Cell BiologyCell BiologyUnit 4Unit 4

In the 1660s, In the 1660s, Robert HookeRobert Hooke first described first described cells by looking at the bark of an oak tree. cells by looking at the bark of an oak tree. The compartments he saw looked like the The compartments he saw looked like the rooms of the monastery where he lived, so rooms of the monastery where he lived, so he named them he named them cellscells. The cork sample he . The cork sample he looked at were all dead outlines of the cork.looked at were all dead outlines of the cork.

Other Important ContributorsOther Important Contributors

1. Hans and Zacharias Janssen—invented 1. Hans and Zacharias Janssen—invented first compound microscope in 1590sfirst compound microscope in 1590s

2. Antony van Leeuwenhoek—father of 2. Antony van Leeuwenhoek—father of microbiology, discovered bacteria and microbiology, discovered bacteria and protist cells in 1600sprotist cells in 1600s

3. Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow—3. Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow—developed the cell theory in 1838, forever developed the cell theory in 1838, forever changing the study of cellular biology changing the study of cellular biology

The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of one or 1. All living things are made of one or

more cells.more cells.

2. The cell is the smallest and most basic 2. The cell is the smallest and most basic form of life.form of life.

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

A Wacky History of Cell TheoryA Wacky History of Cell Theory

A Brief History of CellsA Brief History of Cells

Possible Exceptions to The Cell TheoryPossible Exceptions to The Cell Theory

Where did the first cell come from?Where did the first cell come from?

VirusesViruses not cells but can not cells but can

reproduce in other cellsreproduce in other cells

Chloroplasts & MitochondriaChloroplasts & Mitochondria have their have their own DNA and can replicate own DNA and can replicate

Compound Light MicroscopesCompound Light Microscopes

2 or more lenses2 or more lenses

Max = 1,000xMax = 1,000x

Thin slice of sample on slideThin slice of sample on slide

Electron MicroscopesElectron Microscopes Uses electrons to create an enlarged imageUses electrons to create an enlarged image

Max = 500,000xMax = 500,000x

Can view 3-D samplesCan view 3-D samples

Cell Size & Cell ShapeCell Size & Cell Shape

Biological structure is closely related to the Biological structure is closely related to the function that is performed by that function that is performed by that structure: Size from structure: Size from 0.1 micrometers0.1 micrometers to to 100 millimeters100 millimeters..

Largest cell= Largest cell= Ostrich egg Ostrich egg (unfertilized)(unfertilized)

Cell Size and Cell ShapeCell Size and Cell Shape

Largest human cell = egg cell, visible to Largest human cell = egg cell, visible to naked eye (1mm)naked eye (1mm)

Smallest human cell = sperm cell, 1/10Smallest human cell = sperm cell, 1/10thth the diameter of human hair (60 the diameter of human hair (60 micrometers)micrometers)

Why are cells so small?Why are cells so small? Efficiency of transportEfficiency of transport

As the surface area of the cell As the surface area of the cell increasesincreases, the , the volumevolume also increases. Therefore, as the size also increases. Therefore, as the size of the cell increases, the of the cell increases, the VOLUMEVOLUME of the cell of the cell

increases faster than the cell’s increases faster than the cell’s SURFACE SURFACE AREA AREA (change this in your packet!!)(change this in your packet!!). .

This comparison is called the This comparison is called the surface area to surface area to volume ratiovolume ratio..

Parts of the CellParts of the Cell

1. Nucleus = Control center1. Nucleus = Control center

2. Cell membrane = outer boundary2. Cell membrane = outer boundary

3. Cytoplasm = everything in between, 3. Cytoplasm = everything in between, contains organellescontains organelles

Two Types of Cells in the WorldTwo Types of Cells in the World 1. Prokaryotes: Have no nucleus or other 1. Prokaryotes: Have no nucleus or other

membrane-bound organelles, only membrane-bound organelles, only ribosomesribosomes Example: bacteriaExample: bacteria

2. Eukaryotes: Have a nucleus and many 2. Eukaryotes: Have a nucleus and many differentiated organellesdifferentiated organelles Example: animal cellsExample: animal cells

Prokaryotes and EukaryotesProkaryotes and Eukaryotes

Section 7.2: MembranesSection 7.2: Membranes

The outer boundary of the cell is The outer boundary of the cell is composed of composed of phosphatesphosphates and and fatty acidsfatty acids, , forming the forming the phospholipid bilayerphospholipid bilayer..

