• “Native” Americans

• Beringia

– Eskimo

– Northwest

– Anasazi

• Pueblos

• Water conservation

– Similarities

• Diet

– Hunt, farm, fish

• Bows & arrows

• No writing

• Vs. Europeans

– Less dense

– No wheels or ships

– Small animals only

• Ericsson

• Prince Henry

• Bartolomeu Dias

• Vasco da Gama breaks Mediterranean monopoly 1498

• Portugal inches along African coast

– Slaves

– Religion

• Cape Verde 1st plantations

• Ottoman Turks

– Genoa & Venice

– Atlantic nations look west

– Spain

– Moors

• Columbus

– Bad with the ruler

– San Salvador

• Bahamas

– Hispaniola

• La Navidad

– Returns with natives

– 4 trips

– Columbian Exchange

• Goods, ppl & ideas

• Treaty of Tordesillas

– Portugal

– Brazil only

– de Gama 1498

• Cabot

– Northwest Passage/ cod

• Cabral

– Vespucci

• Balboa

• Magellan

– West voyage not feasible

• Conquistadores

– Cortez

• Aztec

– Empire, tribute, sacrifice

• Spain most powerful after

– Pizarro

• Inca

• French

– Verrazano

– Cartier

– Up to now

– No settlements in America

– Spanish Empire

– Portugal to China

– International fishing

– Huguenots

– Challenge to Spain

– St. Augustine 1st

• England

– John Hawkins Africa to Haiti

• Factors encouraging exploration

– Technological advances

– Monarchs looking to enlarge, enrich

– Gold, glory & the Gospel

• England supplants Spain

– Henry VIII

– Elizabeth

• Reform

– Drake

– Roanoke Island

– Armada

• Spain defends Cath.

• English pond

• England Colonizes in a Big Way

• Hakluyt

– New trade partners

– Ease unemployment

• Pressure valve

• 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave

• Joint-stock company

– VA London

– VA Plymouth

– Takes time for profit

– Jamestown

– License to poach

– Terrible location

• Swamp, drought

– Gentlemen/servants

– Search for gold

• 38/144

– Malnutrition, disease, European traditions of labor

– Could have done better if they learned to farm

– John Smith

• Harsh

• “The Starving Time”

• Powhatan Confederacy

– Aid led to survival

– Weapons for reinforcing

• Lord de la Warr

– Irish tactics

• Raid, burn, steal

• Natives inferior

• Almost exterminated due to VA success

• John Rolfe

– Made VA a stable colony

– Seals peace by marriage

• Spread of the vile weed

– Scattered settlements

– Constant encroaching

• Labor force

– Indentured

• Lack of labor

• Poor, willing

• Cheap, abundant

• 2x or 3x pay

• Most migrants to Chesapeake

• Many premature deaths

• Society of servants and ex-servants

• Sometimes sold

• Extended– legally

– Stole, ran away, pregnant

– Women no marriage

– Freedom dues

– Headright

• Wealthy gentry class

– More land, more workers

– New arrivals in 1619

• Africans & wives?

• House of Burgesses

– Series of harsh rulers

– Representative self-government

• Local laws only but, it set a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies

• James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B.

• Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629

• Maryland

– Proprietary

• Lord B’more

• Sanctuary

– But… conflict

» Majority Protestants as yeoman

» Catholics as gentry

– Act of Toleration 1649

• Depended on tobacco & indentured servants

• Polarized society post 1649

– Land, money in east

– Untamed in the west

– Gov. Berkeley

• No elections for 15 years

• Only male landowners & heads of households

• Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians

• Bacon’s Rebellion

– Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed

– New workforce

• New England

• Pilgrims

– Separatists

– Too corrupt

– Holland

– Mayflower Compact

• Political body & legal auth

• Will of majority

– Squanto

• Pilgrims as allies

• Thanksgiving

• Mass. Bay Colony

– Covenant

• Contract for a mission

– “City Upon a Hill”

• Reform the Church of Eng.

– King’s puppet

– Families, educated, college

– Voting rights

• Property owning males

• Popular got big tracts

• The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted

• Connecticut

– Thomas Hooker

– All males

– Fundamental Orders of CT.

