Catholics and Protestants Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section describes religious clashes in Europe and the spread of Catholicism and Protestantism

Catholics and Protestants

Get Ready to Read

Section OverviewThis section describes religious clashes in Europe and the spread of Catholicism and Protestantism overseas.

Get Ready to Read (cont.)

Focusing on the Main Ideas


• Catholics and Protestants fought religious wars across Europe.

• Henry VIII created the Anglican Church in England.

• As part of the Counter-Reformation, Catholic kingdoms began sending missionaries overseas to convert people to Christianity.


Locating Places• Trent

• Navarre (nuh·VAHR)

• Paris

• London


Meeting People• Ignatius of Loyola (ihg·NAY·shuhs uhv

loy·OH·luh)

• Henry of Navarre


Meeting People (cont.)

• Henry VIII

• Mary I

Building Your Vocabulary• seminary (SEH·muh·NEHR·ee)


• Elizabeth I

• heresy (HEHR·uh·see)

• annul (uh·NUHL)


Reading Strategy

Cause and Effect Create a diagram like the one on page 642 of your textbook to show the results of the Catholic Church’s attempts at reform.


Counter-Reformation• Although the Catholic Church warred

against Protestantism, it knew it needed to reform some practices.

(pages 643–646)

• Pope Paul III called a church council at Trent, near Rome, to reform the Church.

• Catholic clergy were instructed to better teach people in the faith.

• The Church created seminaries, or special schools, to train priests.


Counter-Reformation (cont.)

(pages 643–646)



• The priests belonging to the Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits, were the pope’s agents in Europe.

(pages 643–646)

• Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits.

• The Jesuits taught, preached, and fought heresy, or religious beliefs that contradict what the Church says is true.

• The lower classes in France were mostly Catholic.



• Many French nobles were Protestant.

(pages 643–646)

• French Protestants were known as Huguenots.

• The Bourbons, who were Protestant, were the second most powerful family in France.

• Huguenot nobles wanted to weaken the king, while Henry II wanted to build a strong government.



• The son of Henry II, Charles became king in 1560. Because Charles was still a boy when he became king, his mother, Catherine de’Medici ran the government for him.

(pages 643–646)

• Catherine was part of the powerful Medici family from Italy.

• Catherine opposed the Huguenots.



• A civil war broke out in France between the Catholics and the Protestants that lasted more than 30 years.

(pages 643–646)

• It ended when Henry of Navarre, the leader of the Huguenot forces and head of the Bourbon family, became King Henry IV.

• Henry agreed to become Catholic.



• Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes.

(pages 643–646)

• This recognized Catholicism as Frances’s official religion but gave the Huguenots the right to worship freely.

• The Thirty Years’ War was fought between the Catholics and the Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire from 1618 to 1648.



• During the Middle Ages, Spain was ruled by Muslims.

(pages 643–646)

• Non-Muslims and Jews had some limitations placed on them, but Jews were treated better in Spain than in most other European countries at the time.

• Jewish scholars flourished during this period.



• When Catholics took control of Spain, Jews and Muslims were no longer welcome.

(pages 643–646)

• Ferdinand and Isabella established the Spanish Inquisition to ensure religious unity.


Why was Muslim Spain one of the better places for Jews to live?

Jews in Spain had to pay taxes to the Muslims and had limited rights, but the Muslims did not kill or expel them.


The English Reformation• During the 1400s, English nobles

had fought each other to control the kingdom.

(pages 648–649)

• The Tudor family won.

• Henry VIII was the second Tudor king of England.


• He wanted to make sure that peace was maintained and that his family remained rulers.

The English Reformation (cont.)

• When Henry’s wife, Catherine of Aragon, did not have a male child, Henry asked the pope to annul his marriage.

(pages 648–649)

• This would leave him free to marry again.

• Henry hoped to have a son with another wife to maintain Tudor control of England.


• The pope refused to annul the marriage.


• Henry asked the highest religious official in England, the archbishop of Canterbury, to annul the marriage.

(pages 648–649)

• The pope then excommunicated Henry.

• In response, Henry declared that the king, not the pope, was the head of the Church in England.


• All priests and bishops were forced to accept Henry as the head of the Church.


• Some who did not were executed.

(pages 648–649)

• Henry gave Church properties and lands to loyal nobles.

• Mary I was the daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon.


• When she became queen in 1533, she tried to reinstate Catholicism as the religion of England.


• Some people supported this, but others resisted.

(pages 648–649)

• After she died, her sister Elizabeth became queen.

• Elizabeth was a Protestant.


• She restored the Anglican Church as the official religion of England.

• Some people wanted the Anglican Church to give up some of its Catholic ways.


• They formed their own congregations that were not a part of the Anglican Church.

(pages 648–649)

• The Puritans were one of these groups.

• Elizabeth tolerated these groups, but James I and Charles I, who came after her, did not.


• They shut down the Puritan Church and arrested its leaders.

Why did Henry VIII break with the Catholic Church?

England had been involved in a long civil war and did not have a king. The Tudor dynasty was still new when Henry became king. He needed a son to ensure that the Tudors continued to rule. Since his first wife was unable to bear a son, Henry wanted to remarry as quickly as possible in order to have an heir.


Missionaries Go Overseas• In response to the Reformation, many

Catholics became missionaries.

(page 650)

• They traveled across the world to spread their faith.

• Jesuit missionaries were active in America and Asia in the 1500s and 1600s.


• Missionaries had great success in the Philippine Islands, which today is the only Asian country with a Catholic majority.

What was the experience of Catholic missionaries in Japan?

At first, the missionaries were welcomed and many Japanese converted. In time, the missionaries clashed with followers of Buddhism and Shintoism, and the Shogun banned Christianity and expelled the missionaries.



What was the Council of Trent, and what did it accomplish?

a Church council that lasted 20 years; clarified Catholic beliefs and set up rules for the behavior of clergy


Why was the Edict of Nantes important?

It made Catholicism the official religion but allowed Huguenots freedom of worship.

Analyze Why did Henry VIII form the Anglican Church?

because the pope refused to annul Henry’s marriage


Explain Who were the Puritans, and what were their beliefs and practices?

They wanted to make the Anglican Church more Protestant; believed in predestination; and named their own ministers.


Predict How do you think conflicts over religion affected the world outside of Europe?

Answers will vary but should note overseas settlements and missionaries.


Expository Writing Write a short essay summarizing the history of Catholicism in Spain in the 1400s and 1500s.

Essays will vary.


Explain how Henry VIII was similar to Ferdinand and Isabella.


Documents

Catholics and Protestants Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section describes religious clashes in Europe and the spread of Catholicism and Protestantism