The cell membrane regulates what enters The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.and leaves the cell.

Cell MembraneCell Membrane

Plants, algae, fungi and bacteria also have Plants, algae, fungi and bacteria also have a cell walla cell wall..

In plants: Between cell walls is a partition In plants: Between cell walls is a partition called the called the middle lamellaemiddle lamellae• It has a glue called It has a glue called pectinpectin. .

The Fluid Mosaic ModelThe Fluid Mosaic Model

What is a phospholipid?What is a phospholipid? A phosphorous molecule with two fatty acid A phosphorous molecule with two fatty acid

tails.tails. Draw a model!Draw a model!

• Heads = hydrophilic (like water)Heads = hydrophilic (like water)• Tails = hydrophobic (dislike water)Tails = hydrophobic (dislike water)

Membrane Protein:Membrane Protein:

Channel proteins allow food, hormones, Channel proteins allow food, hormones, and other products through the membrane and other products through the membrane at certain places.at certain places.

This is why the plasma membrane is This is why the plasma membrane is called called semi-permeablesemi-permeable..

Substances include:Substances include: OxygenOxygen Small sugarsSmall sugars WaterWater

The CytoplasmThe Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is in constant motion—this flow Cytoplasm is in constant motion—this flow

is called is called Cytoplasmic StreamingCytoplasmic Streaming..

CytoplasmCytoplasm

The NucleusThe Nucleus

The Cell NucleusThe Cell Nucleus

Two uses:Two uses: 1. Blueprints for making proteins (key to 1. Blueprints for making proteins (key to

structure and function!)structure and function!)

2. Cell reproduction (DNA replication)2. Cell reproduction (DNA replication)

The nucleus contains hereditary material in the form The nucleus contains hereditary material in the form of of chromosomeschromosomes. (Visible . (Visible onlyonly when the cell divides) when the cell divides)

Other times it is called Other times it is called chromatinchromatin (tin is thin!) (tin is thin!)

The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane called The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelopethe nuclear envelope..

Nucleolus: Concentrated RNA found within the Nucleolus: Concentrated RNA found within the nucleus and the site of ribosome productionnucleus and the site of ribosome production

RibosomesRibosomes Ribosomes are for Ribosomes are for production of proteins and production of proteins and

lipids important for keeping cells alivelipids important for keeping cells alive

RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) is for RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) is for production of proteinsproduction of proteins

SER (Smooth SER (Smooth

Endoplasmic Endoplasmic

Reticulum) is for Reticulum) is for

production of lipidsproduction of lipids

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum

A series of canals or channels called the A series of canals or channels called the Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum or the or the ERER winds winds through the cytoplasmthrough the cytoplasm

The endoplasmic reticulum is for The endoplasmic reticulum is for production, processing, and transport of production, processing, and transport of materials (proteins, lipids, etc.)materials (proteins, lipids, etc.)

Amounts of ER vary with the cell’s functionAmounts of ER vary with the cell’s function

Cells have two types of ER:Cells have two types of ER: 1. Rough ER—has ribosomes attached, for 1. Rough ER—has ribosomes attached, for

processing proteinsprocessing proteins

2. Smooth ER—No ribosomes, for processing 2. Smooth ER—No ribosomes, for processing lipidslipids

Golgi BodiesGolgi Bodies

Stacks of tubes with membranous sacs at Stacks of tubes with membranous sacs at the ends are the ends are Golgi bodiesGolgi bodies

Golgi bodies are for Golgi bodies are for

processing, packaging, processing, packaging,

and bulk shipping of and bulk shipping of

materials (proteins)materials (proteins)

MitochondriaMitochondria Powerhouse of the cell!Powerhouse of the cell!