• Rhode Island

– Roger Williams

• Land belonged to…

• Freedom of religion

– Newport 1658

– Anne Hutchinson

• Comm. Directly with God

• Relations with Indians

• Pequot War of 1637

– White settlement disrupted trade

– Narragansett allies

– Heavily criticized

• Tried to Christianize

• Indians knew only unity stops encroachment

• King Philip’s War

– Encroachment

• Surrounded Indian towns

• Sassamon

• Mohawk

• Great Swamp

• Sold into slavery

• Debt, ruined frontier, hatred

• Eunice Williams stayed

• Mary Rowlandson– Redemption Rock

• Trouble in New England

• Salem

– Tituba

• Witchcraft

• Specters

– Causes

• Continual disorder explained by blame

– Indian attacks

– Decline of Puritan society

– Ergot

• The Other Colonies

• New York

– 1609 Hudson

– Albany

– New Netherlands

– New Amsterdam

• Manhattan

• Patroonships

• Headright

– Diverse

– Huguenots

• Peter Stuyvesant

• Duke of York– James

• Pennsylvania

– Wm. Penn

– Quaker

– Proprietary

– Indians

• Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims

• Those having probs elsewhere

– Religious toleration

• “in the souls there is no sex”

• Carolina

– Restoration as others

– Barbados in south

• Charles Town

• Slaves

• Staple crops

– Eliza Lucas

– VA influence in north

• Regulator – no reapportioning—not represented

• Georgia

– Oglethorpe

– Buffer/Reform

• Between two empires

– Savannah

• Navigation Acts

– Mercantilism—raw materials

– Only English/colonial ships

– Enumerated

– Designed to make money and stop competition

– Board of Trade

• Parliament passed rules but they didn’t affect the colonies unless stated

– Salutary Neglect

• Robert Walpole

– Ignoring leads to more wealth

• Admiralty Courts

• Crown attacks colonies charters

– Mass Bay Colony charter revoked

– Dominion of New England

• Under direct English control

• All land titles invalidated

– Edmund Andros

– Glorious Revolution

• Influenced colonists to rise as well

• Mass Bay restored with additions

– Leisler’s Rebellion

– Coode

• More Indian Wars

– New York

• Beaver Wars

• Iroquois

– Needed to war to replenish since European disease killing them

– North Carolina

• Tuscarora—many enslaved

– South Carolina

• Yamassee

– Abused by whites (sold into slavery)

– Threatened lands

– Spanish intrigue

• Slavery

– Portuguese

– Africans practiced violence

• Europeans didn’t have to

• Xtianized them instead

– Triangular Trade

• Products/ trade became basis of European economy

• Middle Passage

– Rebellion

• Stono

– Can’t overturn slavery; can’t win the fight for freedom.

• Colonial experiences

– The Great Awakening

• First shared

• Religious indifference

– Convert non-believers and revive piety of believers

– Most didn’t go to church

• Revivals

– Jonathan Edwards

» Sinners…

• Led to religious diversity

• Enlightenment

– Liberty, liberty, property

» John Locke

• Right of rebellion

» Peter Zenger

– Religion

» Deism

» God the Clockmaker

– Ben Franklin

» Poor Richard’s

• Work & wealth

• The French in America

– Champlain

• Coureurs de bois

• Black Robes—Jesuits

– Robert de la Salle

• Mississippi

– No suppression of Indian

– They liked European goods

• Kept Spanish out

• Wars with the French

– King William/Queen Anne

• Mostly European affairs

• Attacks on frontier towns by French/Indians told colonists that they still needed English protection

– King George’s War

– Louisbourg

• Colonists furious

– Boston widows

• French and Indian War

– Contested land

• Ohio Valley

• French forts

• Gov. Dinwiddie

– Washington

» Surrenders

» British retaliate

• Nova Scotia

– Albany Congress

• Albany Plan for Union

– Ben Franklin

» Win Indians—they made no commitment

» Colonists meet annually

» Colonies & crown refused

• Not enough or too much independence

– General Braddock

• Duquesne—war declared

• Colonists refused to fight

• British thought colonists bear the responsibility

• Indians side with French—less land-hungry

– William Pitt—Great Commoner

• Picked better commanders

– Recruitment was local now

• Finance thoroughly—but… leads to huge debt

– Boon to colonies economy

– Turning point

• Focus on North America

– Attack Quebec

– Cripple France’s colonies

– Plains of Abraham

» Wolfe & Montcalm

» Iroquois allied w/ GB

– Treaty of Paris

• Indians lose land as colonists mover west

• England east, Spain west

– Colonial hangover

• Colonists have military confidence

• Colonist officers treated poorly

– No promotions—British discipline brutal

– Amateurs

• British concerns

– Americans traded with enemy

– Americans begin to head west

– Pontiac’s Rebellion

• Refused to surrender lands

• Britain raised prices

• Several British forts attacked

• Many lives lost, long time to quell

• Britain retaliated with germ warfare

– Proclamation of 1763

• Keep peace—no settling west

• Stationed soldiers here for same

• British problems

– War debt

– Colonists should help pay for empire

– Pitt’s role

– Standing Army (where?!?)

