Cement Grinding Facility, Coega - GIBBprojects.gibb.co.za/Portals/3/Air Quality Spes Report.pdf · Cement Grinding Facility, Coega Air Quality Impact Assessment 2 J2034 1.2 Process

AIR QUALITY IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Cement Grinding Facility, Coega

Prepared for Osho Cement

Prepared for : Osho Cement

International Business Gateway,

South Wing, 2nd Floor, Sanlam Building,

New Road, Midrand 1687,

Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa

Report Number : J2034

Revision : Rev01

Date : February 2013

The copyright on this document is the property of WardKarlson Consulting. This document is supplied by WardKarlson

Consulting on the express terms that it is to be treated as confidential and that it may not be copied, used or disclosed to

others for any purpose except as authorised in writing by WardKarlson Consulting.

Report Approval & Revision Record

Project Cement Grinding Facility, Coega

Document Title Air Quality Impact Assessment

Client Osho

Report Number J2034

Rev

Date

Prepared

Reviewed

Approved

01 February 2013 Renier van Zyl

Environmental

Scientist

Marc Blanché

Senior Consultant

Dr Ian James

Partner

Osho


Air Quality Impact Assessment

J2034

Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................. 2

1.2.1 Cement Grinding Process ..................................................................................................... 2

1.3 PROJECT LOCATION ................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 SOUTH AFRICAN LEGISLATION...................................................................................................... 5

1.4.1 Ambient Air Quality ............................................................................................................... 5

1.4.2 Section 21 Minimum Emission Limits ..................................................................................... 6 1.5 BASELINE A IR QUALITY ............................................................................................................... 8

1.6 EMISSIONS OF INTEREST ............................................................................................................. 9

2 DISPERSION MODELLING M ETHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 10

2.1 MODELLING APPROACH ............................................................................................................ 10

2.1.1 Model Selection.................................................................................................................. 10 2.1.2 Assessment Approach ........................................................................................................ 10

2.2 MODELLING SCENARIOS............................................................................................................ 11

2.3 EMISSION INV ENTORY ............................................................................................................... 11 2.4 METEOROLOGICAL DATA ........................................................................................................... 13

2.5 MODEL DOMAIN ....................................................................................................................... 15

2.6 MODELLING ASSUMPTIONS ........................................................................................................ 15

3 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 17

3.1 DISPERSION MODELLING RESULTS ............................................................................................. 17 3.2 CUMULATIV E IMPACT ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................. 18

4 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................ 19

4.1 NO2 AND SO2.......................................................................................................................... 19 4.2 PM AND DUST FALL ................................................................................................................. 19

4.3 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... 19

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 21

APPENDIX 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 23

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List of Tables

Table 1-1 South African National Ambient Air Quality Standards ...................................................... 5

Table 1-2 Subcategory 5.2: Drying ...................................................................................................... 6

Table 1-3 Subcategory 5.4: Cement production (using conventional fuels and raw materials) ......... 7

Table 1-4 Amsterdam Plain Baseline AAQ Data, 2011 ...................................................................... 8

Table 2-1 Summary of Recommended Procedures for Assessing Compliance with the Ambient Air

Quality Standard (AAQS) for Isolated Facilities. ....................................................................... 10

Table 2-2 Emission Inventory for the Hot Gas Generator ................................................................. 12

Table 2-3 Fugitive PM Emissions Associated With Cement Handling.............................................. 12

Table 2-4 Model Domain Parameters ............................................................................................... 15

Table 3-1 Dispersion Modelling Results ............................................................................................ 17

Table 3-2 Dispersion Modelling Results - Dust Fallout ..................................................................... 18

Table 3-3 Cumulative AAQ ................................................................................................................ 18

List of Figures

Figure 1-1 Cement Grinding Process Flow Diagram .......................................................................... 2

Figure 1-2 Location of the Proposed Facility....................................................................................... 3

Figure 1-3 Preliminary Site Layout [3] ................................................................................................. 4

Figure 2-1 Meteorological Data Windrose (2009-2011).................................................................... 14

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Abbreviations and Definitions

AAQS Annual Ambient Air Quality Standard

AAQ Ambient Air Quality

ADM Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling

CDC Coega Development Cooperation

CPC Central Processing Complex

CV Conveyor

DEA Department of Environmental Affairs

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

g/m2/s Grams per metre squared per second

kg/ha/hour Kilograms per hectare per hour

km Kilometres

m Metres

m2 Metres squared

mg/m2/day Milligrams per metre squared per day

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NEMA: AQA National Environmental Management Act No.39 of 2004

NPI Australian National Pollution Inventory

PM Particulate Matter

PM2.5 PM with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 microns

PM10 PM with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 microns

PSD Particle Size Distribution

RSA Republic of South Africa

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

STRM3 Shuttle Transmission Radar mission 3

TSP Total Suspended Particulate

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µg/m3 Micrograms per cubic metre

US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

UTM Universal Trans Mercator

WKC WardKarlson Consulting

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Air Quality Impact Assessment 1

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Arcus Gibb is undertaking the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed Osho

cement grinding facility in the Coega Industrial Development Zone, outside of Port Elizabeth,

Eastern Cape. Wardkarlson Consulting (WKC) has been appointed to undertake an air quality

impact assessment study for the proposed Project. The activities planned for the site are the

construction and operation of a 150 tonne/hour cement grinding plant with storage facilities

accommodating 20,000 tonnes of cement and a combined storage of 100,000 tonnes of

clinker and slag.