Mitochondria do what? Mitochondria do what? They break bonds They break bonds in sugar to capture the energy and create in sugar to capture the energy and create ATP, the energy which runs cell processesATP, the energy which runs cell processes

Composed of two membranes:Composed of two membranes: 1. 1. Inner membraneInner membrane 2. 2. Outer membraneOuter membrane

Chemical activity in the mitochondria Chemical activity in the mitochondria provides energy for the cell.provides energy for the cell.

The mitochondria have their own genetic The mitochondria have their own genetic materialmaterial

Endosymbiotic Theory- Endosymbiotic Theory- Mitochondria were Mitochondria were once independent cells which were absorbed once independent cells which were absorbed into other cellsinto other cells

Mitochondria are most common where?Mitochondria are most common where? Muscle cellsMuscle cells

MitochondriaMitochondria

PlastidsPlastids Some plastids contain Some plastids contain carbohydrates, fats, carbohydrates, fats,

and proteinsand proteins, others contain , others contain pigmentspigments

Three main kindsThree main kinds 1. Chloroplasts—green pigmentation1. Chloroplasts—green pigmentation 2. Leucoplasts—storage of starches, fats, 2. Leucoplasts—storage of starches, fats,

proteinsproteins 3. Chromoplasts—store pigments responsible 3. Chromoplasts—store pigments responsible

for orange and yellow color of fruitsfor orange and yellow color of fruits

““Which contains DNA?” Which contains DNA?” ChloroplastsChloroplasts

Chloroplasts and ChromoplastsChloroplasts and Chromoplasts

VacuolesVacuoles

The vacuoles are The vacuoles are for storage of materialsfor storage of materials

A membrane keeps the vacuole contents together A membrane keeps the vacuole contents together

Plants have one large water-filled vacuole Plants have one large water-filled vacuole for for storing water for support of the plantstoring water for support of the plant

VacuolesVacuoles The vacuoles are The vacuoles are like closets; they store things.like closets; they store things.

A Membrane keeps the vacuole content togetherA Membrane keeps the vacuole content together

Plants have one large water-filled vacuole for Plants have one large water-filled vacuole for storing storing water for support of the plantwater for support of the plant

LysosomesLysosomes

““Garbage disposal” of the cell!Garbage disposal” of the cell!

Lysosomes are formed where? Lysosomes are formed where? In the In the cytoplasmcytoplasm

TheTheyy contain contain digestive juices (enzymes digestive juices (enzymes acid hydrolases)acid hydrolases)

““Used especially by the immune system”Used especially by the immune system”

Other organellesOther organelles

Cells are made more rigid by Cells are made more rigid by microtubulesmicrotubules

Microtubules that appear during cell Microtubules that appear during cell division are division are spindle fibersspindle fibers

Small, dark bodies outside the nucleus in Small, dark bodies outside the nucleus in pairs and used in cell division are pairs and used in cell division are centriolescentrioles

Hair-like projections that stick out from the Hair-like projections that stick out from the cell surface are cell surface are ciliacilia and and flagellaflagella Uses for these? Uses for these? MovementMovement

Cilia• short hair-like projections• propel substances on cell surface

Flagellum• long tail-like projection• provides motility to sperm

Images of CellsImages of Cells

Cork Cells Onion Cells

Images of CellsImages of Cells

Elodea Stained Cheek Cells

Images of CellsImages of CellsPotato with Leucoplasts for starch

Potato with Iodine Stain

Section 7.4: Cellular TransportSection 7.4: Cellular Transport

A cell is a single unit of life and must carry A cell is a single unit of life and must carry on life processes includingon life processes including RespirationRespiration Waste removalWaste removal ProtectionProtection MovementMovement

To do these things the cell must import and To do these things the cell must import and export materials.export materials.