– Quartering Act

• Sugar Act

– Molasses Act

– Rewards for capture

• Stamp Act

– Internal tax

– James Otis

• No rep in Parle

• Direct rep here

• Grenville virtual

– Sons & Daughters

• Boycott

– VA Resolves

• Patrick Henry

• Caesar, Chas I and George

– Stamp Act Congress

• First successful union

• 9 of 13

• Rights & Grievances

– Tax and represent redux

– Jury w/o trial

– Restrict on trade

• Prevent distribution

– Andrew Oliver

» Effigy

– Thomas Hutchinson

» All resigned

• Boycott worked

• Declaratory Act

• Townsend Acts

– Revenue Act of 1765

– Customs collectors paid by crown

– Tax on lead, glass, paint, tea

– Writs of assistance

– New York Assembly

– Circular Letter

• Sam Adams

• Tax w/o consent?

• VA Assembly agrees dissolved

• Currently

– Taxes

– Houses searched

– Troops stationed at the center of hotbeds

• Boston Massacre

– March 5, 1770

– Soldiers withdrawn

– Townsend repealed

• Gaspée

– Crown’s commission to find perpetrators

– Committees of Correspondence

• Cooperation to oppose

• Boston Tea Party

– British East India Tea Co.

• Smuggled tea

• Tax lowered

• Favoritism

• Hurt current suppliers

• Hurt smugglers

• “Intolerable” Acts

– 1. Boston Harbor

– 2. Mass. Charter

– 3. Trials in England

– 4. New Quartering Act

– 5. Quebec Act

• New borders

– Land granted to Catholics!

– No precedent

– General Gage

• First Continental Congress

– Rights & Grievances

• Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response

• Continental Association

– Manage boycott

– Ben Franklin

» “we must hang together…”

– Colonists forced to choose sides

– Meet again in one year

• Lexington & Concord 4/75

– Stockpiles

– Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes

– Sam Adams/John Hancock

– Boston under siege

• Second Continental Congress

– G. Washington C-in-C

– Mass Militia named Cont. Army

• Bunker Hill

– 3 attempts

– Pyrrhic victory

– Hessians

– Ports closed

– Halifax

• Ethan Allen

• Canadian Invasion

– Ben Arnold

• Fawkes Day

– Americans need European support

• Common Sense/ Thomas Paine

• Hessian = war’s unpopularity

• Independence needed for European support

– Richard Henry Lee

– “these colonies are and of right ought to be independent states”

– Committee formed

• Adams, Franklin, Jefferson et al

• SC & GA edit

– “all men are… life, liberty and pursuit…”

– Government purpose is to allow constituents…

– Government derive their power

– If government fails…

• All signers… treason!

– All states were encouraged to write const

• All took power away from executive

• Battle of New York

– No pursuit

– Lots of desertion

– The Crisis

• Brit ad/disadvantages

– Profession army

– 3000 miles

– Re-conquer w/o destroy

• Divide and conquer

• Tories

• Keep allegiance

• Americans

– Good generals/ bad also

– Home game

– Bonus (land) for enlistment

• Women

– Nurses, domestic tasks, Robert Shurtleff, Molly Pitcher

• New Jersey

– Delaware River

• Trenton

• Princeton

• Britain attempts to cut off NE

– Howe

– Philadelphia

– Burgoyne

– Saratoga

• One of the world’s biggest!

• French

– Repossess

– Reconcile?

• Home-rule

• Philadelphia

– Brandywine

– Accomplished nothing

– Fired-up colonists

• Valley Forge

– Baron von Steuben

– Post Saratoga/Philadelphia new strategy

• War in the west

– Iroquois Alliance

– George Rogers Clark

– Indians neutral to British

• War on the sea

– John Paul Jones

• Bonhomme Richard

– Privateers

• War in the South

– Charleston/ Savannah

• Put Tories in charge

• African-Americans

• Nathaniel Greene

– “we fight, get beat, fight again

– Guerrilla warfare

» Francis Marion, Thomas Sumter

» Drag British inland

– Yorktown

• De Grasse

• Cut their loses

– Treaty of Paris