1984), 163n

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), 34n, 77n

New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U .S. 713 (1971), 197n

Oksenholt v. Lederle Labs., 294 Or. 213, 656 P.2d 293 (1982), 126n

204 CASESCITED

Page v. Smith [1996] AC. 153 (1995), 78n, 121n

People v. Aguiar, 257 Cal. App.2d 597,65 Cal. Rptr. 171 (1968), 112n

People v. Brown, 70 Mise.2d 224, 333 N.Y.S.2d 342 (1972), 97n

People v. Fries, 42 Il1.2d 446,250 N.E.2d 149 (1969), Il1n

Ploofv. Putnam 81 Vt. 471, 71 Atl. 188 (1908), 81n

Pollard v. Photographie Co., 40 Ch. Div. 345, 109

Prinee Albert v. Strange, 41 Eng. Rep. 1171 (Ch. 1849), 109

The Queen v. Dudley and Stephens, 14 Q.B.D. 273 (1884),93-95

Ravin v. State, 537 P.2d 494 (Alaska 1975), 112n

Riggs v. Palmer, 115 N.Y. 506,22 N.E. 188 (1889), BOn

River Wear Comm'rs v. Adamson, [1877] 2 AC. 743, 84n

Roberson v. Roehester Folding Box Co., 171 N.Y. 538,64 N.E. 442 (1902), 110-111

Roe v. Wade, 410 V.S. 113 (1973), I11n

Rosenblum v. Adler, 93 NJ. 324, 461 A2d 138 (1983), 118n

Rubio v. Superior Court, 24 Cal.3d 93, 154 Cal. Rptr. 734 (1979), 164

Rylands v. Fleteher, L.R. 3 E. & I. App. 330 (1868), 173

Santor v. Karagheusian, Ine., 44 N.J. 52,207 A2d 305 (1965), 126

Sesse v. Bethlehem Steel Co., 168 F.2d 58 (1948), 19-20n

Spring Motors Distribs. v. Ford Motor Co., 98 N.J. 555,489 A2d 660 (1985), 126

Sidhu v. British Airways PLC, [1997] AC. 430 (1996), 52n

Sidis v. F-R Pub. Co., 113 F.2d 806 (2d Cir. 1940), 77n

Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277 (1983), 177-178

Southport Corp. v. Esso Petroleum Co., [1953] 2 All E.R 1204 (Q.B.),82

Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 557 (1969),34n

State v. Kantner, 53 Haw. 327, 493 P.2d 306 (1972), 112n

TVA v. Hili, 437 V.S. 153 (1978), 136n

Taxman v. Piseataway Sehool Distriet, 91 F.3d 1547 (3d Cir. 1996),73

Tennessee Coal, Iron & RR Co. v. Museoda Loeal No. 123,321 V.S. 590 (1944), 19-20n

Thing v. La Chusa, 48 Cal.3d 644, 257 Cal. Rptr. 865 (1989), 77n, 121n

Trop v. Dulles, 356 V.S. 86 (1958), 58n,59n

Union Oil Corp. v. Oppen, 501 F.2d 558 (9th Cir. 1974), 126n

United States v. Brown, 381 V.S. 437 (1965), 57n

United States v. Holmes, 26 Fed. Cas. 360 (E.D.Pa. 1842) (No. 15,383),93-95

United States v. Roeder, 526 F.2d

CASESCITED

736 (10th Cir. 1975), 12n Vnited States v. Smith, 499 V.S.

160 (1991),52-54 Victorian Ry. Comm'rs v. Coultas,

13 App. Cas. 222 (1888) (P.c.), 220n

Vincent v. Lake Erie Trans. Co., 109 Minn. 456, 124 N.W. 221 (1910),84-85

Wesbury v. Sanders, 376 V.S. 1 (1964),28n

White v. ChiefConstable ofthe South Wilshire Police, [1999] 1 All E.R. 1 (1998), 78n, 121 n

White v. Jones, [1994] 2 A.c. 207, 118

Yommer v. McKenzie, 255 Md. 220,257 A.2d 138 (1969), 175

205

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MODEL PENAL CODE AND COMMENTARlES (OFF/CI AL DRAFT AND REV/SED

COMMENTS 1985). RESTATEMENT OF TORTS (1934). RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS (1965). RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONFLICTS (1977). Comment, Justice Story, Slavery, and the Natural Law Foundations of

American Constitutionalism, 55 U. CHI. L. REv. 273 (1988).

207

Alexander, L., Self-Defense, Justification and Excuse, 22 PHIL. & PUB. AFF. 60 (1993).

Alexy, A THEORY OF LEGAL ARGUMENTATION (R. and N. MacCormick trans!. 1989).

Aquinas, Saint Thomas, SUMMA THEOLOGIA. Aristotle, MET APHYSICS. Aristotle, NICOMACHEAN ETHICS. Aristotle, THE POLITICS. Aune, B., KNOWLEDGE, MIND, AND NATURE (1967). Austin, J., LECTURES ON JURISPRUDENCE (R. Campbell ed. 1885). Barrows, N., BLOW ALL BALLAST! (1941). Benvenisti, E, The Role of National Courts in Preventing Torture of suspected

Terrorists, 8 EJ.I.L. 596 (1997). Bickel, A., THE LEAST DANGEROUS BRANCH (1962). Bohlen, F., Incomplete Privilege to Injlict Intentional Invasions of Interests of

Property and Personality, 39 HARV. L. REv. 307 (1926). Brodie, F., AN INTIMATE HISTORY (1974). Carter, J., LA W: ITS ORIGIN, GROWTH, AND FUNCTION (1907). Christie, G., The Defense of Necessity Consideredfrom the Legal and Moral

Points ofView, 48 DUKE L. J. 975 (1999) Christie, G., Dworkin 's Empire, 1987 DUKE L. J. 157 (1987). Christie, G., An Essay on Discretion, 1986 DUKE L. 1. 747 (1986). Christie, G., Judicial Review of Findings of Fact, 87 Nw. U. L. REv. 14 (1992). Christie, G., JURISPRUDENCE: TEXT AND READINGS ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF

LAW (1973). Christie, G., LAW, NORMS AND AUTHORITY (1982). Christie, G., The Model of Principles, 1968 DUKE L. 1. 649 (1968). Christie, G., The Notion of Validity in Modern Jurisprudence, 48 MINN. L.