Molecular MovementMolecular Movement

All molecules are constantly moving—this All molecules are constantly moving—this is called is called Brownian motionBrownian motion

Brownian Motion Brownian Motion is when substances is when substances dissolved in water move constantly in dissolved in water move constantly in random movementsrandom movements

Brownian Motion VideoBrownian Motion Video

Molecular MovementMolecular Movement

Solid GasLiquid

The Main Idea: The study of cells is The Main Idea: The study of cells is primarily concerned with movement in a primarily concerned with movement in a liquid state. liquid state.

The substances important to life are part The substances important to life are part of a of a solutionsolution..

Water is the solvent of most solutions Water is the solvent of most solutions involved in cell activities.involved in cell activities.

DiffusionDiffusion Diffusion = passive transport Diffusion = passive transport NO ENERGY REQUIRED!NO ENERGY REQUIRED!

The process by which molecules of a The process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher substance move from areas of higher concentration to lower is called concentration to lower is called diffusiondiffusion..

The difference in concentration of molecules of The difference in concentration of molecules of a substance from the highest to the lowest a substance from the highest to the lowest number is called the number is called the concentration gradientconcentration gradient..

The steeper the concentration gradient, the The steeper the concentration gradient, the faster the diffusion rate. faster the diffusion rate.

What affects the rate of Diffusion?What affects the rate of Diffusion?

1.1. Temperature (higher temperature the faster Temperature (higher temperature the faster the rate of diffusion)the rate of diffusion)

2.2. Pressure (increase pressure increase rate of Pressure (increase pressure increase rate of diffusion)diffusion)

3.3. concentration gradient (increase concentration gradient (increase concentration gradient increase rate of diffusion)concentration gradient increase rate of diffusion)

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated DiffusionA Special Type of DiffusionA Special Type of Diffusion

Some molecules can’t pass through the membrane unless Some molecules can’t pass through the membrane unless they find a special doorway. What is this special door way they find a special doorway. What is this special door way and how does it work?and how does it work?

Transport Proteins in the membrane bond with molecules Transport Proteins in the membrane bond with molecules and transport them across the membrane. and transport them across the membrane. Does not require Does not require energyenergy

Diffusion through MembranesDiffusion through Membranes Characteristics of cell membranesCharacteristics of cell membranes

Membranes control the passage of materials into and out Membranes control the passage of materials into and out of the cell. This is because they are of the cell. This is because they are selectively selectively permeable.permeable.

Structure of the membrane – this model is called theStructure of the membrane – this model is called the “Fluid Mosaic”.“Fluid Mosaic”.

Sketch a Membrane Model Sketch a Membrane Model

Oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolve in Oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolve in Lipids Lipids and therefore can pass right through and therefore can pass right through the cell membrane.the cell membrane.

Water cannot get through except at Water cannot get through except at openings formed by openings formed by Channel ProteinsChannel Proteins

The diffusion of water through a membrane The diffusion of water through a membrane is called is called Osmosis.Osmosis.

OsmosisOsmosis Water makes up Water makes up 75-8075-80 percent of a living cell. percent of a living cell.

Water will continue to diffuse back and forth Water will continue to diffuse back and forth across a membrane from high water concentration across a membrane from high water concentration to low water concentration. The NET movement to low water concentration. The NET movement will stop when will stop when Homeostasis or balance Homeostasis or balance is reached.is reached.

Movement of water depends on the concentration Movement of water depends on the concentration gradient of the water. The concentration of water gradient of the water. The concentration of water is determined by the concentration of solutes in is determined by the concentration of solutes in the water.the water.

When the concentration of solutes outside is the same as the When the concentration of solutes outside is the same as the inside you have inside you have an Isotonic Solution an Isotonic Solution and an and an IsotonicIsotonic cell. cell.

When the concentration of solutes outside is lower than inside When the concentration of solutes outside is lower than inside you have a you have a Hypotonic Solution Hypotonic Solution and a and a HypertonicHypertonic cell. cell.

When the concentration of solutes inside is lower than outside When the concentration of solutes inside is lower than outside you have a you have a Hypertonic Solution Hypertonic Solution and a and a HypotonicHypotonic cell. cell.

