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HYDRAULIC AND WATER

RESOURCES ENGINEERING

By

B.S. MURTY

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Water Resources Engineering is as old as

Civilization

The First Wave: 90010,000 Years Ago

In Mesopotamia (Iraq & Syria)

Spread to Nile & Indus Valleys

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Transportation & Management of

Water for Irrigation

Drainage System of Indus

Valley

Ganats of Armenia

Canal System of Nile Valley

Beginnings of Basin / Flood

Irrigation

Some Canals were used for more

than 1000 year before they were

abandoned

Aqueducts of Roman Period

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WARS WERE FOUGHT FOR WATER

Sumerians fought over water rights Ancient Babylonian Curse:

May your canal be filled with sand

Ancient Law:The gentleman who opened his wall for irrigation

purposes, but did not make his dyke strong and hencecaused flood and inundated a field adjoining his, shall givegrain to the owner of field on the basis of those adjoining

Mongols destroyed MesopotamianIrrigation system

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Assyrians destroyed Armenia but brought the

concept of Ganats to Assyria

Hindu Mythology: Indra the destroyer ofDams

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Greeks:Showed connection between Engineering &

ScienceInvented force pump, Hydraulic pipe organ,

water wheel Archimedes

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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

In the direction of ever increasing space and time

scales Small catchments to large river basins

From storm event to seasonal cycles

TO CLIMATE CHANGE

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1981-1990: UN Decade for drinking water

supply & Sanitation(1300 Million lackaccess to clean water 1800 Million still lack

access to sanitation service)

1992: Earth Summit

Recognition that THIRD WORLD WAR will

be fought over WATER and not over OIL

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Computational Hydraulics: Understanding themechanics through mathematical modeling

Systems Approach: Application of optimizationtechniques for better management of water

resources

Introduction of Concept of Sustainability

Development of Environmental Hydraulics

Understanding the climate change effect

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INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE

POSITIVE Large multi-purpose dams (Bhakra / Nagarjuna / Hirakud etc.) have

been constructed for irrigation, power generation, water supply etc.

Hirakud dam

Bhakra Nangal Dam

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Nehru : Temples of Modern India

Green Revolution and self sufficiency in foodproduction

Significant increase in hydro-power development

M. Visweswaraya: First Engineer to Be awarded

Bharath Ratna

Dr. K.L. Rao: Hydraulic Engineer in Nehrus Cabinet

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NEED OF THE HOUR

Urban Infra-structure

24 7 Potable water supply

Good sanitary sewerage system

Storm water Drainage systems

Rural Water Supply

Bring in more land into irrigation (Food security)

Reduction in flood damage

Security against droughts

Understand the concept of sustainability

INTERLINKING OF RIVERS???

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Necessity for more water Occurrence of droughts in several parts of India is very frequent.

The projected population of the country in the year 2025 is 150crores

Food grains requirement would be 375 million tonnes, whilepresent production is 225 million tonnes

Drought conditions occur over 80% of the country even if theshortfall in rainfall is only 25% of the annual average of 1150 mm.

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Why Interlinking of rivers? Like droughts, even floods are very frequent in India, sometimes they

occur simultaneously!

85 to 90% of river runoff (wastage) occurs during the four monsoonmonths of the year

Two rivers, the Brahmaputra and the Ganga account for 60% of Indiaswater resources, while most of the peninsular rivers are water deficit

Large tracts of land are needed to be brought under irrigation in orderto increase the food production & Interlinking would automaticallyserve this need.

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Based on the hydrologic & environmental studies,

several alternative designs need to be obtained with

the following variables

carrying capacity of the links

routing of the links and their sizing

sizing of the reservoirs wherevernecessary

sizing of the dams

sizing of the pumps

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(i) land acquisition

(ii) rehabilitation of the

displaced people

(iii) social acceptance

The constraints involved in the project are

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Total Expected Cost Rs. 560,000 crores

Sub-Division of total cost (Assumed, Rs in crores)

Works 403,000

Machinery & Capital goods 44,000Services 50,000

Others 10,000

Fixed salary & land acquisition cost 53,000

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NEED TO UNDERSTAND

Mechanics of Water Flow (Surface & Subsurface) Hydrology (Gathering, management & analysis of

data)

Systems Analysis

Concepts of Uncertainty & Reliability

Water Economics

Planning & Financing of Water Resources

Water Law Water Resources Quality (Fate & Transport of

pollutants)

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PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH WATER MANAGEMENT

(Hydraulic & Hydrologic)

Salinity Intrusion

Floods

Tidal effects & Inflow from rivers

Inappropriate operation of TMB & Thotapalli Spillway

Inadequacy of TMB & Thotapalli Spillway

Channel / Mouth conditions d/s of TMB / TSW

None of these issues can be looked at individually

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FLOOD AND WATER QUALITY

MANAGEMENT INADYAR RIVER

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Origin:Kancheepuram (Pillaipakkam and Kavanur Tank Groups)

Catchment Area: 860 Km2

Total Length: 42.5 Km

Length in City: 15 Km

Length in CMA: 24 Km

Width: 10 to 200 m

Average Discharge: 89.4 MCM/Year

Backwater: Up to 4 Km inland

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PROBLEMS WITH ADYAR

FLOODS

POLLUTION

ENCROACHMENTS

ECOLOGY

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FLOODS

Surplus waters from: 40 Tanks and lakes

Chembarambakkamalso

Major Floods: 1943, 1978, 1985,

2002, 2005

Estimated Max. Discharge: 72,000 cfs (1950 m3/s)

Discharge in 2005: 60,000 cfs (1620 m3/s)

Reasons:

(i) Heavy Rain + Cyclonic Activity

(ii) Silted up waterway(iii) Obstructions due to encroachments

(iv) Conversion of tanks into residential areas

(v) Geology not conducive for infiltration

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EFFECTS

Loss of Property

Disruption of lives of slum dwellers

(i) Displacement (50,000 persons)

(ii) Expenditure in relief

(iii) Loss of manpower

Health:

Malarial mosquitoes have returned in full measure

Rs. 4 crores per year for temporary measures ! (desilting)

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POLLUTION

97 infalls into the river (58 sewage discharge points)

Effluent from CETP of about 150 tanneriesdischarges at Anakaputhur

Effluent from Nesapakkam sewage treatment plant

Industrial effluent: 1 MLD

Domestic sewage: 8 MLD

DO is OK at Nandambakkam

DO at Saidapet (8 Km d/s) is close to zero

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BOD is as high as 375 mg/L

Heavy metals like Cr are found (1.25 mg/L)

Nitrates: 16 -125 t/day

Phosphates: 1.0 -18 t/day

Lead: 1 kg/day

Groundwater in areas close to river are polluted

Absence of minimum ecological flows

High deposits of solid waste

Presence of bacteria and virusvery high

Rs. 1700 crores for restoration of Chennai waterways

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ENCROACHMENTS

No. of Families on the banks: 6624

(year 2003)

No. of Families Evicted: 1153

Non-availability of moving space !!

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Adyar estuary is an important part of Chennai Eco-

system

Has been a haven for migratory & resident birds

Pollution has resulted in the decline

Emissions fluxes for the whole Adyar system

2.5 108

g CH4/year and 2.4 106

g N2O /year

Equivalent to total Chennai motor vehicle CO2 emissions

in one month

ECOLOGY

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Many Proposals !

River Restoration for Improving the Quality

New Treatment Facilities for Wastewater

Ecological Park in the Estuary

Increasing the Flood Carrying Capacity

5 Check Dams in the Upstream Region

Creation of New Storage Facilities

Linking Palar river with Adyar River

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