REv. (1964). Christie, G., Objectivity in the Law, 78 Y ALE L J. 1311 (1969)

208 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Christie, G., On the Moral Obligation to Obey the Law, 1990 DUKE L. J. 1311 (1990).

Coleman, J., RISKS AND WRONGS (1992). Costa, M., Another Trip on the Trolley, 25 S. J. PHIL. 461 (1987). Costa, M., The Trolley Problem Revisited, 24 S. J. PHIL. 437 (1986). Cover, R., JUSTICE ACCUSED (1975). Dabin, J., GENERAL THEORY OF LA W (1944). DamaSka, M., On Circumstances Favoring Codification, 52 REVISTA JURIDICA

DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE PUERTO RICO 355 (1983). DamaSka, M., THE FACES OF JUSTICE AND STATE AUTHORITY (1986). David, R. and Brierly, J., MAJOR LEGAL SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD TODA Y (3d

Eng. ed. 1985). Dunne, F., MR. DOOLEY'S OPINIONS (1901). Dworkin, R., FREEDOM'S LAW (1996). Dworkin, R., Hard Cases, 88 HARV. L. REV. 1057 (1972). Dworkin, R., Law as Interpretation, 60 TEX. L. REv. 527 (1982). Dworkin, R., A MATTEROF PRINCIPLE (1985). Dworkin, R., The Model 01 Rules, 35 U. CHI L. REv. 14 (1967). Dworkin, R., No Right Answer?,53 N. Y. U. L. REv. 1 (1978). Dworkin, R., The Original Position, 40 U. CHI. L. REv. 500 (1973). Dworkin, R., T AKING RIGHTS SERIOUSL Y (1977). Emerson, R., SELF RELIANCE, IN ESSAYS: FIRST SERIES (Random House ed.

1944). Enker, A., Duress, Self-Defence and Necessity in Israeli Law, 30 ISRAELI L.

REv. 188 (1996). Fairman, C., RECONSTRUCTION AND REUNION 1864-88 (1971). Feinberg, J., Voluntary Euthanasia and the Right to Life, 7 PHIL & PUB. AFF.

93 (1978). Finnis, J., NATURAL LAW ANDNATURAL RIGHTS (1980). Fiss, 0., LIBERALISM DIVIDED (1996). Fleteher, G., Comparative Law as a Subversive Discipline, 46 AM. J. COMP. L.

683 (1998). Fleteher, G., RETHINKING CRIMINAL LA W (1978). Fleteher, G., The Right and the Reasonable, 98 HARV. L. REv. 949 (1985). Foot, P., The Problem 01 Abortion and the Doctrine ofthe Double Effect, 5

OXFORDREv. 5 (1967). Frank, J., LA WAND THE MODERN MIND (1930). Fuller, L., THE MORALITY OF LA W (1964).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 209

Geny, F., METHODE O'INTERPRETATION ET SOURCES EN DROIT PRIVE POSITIF (1899).

Gert, B., Transplants and Trolleys, 53 PHIL. & PHENOM. REs. 173 (1993). Geuss, R., THE IDEA OF A CRITICAL THEORY (1981). Greenawalt, K., Diseretion and Judieial Deeision, 75 COLUM. L. REv. 359

(1975). Greenawalt, K., The Perplexing Borders Between Justifieation and Exeuse, 84

COLUM. L. REV. 1897 (1984). Greenawalt, K., POLICY, RIGHTS AND JUDICIAL DECISIONS (1977). Golding, M., Liberal Theory and Jewish PolWes, in TIKKUN OLAM: SOCIAL

RESPONSIBILTY IN JEWISH THOUGHT AND LAW (D. Shatz ed. 1997). Goodhart, A., Appeals of Questions of Fact, 71 LAW Q. REv. 402 (1955). Gunter, G., LEARNED HAND: THE MAN AND THE JUDGE (1994). Guttmann, A. and Thompson, D., DEMOCRACY AND DISAGREEMENT (1996). Habermas, J., BETWEEN FACTS AND NORMS (1997). Habermas, J., MORAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND COMMUNICATIVE ACTION (C.

Lenhardt and S. Nicholson transl. 1990). Habermas, J., THEORY AND PRACTICE (1. Viertel transl. 1973). Hägerström, A., INQUIRIES INTO THE NATURE OF LAW AND MORALS (e. D.

Broad transl. 1953). HaUborg, R., Jr., Comparing Harms: the Lesser Evil Defense and the Trolley

Problem,3 LEGAL THEORY 291 (1997). Harper, F. et al., THE LAW OF TORTS (3d ed. by o. Gray 1996). Harris, J., The Survival Lottery," 50 PHIL 81 (1975). Hart, H.L.A., THE CONCEPT OF LA W (1961). Hart, H.L.A., Scandinavian Realism, [1959] CAMB. L. J. 233. Hart, H.L.A., Book Review, 78 HARV. L. REV. 1281 (1965). Herrnstein Smith, B., BELIEF AND RESISTANCE: DYNAMICS OF

CONTEMPORARY CONTROVERSY (1997). Higgenbotham, A. L., Jr., An Open Letter to Justiee Clarenee Thomas /rom a

Federal Judicial Colleague," 140 U. PA. L. REv. 1005 (1992). Hobbes, T., LEVIATHAN (European ed. 1914). Holmes, o. W., Jr., The Path ofthe Law," 10 HARV. L. REv. 457 (1897). Hume, D., A TREATISE OF HUMAN NATURE (L. Selby-Biggs ed. 1888). THE LIFE AND SELECTED WRITINGS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON (Mod. Lib. ed. A.

Koch & W. Peden 1944). Jhering, R. von., LAW AS A MEANS TO AN END (I. Husik trans!. 1924). Kaiman, L., LEGAL REALISM AT Y ALE, 1927-1960 (1986).