When the concentration of solutes outside is the same as the inside When the concentration of solutes outside is the same as the inside you have a you have a Isotonic Solution Isotonic Solution and an and an Isotonic Cell.Isotonic Cell.

When the concentration of solutes outside is lower than inside you When the concentration of solutes outside is lower than inside you have a have a Hypotonic Solution Hypotonic Solution and a and a Hypertonic CellHypertonic Cell..

When the concentration of solutes inside is lower than outside you When the concentration of solutes inside is lower than outside you have a have a Hypertonic Solution Hypertonic Solution and a and a Hypotonic cell.Hypotonic cell.

Diffusion / OsmosisDiffusion / Osmosis

Isotonic Solution

Example in a living solution = Blood

Hypotonic Solution

Example in a living solution = Water in a plant

When pressure builds in a plant cell because of osmosis it is called Turgor Pressure

Animals that live in fresh water need special Animals that live in fresh water need special mechanisms so they won’t blow up. Unicellular mechanisms so they won’t blow up. Unicellular organisms in fresh water have organisms in fresh water have Contractile VacuolesContractile Vacuoles which pumps out extra water. which pumps out extra water.

Fish use Fish use excretion as well as gillsexcretion as well as gills Hypertonic SolutionHypertonic Solution

Example in a living solution = Example in a living solution = Salt waterSalt water Salmon: Salmon: Actively excrete salt through their gills in Actively excrete salt through their gills in

salt water and excrete other wastes through urine in salt water and excrete other wastes through urine in freshwater.freshwater.

Environmental Problems: Environmental Problems: Plants can greatly be Plants can greatly be affected from the salt that we put on the roads during affected from the salt that we put on the roads during winter. They can shrivel and die due to the winter. They can shrivel and die due to the hypertonic solution created by salt waterhypertonic solution created by salt water

Isotonic – concentrations of Isotonic – concentrations of solute outside and inside the solute outside and inside the cell are equalcell are equal

Hypertonic – Outside cell has Hypertonic – Outside cell has higher solute concentration higher solute concentration (water leaves the cell-osmosis (water leaves the cell-osmosis and shrinks the cell) (B)and shrinks the cell) (B)

Hypotonic – Higher solute inside Hypotonic – Higher solute inside the cell (water enters the cell the cell (water enters the cell via osmosis and the cell via osmosis and the cell expands / bursts.) (C)expands / bursts.) (C)

Other Means of TransportOther Means of Transport

Most of these process all involve the use of Most of these process all involve the use of Energy (Energy (ATP created by the use of sugarATP created by the use of sugar).).

The processes discussed above (diffusion The processes discussed above (diffusion and osmosis) do not.and osmosis) do not.

Carrier TransportCarrier Transport Carrier molecules function like moving vans. It Carrier molecules function like moving vans. It

happens in two wayshappens in two ways 1. NO ENERGY and is called 1. NO ENERGY and is called Passive Transport Passive Transport Here substances move with the concentration Here substances move with the concentration

gradient from high to low but carrier molecules gradient from high to low but carrier molecules speed up the movementspeed up the movement

2.WITH ENERGY and is called 2.WITH ENERGY and is called Active Transport.Active Transport.

Here transport involves the movement of materials Here transport involves the movement of materials against the concentration gradient.against the concentration gradient.

Current Model of Active Current Model of Active TransportTransport

Active TransportActive Transport

Bulk TransportBulk Transport Endocytosis- (into the cell)Endocytosis- (into the cell) Exocytosis- moving large items out of the cell Exocytosis- moving large items out of the cell

(Both Require Energy)(Both Require Energy) EndocytosisEndocytosis

1.Pinocytosis moving liquids into cell1.Pinocytosis moving liquids into cell

2.Phagocytosis moving large solids like food or 2.Phagocytosis moving large solids like food or bacterium into the cellbacterium into the cell

The reverse of endocytosis is called The reverse of endocytosis is called ExocytosisExocytosis

