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All living things:are made of cellsobtain and use energygrow and developreproduce on their ownrespond to their environmentadapt to their environment
Characteristics of Living Things
Cell TheoryAll living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the basic units of both structure and function in living things.
New cells are made only from existing cells.
LIFE IS CELLULAR
All cells have:Plasma membrane (cell membrane) – thin layer that surrounds cells
Cytoplasm – gel like material inside cells (the “juice”)
Genetic material (DNA and/or RNA)
Ribosome – organelle where proteins are made
BASIC CELL STRUCTURE
Some cells have:Cell wall – a more rigid structure on the outside of some plasma membranes
Nucleus – a membrane-bound organelle that contains genetic material (brain of the cell)
Mitochondria – a membrane-bound organelle where energy is released (respiration)
Chloroplasts – a membrane-bound organelle (a type of plastid) where glucose is made (photosythesis)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum – a membrane-bound organelle that transports proteins
Golgi apparatus – a membrane-bound organelle that packages and processes proteins
Vacuole – a membrane-bound organelle that stores water and nutrients
All cells fall into two categories of cells:1. Prokaryotes
Includes bacteria and Archaea2. Eukaryotes
Includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists (like amoebas and paramecium)
DIVERSITY OF LIFE
No membrane-bound organelles (“little organs” in cells)
No nucleus, mitochondria, or chloroplastsHave DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasma
membrane, and cell wallUnicellularFossil evidence shows that bacteria have
been on the earth for over 3.5 billion years
CHARACTERISTIC OF PROKARYOTES
Plasma membrane-covering of ALL cells, lets material into and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm-gel like substance found outside of the nucleus that holds the organelles in place
Cytoskeleton-gives cell shape and holds organelles in place
Ribosomes-make proteinOrganelles that are membrane bound (ex.
mitochondria and chloroplasts)Fossil evidence shows that eukaryotic cells have
been on the earth for approximately 1 billion years.
Can be unicellular or multicellular
CHARACTERISTICS OF EUKARYOTES
Cell – basic unit of structure and function (ex. nerve)
Tissue – groups of cells that work together to perform a common function (ex. spinal cord or muscle cell)
Organ – groups of tissues that work together to perform a common function (ex. brain or heart)
Organ systems – groups of organs that work together to perform a common function (ex. cardiovascular or nervous system)
Body – groups of organ systems
Levels of organization in multicellular organisms