210 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kamm, F., Harming Some to Save Others, 57 PHIL. STUD. 227 (1989). Kant, 1., FOUNDA TIONS OF THE MET APHYSICS OF MORALS (L. White transl.

1969) (1785). Kant, 1., THE METAPHYSICAL ELEMENTS OF JUSTICE (J. Ladd transl. 1965)

(1797). Katz, L., ILL-GOTTEN GAINS (1996). Keeton, W. P. et al., PROSSER AND KEETON ON THE LA W OF TORTS (5th ed.

1984). Keeton, R., Conditional Fault in the Law ofTorts, 72 HARV. L. REv. 401

(1959). Kelsen, H., GENERAL THEORY OF LAW AND STATE (A. Wedberg transl. 1945). Kelsen, H., THE PURE THEORY OF LA W (2d ed. M. Knight transl. 1987). Kuhn, T., THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS (1962). La Vo, C., BACK FROM THE DEEP (1994). Lewellyn, K., THE COMMON LA W TRADITION (1960). Lewellyn, K., A Realistic Jurisprudence~The Next Step, 30 COLUM. L. REv.

431 (1930). Malone, D., JEFFERSON AND THE ORDEAL OF LIBERTY (1962). Markesinis, B., Privacy, Freedom of Expression, and the Horizontal Effect of

the Human Rights Bill: Lessonsjrom Germany, 115 LAW. Q. REv. 47 (1999).

Mead, G. H., MIND SELF, & SOCIETY (1934). Meikeljohn, A., FREE SPEECH AND ITS RELATION TO SELF-GOVERNMENT

(1948). Michelman, F., The Supreme Court 1968 Term-Foreword: On Protecting the

Poor through the Fourteenth Amendment, 83 HARV. L. REV. 7 (1969). Miller, N., WAR AT SEA (1995). Montesquieu, (Charles Louis de Secondat), THE SPIRIT OF THE LA WS (transl.

A. Cohler et al. 1989). Moore, M., PLACING BLAME (1997). New Mayer, R. K., SUPREME COURT JUSTICE STORY (1985). Oakeshott, M., RA TIONALISM IN POLITICS AND OTHER ESSAYS (1991). 0liphant, H., AReturn to Stare Decisis, 14 AM. BAR ASS'N J. 71 (1928). 0livecrona, K., LA W AS FACT (1939). Olivecrona, K., LA W AS FACT (2d ed. 1971). Otsuka, M., Killing the Innocent in Selj Defense, 27 PHIL & PUB. AFF. 74

(1994).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 211

Perelman, Ch. and Olbrechts-Tyteca, L., THE NEW RHETORIC: A TREATISE OF ARGUMENTATION (J. Wilkinson and P. Weaver transl. 1969).

Pierson, H., JEFFERSON AT MONTICELLO: THE PRIVATE LIFE OF THOMAS JEFFERSON (1862).

Popkin, W., The Collaborative Model o/Statutory Interpretation, 61 So. CAL. L. REv. 541 (1988).

Pound, R., Hierarchy 0/ Sources in Different Systems 0/ Law, 7 TUL. L. REv. 475 (1933).

Pound, R., Individual Interest 0/ Substance-Promised Advantage, 59 HARv. L. REv. 1 (1945).

Pound, R., Interests 0/ Personality, 28 HARV. L. REv. 343 (1915). Pound, R., Mechanical Jurisprudence, 8 COLUM L. REv. 605 (1908). Prosser, W., HANDBOOK OF THE LAW OF TORTS (4th ed. 1971). Prosser, W., Privacy, 48 CAL. L. REv. 383 (1960). Puchta, G., OUTLINES OF JURISPRUDENCE AS THE SCIENCE OF RIGHT (W. Hastie

transl. 1887). Rakes, P., Casualties on the Homefront: Scotts Run Mining Disasters During

World War II," 53 W. VA. HIST. REv. 95 (1994). Rakowski, E., Taking and Saving Lives, 93 COLUM. L. REv. 1063 (1993). Rawls, J., The Idea 0/ Public Reason Revisited, 64 U. CHI. L. REv. 765 (1997). Rawls, J., POLITICAL LIBERALISM (1993). Rawls, J., A THEORY OF JUSTICE (1971). Raz, J., PRACTICAL REASON AND NORMS (1975). Raz, J., The Relevance 0/ Coherence, 72 BOSTON UNIV. L. REv 273 (1992). Rhoden, N., The Judge in the Delivery Room: The Emergence 0/ Court-

Ordered Caesareans, 74 CAL. L. REv.1951 (1986). Robinson, G., HANDBOOK OF ADMIRALTY LAW IN THE UNITED STATES (1939). Rosenberg, M., Judicial Discretion o/the Trial Court, Viewedfrom Above, 22

SYRACUSE L. REv. 635 (1971). Ross, A., ON LA WAND JUSTICE (1958). Rubenfeld, J., Affirmative Action, 107 YALE L. J. 427 (1997). Salzburg, S. and Powers, M., Peremptory Challenges and Clash Between

Impartiality and Group Representation, 41 MD. L. REv. 337 (1982). Sandei, M., DEMOCRACY'S DISCONTENT (1996). Savigny, G. F. von., VON BERUF UNSERER ZEIT FÜR GESETZGEBUNG UND

RECHTSWISSENSCHAFT (1814). Sen, A., Positional Objectivity, 22 PHIL. & PUB. AFF. 126 (1993). Skrentny, J., THE IRONICS OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION (1996).

212 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Stephani, G. et al., DROIT PENAL GENERAL (15th ed. 1995). Sterne, L., THE LIFE AND OPINIONS OF TRISTAM SHANDY (World Classics ed.