Endocytosis and ExocytosisEndocytosis and Exocytosis

Section 8.1: How Organisms Section 8.1: How Organisms Obtain EnergyObtain Energy

11stst Law of Thermodynamics: Conservation of Matter- Law of Thermodynamics: Conservation of Matter- Matter cannot be created or destroyed it can only be Matter cannot be created or destroyed it can only be

converted to different formsconverted to different forms

22ndnd Law of Thermodynamics: Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable Energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable

energyenergy Usually lost as heatUsually lost as heat

All Energy Comes from: the sunAll Energy Comes from: the sun

PHOTOSYNTHESIS – STORES ENERGY by … PHOTOSYNTHESIS – STORES ENERGY by …

Forming BondsForming Bonds

CELLULAR RESPIRATION – USES ENERGY by… CELLULAR RESPIRATION – USES ENERGY by…

Releasing BondsReleasing Bonds

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The most important biological molecule of energy isThe most important biological molecule of energy is ATPATP

AdenineAdenine RiboseRibose TriphosphateTriphosphate

How does ATP release energy and what does it How does ATP release energy and what does it become???become???

A Phosphate is chemically stripped from the molecule, A Phosphate is chemically stripped from the molecule, breaking the bond and releasing the energy.breaking the bond and releasing the energy.

ATP then becomes ADP or Adenosine DisphosphateATP then becomes ADP or Adenosine Disphosphate

How we use ATP in our musclesHow we use ATP in our muscles

active transport active transport takes takes energy low to high in order energy low to high in order to move sodium and to move sodium and potassium through the potassium through the membrane and create bio-membrane and create bio-electricityelectricity

Section 8.2: Capturing Energy Section 8.2: Capturing Energy (Photosynthesis)(Photosynthesis)

The ultimate source of the energy that powers the cell is the The ultimate source of the energy that powers the cell is the SunSun

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis the process where plants convert sunlight, water the process where plants convert sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into sugarsand carbon dioxide into sugars

What 3 things do plants (any organism with chlorophyll) need to What 3 things do plants (any organism with chlorophyll) need to capture E?capture E?

1.1. Water (HWater (H220)0)

2.2. Carbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22))

3.3. Sunlight (Energy)Sunlight (Energy)

The Chemical Equation for The Chemical Equation for PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

___CO___CO2 2 +____H+____H22O O C C66HH1212OO66 + ___O + ___O22

The “raw materials” are: The “raw materials” are:

1. 1. Carbon Dioxide COCarbon Dioxide CO22

2. 2. Water HWater H22OO

The “end products” are:The “end products” are:

1.1. Glucose (CGlucose (C66HH1212OO66 ) )

2.2. Oxygen (OOxygen (O22))

Where does the Energy from the Sun end up being stored?

In the Bonds of Glucose

How does Photosynthesis Work? Part 1

2 Main Events!

1st Event - Capture the Suns Energy

What is the cell part found in plant cells but not in animal cells that can capture light Energy?

Chloroplasts

What color is this chloroplast? What color is this chloroplast? GreenGreen

The color of Chloroplasts and other colors in leaves are actually The color of Chloroplasts and other colors in leaves are actually “Pigments”.“Pigments”.

What can “pigments” do that is so important to Photosynthesis? What can “pigments” do that is so important to Photosynthesis? Absorb Light EnergyAbsorb Light Energy

Define “Pigment” –Define “Pigment” – Light Absorbing MoleculesLight Absorbing Molecules

White light is actually a mixture of different colors (wavelengths) of light.White light is actually a mixture of different colors (wavelengths) of light.

White Light = White Light = All the colors of the rainbow combined: When they reflect off of a All the colors of the rainbow combined: When they reflect off of a prism they make these colorsprism they make these colors

RedRed OrangeOrange YellowYellow GreenGreen BlueBlue Indigo Indigo VioletViolet

Light is Energy so colors (wavelengths) are energyLight is Energy so colors (wavelengths) are energy

Colors we see are not absorbed but “reflected”, they bounce off objects to our Colors we see are not absorbed but “reflected”, they bounce off objects to our eyes.eyes.