1951). Summers, R., INSTRUMENTALISM AND AMERICAN LEGAL THEORY (1982). Sunstein, C., AFTER THE RIGHTS REVOLUTION (1990). Sunstein, C., FREE MARKETS AND SOCIAL JUSTICE (1997). Taylor, C., THE ETHICS OF AUTHENTICITY (1992). Taylor, C., SOURCES OF THE SELF (1989). Teichman, J., Substitutesfor Truth, THE NEW CRITERION, Dec. 1997, at 71. Thomas, H., THE SLAVE TRADE: THE HISTORY OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE

TRAnE 1440-1870 (1998). Thomson, J., THE REALM OF RIGHTS (1990). Thomson, J., RIGHTS, RESTITUTION, AND RISK (1986). Thucydides, The Petoponnesian War, THE LANDMARK THUCYDIDES (1996). Twinning, W., KARL LLWELL YN AND THE REALIST MOVEMENT (1973). Van AIstyne, W., Congressional Power and Free Speech: Levy's Legacy

Revisited, 99 HARV. L. REv. 1089 (1986). Warren, S. and Brandeis, L., The Right to Privacy, 4 HARV. L. REv. 193

(1880). Wechsler, H., Toward Neutral Principles ofConstitutional Law, 73 HARv. L.

REv. I (1959). Weinberg, G., A WORLD AT ARMS (1994). Westen, P., The Meaning ofEquality in Law, Science, Math and Morals: A

Reply, 81 MICH. L. REv. 604 (1983). White, W., THEY WERE EXPENDABLE (1942). Williams, B., ETHICS AND THE LIMITS OF PHILOSOPHY (1985). Williams, G., The Foundations ofTortious Liability, 1939 CAMB. L. J. 111

(1939).

-A-A. v. the United Kingdom, 188-189 abnormally dangerous activity, 173-

176 abortion, 38, 149-150 accountability, 158-164 Adarand Contractors, Inc. v. Pena,

71n, 74n admissions policies (college and

university), 10-11 Advanced Music Corp. v. American

Tobacco Co., 115 advertising, 34-35, 110-111 affirmative action, 70-75, 145; as

dass representation, 74-75 Alexander, Larry, 92n Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery

Co., 19n Anns v. Merton London Borough

Council, 123-124, 126 anti-miscegenation laws, 46, 140 Appalachian Power Co. v. Amer.

Inst. 0/ Certified Public Accountants, 116

appellate review: of discretionary decisions, 155-157, 163-164; of findings of fact, 181-187

Aquinas, Thomas, 39, 68, 139, 143-144

argument, as constrained by ideal audience, 26-40; see also legal argument

Aristotle,48, 76,138,153,165 Associated Press v. NRLB, 12n audience, 1-4; of judicial decisions,

21-25; see also ideal audience Aune, Bruce, 1 n Austin, John, 47n, 168 authority: coordinate and

INDEX 213

hierarchical 64-68; and discretion, 155-159, 163-164

autonomy, 31-32, 65-66, 149-150

-B-BMW 0/ No. Amer., Inc. v. Gore,

58n Bacon, Francis, 94 Barr v. Mateo, 34n Baldwin, Henry, 94-95 Barrows, Nathaniel, 99n Batson v. Kentucky, 164 Baudenbacher, Carl, 59n Benmax v. Austin Motor Co., 181-

182 Benvenisti, Eyal, 102n Bickel, Alexander, 46n, 140 Blackstone, William, 166n Bohlen, Francis, 83-84n Brandeis, Louis, 108 Brandenburg v. Ohio, 33 Brennan, William J., Jr., 22-23, 60,

116 Brewster, Kingman, 10 Bridge, Nigel Cyprian (Lord Bridge

ofHarwich), 125 Brilmayer, Lea, 177n Briscoe v. Reader 's Digest Ass 'n,

114 Brown v. Board 0/ Education., 46n,

195n British Sovereign Immunity Act,

190-91 Browning-Ferris Industries 0/ Vt.,

Inc. v. Kelco Disposal, Inc., 58 Buckley v. Valeo,28n Burger, Warren, 177 Burke, Edmund, 159

214

-c-Caesarian sections, court ordered,

79 Caims, Hugh McCalmont (Lord

Caims),173 campaign finance regulation, 28-31 Canadian Charter of Rights and

Freedoms, Part I, §§ 1-2 (personal freedoms and limits thereon),197

Caparo Industries PLC v. Dickman, 118

Carrington, Paul D., 56n Carter, James C., 168 Chandler v. Dir. of Public

Prosecutions, 98n Cie Air France v. Teichner, 52 Cities Service Co. v. State, 175 City of Richmond v. JA. Croson

Co., 71n Coleman, Jules, 83-84n, 87 Coleridge, John Duke (Lord

Coleridge),95 collective good, see publie good Columbia University, 170 common good, see public good conflict of goods (the hard case),

76-79,132-133,143-151 consisteney, 8-12, 45-48; global

and loeal, 146-149; semantic, 11-13

Constitution of Michigan, Art. 4, § 29 (private laws), 47n

Constitution of North Carolina, Art. 11, § 24 (private laws), 47n

Constitution, V.S., Article I, Section 9, "Bills of Attainder," 57; see also First Amendment; Fourth Amendment; Eight

INDEX

Amendment; Fourteenth Amendment

constitutional interpretation, 57-61 constitutional rights, see

Constitution, U.S.; rights Convention Against Torture and

Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 101

Costa, Michael, 92n Costello-Roberts v. the United

Kingdom, 189n Covenant on Civil and Political

Rights, 103 Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn,

114 Cranston, Alan, 12n criminal defendants, rights of, 42,

57 Critical Legal Studies, 148 Critical Theory, 4-5, 27-28 eruel and unusual punishment, 57,

177 -D­

Dabin, Jean, 76 DamaSka, Mirjan, 50n, 62-68, 180 Dandridge v. Williams, 59-60 death penalty, 21-23 decisions, judges': American

Realist view of, 13-14; and legal norms, 14-21; overriding of by legislation, 19, 162; predictions of, 16-17; as predictions, 18-25; policy and principle in, 170-171

Declaration of Independence, 8-9 defamation, 77,112, 181n; of

public figures, 33-34 democracy, 30-32, 35-36, 40

Democracy and Disagreement (Gutman & Thompson), 36-39

Devlin, Patrick Arthur (Lord Devlin),82

Diamond v. General Motors Corp., 67n

Dillon v. Legg, 120 direct democracy, 29-30 discretion, 64-65; and

accountability, 158-163; judicial, 130, 155-156, 159-160,170-183,186-187; legislative, 160-162; nature of, 154-160; in peremptory challenges, 163-166; primary and secondary (Rosenberg), 154-156; procedural, 46-47n, 140-141; strong and weak (Dworkin), 156-158; see also judicial discretion; outcomes

Doundoulakis v. Town of Hempstead, 175-176

due process, 58n, 198 Duke of Queensbury v. Shebbeare,

109 Dunne, Finley Peter, 20n Dworkin, Ronald, 18, 76n, 154; on

discretion, 156-158; on the interpretive attitude, 133-135; on law as integrity, 135-137; on legal principles, 130-133, 138, 142; on negligent misrepresentation, 118

-E-East River s.s. Corp. v. Trans­

American DeLeval, Inc., 127 Eastern Airlines v. Floyd, 51-52 Edmund-Davies, Herbert Edmund

INDEX 215

(Lord Edmund-Davies), 125-126

Eighth Amendment: "cruel and unusual punishment," 57, 177; "excessive fines" as limit on damages,58

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 12 Enker, Arnold, 102n elitism, 30, 32, 34, 36, 75 Ely, John Hart, 177n equality, 8; of access, 9-11, 27-36;

of opportunity, 69-70; under the law, 142, 145

Esso Petroleum Corp. v. Southport Corp., 81n

European Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 103, 111n, 185-186, 188-189, 196-197

European Court of Human Rights, 185-189, 195-196

ex parte Pinochet Ugarte, 189-192 excessive fines, 58 Executive Orders 10925 & 11246

(affirmative action), 70n

-F­factor analysis, 171-179 Fair Labor Standards Act, 12n, 19-

20n Fairman, CharIes, 57 Federal Tort Claims Act, 53-54,

183n Feeley, Maleolm, 67n Feinberg, Joel, 84n, 87n Finnis, John, 144 First Amendment: freedom ofthe

press, 11-12; freedom of

216

speech,27-40, 116; see also Free Speech

First Nat 'I Bk v. Belloti, 28n Fischer, Louis, 67n Fiss, Owen, 30-32, 34-35 Fleteher, George, 86-87, 101 n,

106n, 183 Florida Star v. B.J.F., 77n, 113 Foot, Philippa, 89-92, 102 forseeability, 117-128, 138 Fourteenth Amendment, 28, 36, 60 Fourth Amendment, 198 Fowler v. Southern Bell Tel. & Tel.

Co., 113n Frank, Jerome, 14 free speech: equal access, 27-36;

Habermas' ideal speech situation, 27; regulation of content, 30-40

freedom of the press, 12 freedom of speech, 27-41, 116,

197-198 Freeland, Sir John, 186 French Penal Code (nouveau code

penal): rt. 122-5 (necessity), 106; Art. 122-7 (self-defense), 83, 100

fugitive slave laws, 46-47 Fuller, Lon, 45-46 Fullilove v. Klutznik, 71 n Furman v. Georgia, 21-23, 58n

-G-Galella v. Onassis, 77n, 112 general and the partiell lar, 146-

150; desire for in law, 138-142; in tort law, 108-128; see also natural law, positional objectivity

INDEX

Geny, Franyois, 13n, 170-171n Georgia v. McCollum, 164 German Civil Code (AGB-Gesetz),

§ 228 and § 904 (necessity), 82-83, 86-87

German Constitution, 59, 60n, 194n

German Penal Code (Strajgeseztbuch): Art. 32 (self-defense), 105; Art. 34 (lesser-evil), 100, 105; Art. 35 (necessity), 106

Gert, Bernard, 92n Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 34n,

77n Geuss, Raymond, 27n Golden Goose (Brothers Grimm),

88n Golding, Martin, 38n good, 143 -151; conflict of goods

(the hard case), 76-78, 132, 143-151; see also public good

Goodhart, Arthur, 1 81 n Gray, John Clinton (Judge), 110 Gray, Oscar, 83n Greek Constitution, 60n, 194n Gregg v. Georgia, 21-23, 58n, 59n,

178n Greenawalt, Kel1t, 10611, 13 In Griswold v. Connecticut, 111 Grosjean v. American Press Co.,

12n Grotius, Hugo, 94 Gutman, Amy, 36-39, 74

-H-Habermas, Jurgen, 23n, 27, 38, 193 Hägersträm, Axel, 14 Hallborg, Robert, Jr., 9211

Hamburger v. Eastman, 113 Hammond v. Bristow Helicopter,

Ltd,52n Hand, Learned, 170 Harris, John, 92n Harrison v. Wisdom, 97 Hart, Gary, 12n Hart, H.L.A., 13, 17-19,23-25,48,

129-130 Harvard University, I1n Heckler v. Day, 154 Hermstein Smith, Barbara, 5n Higgenbotham, Leon, 75 Hobbes, Thomas, 40n Hoffmann, Leonard Hubert (Lord

Hoffmann), 191 Holmes, Oliver WendelI, Jr., 168n,

171 Horrocks v. Lowe, 77n House ofCommons, U.K., 33 human nature, 1,6-9, 76, 163 human rights, 9,101-103,183-192,

196-198 Hume, David, 6-8 Hurd v. Hodge, 57n

-1-ideal audience: and concept ofthe

state, 63-68; cultural differences in conception of, 49, 55-57, 59-61; demand for consistency, 46-48; as future audience,23; andjudges,20-25, 44-48; nature of, 4-5, 194; and the public good, 68-77, 108-109, 194-195; as source of social progress, 7-11; and style of legal argument, 41-48

In re A.C., 79n

INDEX

incitement to violence, 34 innocence,78

217

interest balancing, 171-179 International Convention Against

Torture, 101-102,191, 193 interpretation: and concept of state,

49-50, 55-56; constitutional, 57 -61; Dworkin' s theory of, 133-136; and stylistic differences, 187; statutory, civil and common law, 51-61, 148; oftreaties, 51-52

invasion of privacy, 77, 109-115 Iwo Jima, 98

-J­Jefferson, Thomas, 8-9 Jewell Ridge Corp. v. Local No.