Think about this carefully… If we see leaves as “green” what color light are they Think about this carefully… If we see leaves as “green” what color light are they absorbing for Energy from the sun? absorbing for Energy from the sun?

All Colors BUT GreenAll Colors BUT Green

Chlorophyll is a GREEN PIGMENT… Chlorophyll absorbs Chlorophyll is a GREEN PIGMENT… Chlorophyll absorbs Red, Orange, Yellow, Blue, Indigo, VioletRed, Orange, Yellow, Blue, Indigo, Violet Energy and Energy and Reflects Reflects GreenGreen Energy. Energy.

Pigments (light absorbing molecules) of different colors!Pigments (light absorbing molecules) of different colors!

What colors do leaves turn to in the fall? What colors do leaves turn to in the fall?

Red, Yellow, OrangeRed, Yellow, Orange

What are these colors? What are these colors?

When Chlorophyll stops working, these colors are reflected back from plantsWhen Chlorophyll stops working, these colors are reflected back from plants

How can having pigments of colors besides green help How can having pigments of colors besides green help plants capture Energy?plants capture Energy?

Other pigments can also absorb energy, just not as wellOther pigments can also absorb energy, just not as well

Chloroplasts containing Pigments capture Light Energy!Chloroplasts containing Pigments capture Light Energy!

Where is the Energy stored?Where is the Energy stored?

How does Photosynthesis Work?How does Photosynthesis Work? Part 2Part 2

2 Main Events!2 Main Events!

2nd Event – Transfer the Energy Absorbed to Sugar 2nd Event – Transfer the Energy Absorbed to Sugar Bonds! Make Glucose!Bonds! Make Glucose!

Follow the Process of Energy TransferFollow the Process of Energy Transfer

Sunlight Sunlight Chlorophyll Pigments Chlorophyll Pigments ATP ATP Glucose Glucose

Section 8.3: Releasing Energy (Cellular Section 8.3: Releasing Energy (Cellular Respiration)Respiration)

This is NOT “breathing”!This is NOT “breathing”!

In Photosynthesis Glucose bonds stored In Photosynthesis Glucose bonds stored Energy from the Sun!Energy from the Sun!

In Cellular Respiration Glucose Bonds will In Cellular Respiration Glucose Bonds will be be chemically broken chemically broken to release Energy for to release Energy for organisms to use to maintain life.organisms to use to maintain life.

Occurs in Mitochondria of CellOccurs in Mitochondria of Cell

The Chemical Equation for Cellular The Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration Respiration

CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + Energy (ATP)O + Energy (ATP)

The “reactants” are: The “reactants” are:

1. Glucose (C6H12O6 )1. Glucose (C6H12O6 ) 2. Oxygen (O2)2. Oxygen (O2)

The “products” are:The “products” are:

1.1. Carbon Dioxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide CO2 2.2. Water H2OWater H2O 3.3. Energy (ATP)Energy (ATP)

How are the products of Cellular Respiration important to photosynthesis? (look back to respiration notes)

The products of photosynthesis are the reactants in cell respiration

How are the products of photosynthesis (pg16) important to How are the products of photosynthesis (pg16) important to respiration?respiration?

Use arrows to create a diagram that shows how they are related.Use arrows to create a diagram that shows how they are related.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

CO2 + H20CO2 + H20 O2 + GlucoseO2 + Glucose

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

  Respiration PhotosynthesisWhere does it happen?    

When does it happen?   

Chemical Input    

 

Chemical Output  

Energy Source    

Energy Results    

 

Chemical Reaction      

All of the time when cells need energy to do work

 Chloroplasts Mitochondria

During the daytime when there is sunlight

GlucoseOxygen

Carbon DioxideWaterEnergy from Sunlight

Carbon DioxideWaterEnergy (ATP) 

GlucoseOxygen

Glucose Sun

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP) 

6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

ATP ATPGlucose