617, 19n Jhering, Rudolf von, 13n, 168 Jones v. Alfred H Mayer Co., 57n judges: decisions, 16-25, 171;

decisions contrary to law, 44-46; discretion, 130, 156-157, 161-164,171-186,188-189; the "dishonest judge," 12, 44; expectations of, 42, 162; and the ideal audience, 20-25, 43-47; as predictors, 18-25; role of, 130, 133, 136; see also decisions, judges'; judicial discretion

Judicature Acts, 181-182, 185 jlldicial discretion, 130; abllse of,

155-158,163; appellate review, 154-157, 163-164; in civil law, 182-183; in common law, 181-182; constraints on, 161-162; and interest

218

balancing, 171-179 judicial review, see appellate

review Juenger, Friedrich, 177n Junior Books Ltd. v. Veitchi, Co.

Ltd., 125 justice, 11,37,48,68-70,76-77 justice, distributive, 69-70 justification and excuse, 105-106

-K­Kaiman, Laura, 13n, 170n Kamm, F.M., 92n Kant, Immanuel, 107n Keeton, Robert, 83n Kelsen, Hans, 15-16 Kotsambasis v. Singapore Airlines,

Ltd., 52n Kötz, Hein, 50n knowledge,4-5

-L­La V 0, earl, 99n law: as fact, 14-17; nature of, 14-

15, 68, 139; and the public good, 68; as social science, 13-16, 169-171; rule of, 41, 48, 64; universal limits on, 47-48, 68

Law as a Means 10 an End (Der Zweck im Recht) (von Jhering), 168

legal argument: and concept of the state, 67; cOl1strained by ideal audience, 40-48; and the internationalization of law, 196-199; and style, 183-192; universal features of, 41-42, 47-48

INDEX

legal norms, 15-21 legal principle, 129-133, 138-142;

and policy, 131; in tort law, 108-109, 127-128; see also general and the particular

Legal Realism: American, 13-16, 170-171; Scandinavian, 14-16

legislation: as compromise (American), 55-56; overriding judicial decision, 19, 162

legislative discretion, 159-162 legislature, 55-56; cultural

differences in conception of, 50-51, 55-56

lesser-evil defense, 95-104 Liability Reform Act, 53 liberty, 8-9,28-29,69-70, 116 Llewellyn, Karl, 43, 170-172 Lloyd, Anthony John Leslie (Lord

Lloyd of Barwick), 190 local rationality, 55 Loe v. Lenhardt, 1 73 logical legalism, 62 Loving v. Virginia, 4611 Luthringer v. Moore, 173 Iying, 3-4, 40

-M-Mare Rich & Co. v. Bishop Rock

Marine Co., 118 Markesinis, Basil, 111 n Marshall, Thurgood, 22-23, 60 McLeod v. United Kingdom, 183-

186 McLoughlin v. 0 'Brian, 12011,

125-126,131 Mead, George Herbert, 2-4 Meikeljohn, Alexander, 35 Melvin v. Reid, 113-114

Michelman, Frank, 60n Miller v. California, 34n Miller, Nathan, 98n minorities, see racial minorities Model Penal Code §3.01-2 (choice

ofevils), 95-100,102-105 Montesquieu (Charles Louis de

Secondat), 181 n moral facts, 132-133 Murphy v. Brentwood Dist.

Council, 126

-N­Naim v. Naim, 46n National Labor Relations Act, 12n naturallaw, 15, 143-144 Natural Law and Natural Rights

(Finnis), 143-144 necessity: consumption of property

of others, 85-89; destroying property to save life, 81-85; destroying property to save property, 86-87; private, 78-80; public, 97-98; and the public good,76-80, 86,92,97-98, 106-107; sacrificing life to save life of greater number, 89-107; see also public officials

negligence, 117-128, 137-138 negligent infliction of emotional

distress, 119-121 negligent misrepresentation, 117-

119 Neill, Brian, 185 New Deal, 66-67 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan,

34n,77n New York Times Co. v. United

States, 197n

INDEX 219

Nichols, Donald James (Lord Nichols of Birkinhead), 190

nonfeasance and misfeasance, 90 nuisance, 176

-0-Oakeshott, Michael, 68 obscenity, 34 Olbrechts-Tyteca, Lucie, In Oliphant, Herman, 170 01 ivercrona, Karl, 14-15 On Law and Justice (Ross), 13-18 Otsuka, Michael, 92n outcomes, control of: common

law, 180-182; common and civil law, 182-186

-p­Packwood, Robert, 12n Parker, Alton Brooks, 110-111 People v. Brown, 97 People v. Fries, 111 Perelman, Chalm, I, 2n, 4, 9, 20,

193 peremptory challenges, 163-166 Ploo/v. Putnam, 81n policy, see legal principle Pollard v. Photographie Co., 109 Political Liberalism (Rawls), 28-

29,36,69 Popkin, William, 56n popular culture, 29-32, 34-35 pornography, 31-32; see also

obscenity Portal to Portal Act, 19n position al objectivity,139-141 Pound,Roscoe, 130n, 168, 172 Powell, Lewis, Jr., 177 Powers, Mary Ellen, 164n

220

Pratt, J. Walter, Illn precedent, 147-149 predictive theory of law, 13-25 press, freedom of, 12 prima facie tort, 115-116 principle, see legal principle Prince Albert v. Strange, 109 privacy, right of, 109-115; in Great

Britain, 111; see also invasion ofprivacy

private laws, 47 private necessity, 78-80; see also

necessity progress, see social progress Progressive Movement, 169-170 Prosser, William, 83n, I 12n, 171 public debate: access to, 27-40;

reciprocity, 36-38; regulation of, 26-40; and religious belief, 36-39; see also equality; free speech

public good: and discretion, 152, 176-179; individual and social, 66-75; and necessity, 76-80, 86,92,98-100,106-107; in private litigation, 77-79; sacrifice of individual goods, 76-80,81-107

public necessity, 97- I 00 public officials: authority to

sacrifice life, 97- 100; discretion of, 159- I 60; immunity in defamation, 33-34

Puchta, Georg Friedrich, 168 Pufendorf, Samuel von, 94 pure economic loss, 123-127

-Q-Queen v. Dudley and Stephens. 93-

INDEX

95 -R­

Radcliffe College, 11n racial minorities: access to public

debate, 31-32; affirmative action, 70-75,145; anti­miscegenation laws, 46, 140; and peremptory challenges, 163-166; school desegregation, 46

Rakes, Paul, 100n Rakowski, Erick, 92n rationality, 8-9, 12; global and

local, 55, 146 Ravin v. State, I 12n Rawls, John, 75; on equal access to

public debate, 28-29, 34-35; on reciprocity in public debate, 36-40, 149; on equal opportunity, 69-70; and Dworkin, 142n

Raz,Joseph,55, 146, 162n reapportionment, political, 28n reciprocity,37-39 Reese, Willis, 177n regulation: economic, 169-170; of

speech, 28-40 religious belief, 36-40 representation, 28-29; in

affirmative action, 74-75 republicanism, 29-30, 35-36 Restatement (Second) of Conflicts,

factor analysis in, 177, 179 Restatement ofTorts: on necessity,

8 I, 83-84, 88-89; on nuisance, 176; on ultrahazardous activities, 173-174

Restatement ofTorts (Second): on abnormally dangerous

activities, 173-178; on necessity, 81, 83-84, 88-89; on negligent misrepresentation, 119; on nuisance, 176

Restatement of Torts (Third), on pure economic loss, 127

rhetoric, 8-13 Rhoden, Nancy, 79n ridicule, 8, 44 rights: of civillitigants, 41-42; of

criminal defendants, 42,57 rights, human, 7-11, 101-103, 183-

192 right of privacy, see privacy, right

of River Wear Comm 'rs v. Adamson,

84n Roberson v. Rochester Folding Box

Co., 110-111 Roe v. Wade, 111 Roosevelt, Theodore, 170 Rosenberg, Maurice, 154-156, 163 Roskill, Eustace Wentworth (Lord

Roskill), 125 Ross, Alf, 13-21 Rubenfeld, Jed, 71 n Rubin, Edwin L., 67n Rubio v. Superior Court, 164 rule oflaw, 41, 47-48 Rylands v. Fleteher, 173

-8-Salzburg, Stephen, 164n Sandei, Michael, 32 Santor v. A. & M Karagheusian,

126 Savigny, Georg Friedrich von, 167 Scarman, Leslie George (Lord

Scarman), 125-126, 131

INDEX 221

school desegregation, 46, 195 self-defense, 80, 82, 102n, 103-

105, 140 Sen, Amartya, 139-140 Sidis v. F-R Pub. Co., 77n Skrentny, John D., 70n slavery, 8-10; fugitive slave laws,

45-46 Slynn, Gordon (Lord Slynn of

Hadley), 190 social progress: as function of

rhetoric, 8-12; Hume's theory of, 6-7; Progressivism, 169-170; see also consistency, ridicule

social engineering, 72 socialization, 2-3, 14-15 Solem v. Helm, 177-178 Souter, David, 74n Southport Corp. v. Esso Petroleum

Co., 82 speech, 1-4,27-40; see also free

speech, First Amendment Squalus, VSS, 99n Stanley v. Georgia, 34n state: effect of concept of on

concept ofpublic good, 65-75; form of (coordinate and hierarchical authority), 64-68; purpose of (active and reactive), 65-67

statutory interpretation, 50-61, 147 Sterne, Laurence, 12n Stevens, John Paut, 54 Steyn, Johan (Lord Steyn), 191 subsidiarity, 180, 195 Summers, Robert S., 19n Sunstein, Cass, 29-30, 34-35, 75 Supreme Court, V.S., 28, 46; role

222

of dissenting opinions of, 21-23; statutory interpretation by, 51-54

Swiss Civil Code, Article I (interpretive role ofthe court), 58-59

-T-Taxman v. Piseataway Sehool

Distriet, 73 Taylor, Charles, 1, 2n Teichman, Jenny, 5n Tennessee Coal, Iron & R.R. Co. v.

Muscoda Loeal No. 123, 19-20n

Thomas, Clarence, 75 Thompson, Dennis, 36-39, 74n Thomson, Judith Jarvis, 87n, 89-

92,100,102-103,106 Thucydides, 23 tort law: defamation, 33-34, 77,

112, 181n; "due process" limits on damages, 58n; Eighth Amendment limits on damages, 58; forseeability, 117-128, 138; general and particular in, 108-128; invasion ofprivacy, 78,109-115; nature of, 108-109; negligence, 117-128; negligent infliction of emotional distress, 119-121; negligent m isrepresentation, 117-119, 122, 123; nuisance, 176; prima facie tort, 115-116; pure economic loss, 122-128; and speech rights, 77-78, 1 14-116; uItrahazardous activity (abnormally dangerous activity), 173-176, 178;

INDEX

wrongful death, 96; see also necessity

torture, 42, 101-102, 190-192, 193 treaties, interpretation of, 51-52 Treatise ofHuman Nature (Hume),

6-7 Tristarn Shandy (Sterne), 12 "Trolley Problem," 89-107 Trop v. Dulles, 58n, 59n truth, 3-4, 12,40 TVA v. Hill, 136n Twining, William, 170n

-u­uItrahazardous activity, 173-176 United States Constitution, see

Constitution, U.S. and specific Amendments

United States v. Brown, 57n United States v. Holmes, 93-95 United States v. Roeder, 12n United States v. Smith, 52-54 universal audience, see ideal

audience

-v-Van Alstyne, William, 35n Vassar College, 10 Vincent v. Lake Erie

Transportation Co., 84-85

-w­Warren, Earl, 58n, 152 Warren, Samuel, 109 Warsaw Convention of 1929, Art.

51-52 Wechsler, Herbert, 46n Weinberg, Gerhard L., 98n welfare, right to, 59-61, 194

Wesbury v. Sanders, 28n Westen, Peter, 154 White v. Jones, 118 White, W.L., 99n Wilberforce, Richard Orme (Lord

Wilberforce), 124 Williams, Bernard, 3-4 Williams, Glanville, 108n wornen: access to public debate,

31-32; autonorny of, 149; and college admissions, 10-11

-y-Yale University, 10-11, 171 Yale Alumni Magazine, 10 Yommer v. McKenzie, 175

-z­Zweigert, Konrad, 50n

INDEX 223

Law and Philosophy Library

1. E. Bulygin, J.-L. Gardies and I. Niiniluoto (eds.): Man, Law anti Modern Forms of Life. With an Introduction by M.n. Bayles. 1985 ISBN 90-277-1869-5

2. W. Sadurski: Giving Desert Its Due. Social Justice and Legal Theory. 1985 ISBN 90-277-1941-1

3. N. MacCormick and O. Weinberger: An Institutional Theory ofLaw. New Approaches to Legal Positivism.1986 ISBN 90-277-2079-7

4. A. Aarnio: The Rational as Reasonable. A Treatise on Legal Justification. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2276-5

5. M.n. Bayles: Principles ofLaw. A Normative Analysis. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2412-1; Pb: 90-277-2413-X

6. A. Soeteman: Logic in Law. Remarks on Logic and Rationality in Normative Reasoning, Especially in Law. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0042-4

7. C.T. Sistare: Responsibility anti Criminal Liability. 1989

8. A. Peczenik: On Law anti Reason. 1989

9. W. Sadurski: Moral Pluralism anti Legal Neutrality. 1990

10. M.n. Bayles: Procedural Justice. Allocating to Individuals. 1990

ISBN 0-7923-0396-2

ISBN 0-7923-0444-6

ISBN 0-7923-0565-5

ISBN 0-7923-0567-1

11. P. Nerhot (ed.): Law, Interpretation anti Reality. Essays in Epistemology, Hermeneutics and Jurisprudence. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0593-0

12. A.W. Norrie: Law, Ideology anti Punishment. Retrieval and Critique of the Liberal Ideal of Criminal Justice. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1013-6

13. P. Nerhot (ed.): Legal Knowledge anti Analogy. Fragments of Legal Epistemology, Hermen-eutics and Linguistics. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1065-9

14. O. Weinberger: Law, Institution anti Legal Politics. Fundamental Problems of Legal Theory and Social Philosophy. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1143-4

15. J. Wr6blewski: The Judicial Application of Law. Edited by Z. Baßkowski and N. MacCormick. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1569-3

16. T. Wilhelmsson: Critical Studies in Private Law. A Treatise on Need-Rational Principles in Modern Law. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1659-2

17. M.n. Bayles: Hart's Legal Philosophy. An Exarnination. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1981-8

18. n.w.p. Ruiter: Institutional Legal Facts. Legal Powers and their Effects. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2441-2

19. J. Schonsheck: On Criminalization. An Essay in the Philosophy of the Criminal Law. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2663-6

20. R.P. Malloy and J. Evensky (eds.): Adam Smith anti the Philosophy of Law anti Economics. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2796-9

21. Z. Baßkowski, I. White and U. Halm (eds.): Informatics anti the Foundations of Legal Reas-oning.1995 ISBN 0-7923-3455-8

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

Law and Philosophy Library

E. Lagerspetz: The Opposite Mirrors. An Essay on the Conventionalist Theory of Institutions. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3325-X

M. van Hees: Rights and Decisions. Formal Models of Law and Liberalism. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3754-9

B. Anderson: "Discovery" in Legal Decision-Making. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3981-9

S. Urbina: Reason, Democracy, Society. A Study on the Basis of Legal Thinking. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4262-3

E. Attwooll: The Tapestry ofthe Law. Scodand, Legal Culture and Legal Theory. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4310-7

J.C. Hage: Reasoning with Rules. An Essay on Legal Reasoning and Its Underlying Logic. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4325-5

R.A. Hillman: The Richness of Contract Law. An Analysis and Critique of Contemporary Theories of Contract Law. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4336-0; 0-7923-5063-4 (Pb)

C. Wellman: An Approach to Rights. Studies in the Philosophy of Law and Morals. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4467-7

B. van Roermund: Law, Narrative and Reality. An Essay in Intercepting Politics. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4621-1

I. Ward: Kantianism, Postmodernism and Critical Legal Thought. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4745-5

H. Prakken: Logical Tools for Modelling Legal Argument. A Study of Defeasible Reasoning in Law. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4776-5

T. May: Autonomy, Authority and Moral Responsibility. 1998

M. Atienza and J .R. Manero: A Theory of Legal Sentences . 1998

E.A. Christodoulidis: Law and Reflexive Politics. 1998

ISBN 0-7923-4851-6

ISBN 0-7923-4856-7

ISBN 0-7923-4954-7

L.M.M. Royakkers: Extending Deontic Logicfor the Formalisation ofLegal Rules. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-4982-2

J.J. Moreso: Legal Indeterminacy and Constitutional Interpretation. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-5156-8

W. Sadurski: Freedom ofSpeech and Its Limits. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5523-7

J. Wolenski (ed.): Kazimierz Opalek Selected Papers in Legal Philosophy. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5732-9

H.P. Visser 't Hooft: lustice to Future Generations and the Environment. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5756-6

L.J. Wintgens (ed.): The Law in Philosophical Perspectives. My Philosophy of Law. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5796-5

A.R. Lodder: DiaLaw. On Legal Justilication and Dialogical Models of Argumentation. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5830-9

43. C. Redondo: Reasons for Action and the Law. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5912-7

Law and Philosophy Library

44. M. Friedman, L. May, K. Parsons and J. Stiff (eds.): Rights anti Reason. Essays in Honor of Carl Wellman. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6198-9

45. G.C. Christie: The Notion of an Ideal Audience in Legal Argument. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6283-7

46. R.S. Summers: Essays in Legal Theory. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6367-1

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS - DORDRECHT I BOSTON I LONDON