This report focuses on the cement grinding operations on the site. The key objectives of this

assessment are as follows:

To undertake a review of relevant national ambient air quality legislation and provide a

summary of the minimum standards that will need to be achieved;

To quantify and assess the potential impacts of the operation of the site with regards to

ambient air quality.

This report considers emissions of:

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), which will be generated as a result of the

facility operation (grinding, material handling and hot gas generation);

Dust fall (also known as fallout dust) which can cause nuisance to nearby sensitive

receptors; and

Oxides of nitrogen expressed as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2)

which are products of combustion associated with the operation of the hot gas

generator (or ‘dryer’).

The potential impacts to ambient air quality have been modelled using the Department of

Environmental Affairs (DEA) approved [1] AERMOD dispersion model to forecast ground level

concentrations of these pollutants in the areas surrounding the Project.

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1.2 Process Description

1.2.1 Cement Grinding Process

Cement clinker, slag, gypsum and limestone will be delivered to site by road and offloaded on

to storage piles and silo feeders. The clinker stock pile will be covered, whilst the wet slag

material will be located outside of the covered areas. The material will then be transferred by

enclosed conveyors to a central mixing point, before being sent to the milling operation. Here

the material is milled to a desired particle size using large grinders. Hot air is generated by a

diesel hot gas generator and fired into the grinder / mill. The hot gas is used as drying medium

and also prevents lumping within the mill. In addition, the hot gas acts as a transport medium

for milled particles, as crushed material gets entrained in the hot air and moved up to the

classifier, where the fine particles are separated from the coarser material. The fines are

stored as final product, whilst the coarser material is returned to the mill. Distribution of the

cement product occurs by bulk tanker filling or packaging within an enclosed palletising area.

A flow diagram of the cement processing facility is provided below in Figure 1-1.

Figure 1-1 Cement Grinding Process Flow Diagram

MILLING AND HOT GAS

GENERATION

MATERIAL OFFLOADING /

FEED

DISTRIBUTION / PACKAGE / STORAGE

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1.3 Project Location

The Project is located [2] within the base metals cluster of the Coega Industrial Development

Zone (Figure 1-2). The closest residential area is located approximately 2,300 m south-west of

the site boundary.

Figure 1-2 Location of the Proposed Facility

The plot plan for the site is provided in Figure 1-3 below.

Site

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Figure 1-3 Preliminary Site Layout [3]

KEY: 1 Slag Storage Area, 2 Clinker Dome, 3 Covered Slag Feed Area. 4 Gypsum and Extender Storage Area, 5 Mill Complex, 6

Product Storage, 7 Packing Plant and Warehouse

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1.4 South African Legislation

1.4.1 Ambient Air Quality

Under the National Environmental Management Act: Air Quality Act (NEMA: AQA Act No.39 of

2004) [4], ambient air quality and emission limits have been set for the protection of human

health. The Act prescribes air quality standards at a national level for particulate matter (PM10

and PM2.5), NO2 and SO2. Table 1-1 presents the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for

the respective pollutants.

Table 1-1 South African National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Pollutant Averaging

Period

Concentration

(µg/m3)

Permitted Frequency of Exceedence

Compliance Date

PM10 24 hours 120 4 Current

1 year 50 0 Current

24 hours 75 4 2015

1 year 40 0 2015

PM2.5 24 hours 65

0 Current -31

December 2015

24 hours 40 0 2016- 31

December 2029

24 hours 25 0 1 January 2030

1 year 25 0

Current -31 December 2015

1 year 20 0

2016- 31

December 2019

1 year 15 0 1 January 2030

NO2 1 hours 200 88 Immediate

1 year 40 0 Immediate

SO2 1 hour 350 88 Immediate

24 hours 125 4 Immediate

1 year 50 0 Immediate

The Department of Environmental Affairs has also published draft regulation on Dust

Management in terms of Section 32 of the NEM: AQA for public comment [5]. The draft

guidelines state that no person may conduct any activity in such a way as to give rise to dust

in such quantities and concentrations that:

(1) The dust or dust fall, has a detrimental effect on the environment including health, social

conditions, economic conditions, ecological conditions or cultural heritage, or has

contributed to the degradation of ambient air quality beyond the premises where it

originates; or

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(2) The dust remains visible in the ambient air beyond the premises where it originates; or

(3) The dust fall at the boundary or beyond the boundary of the premises where it originates

exceeds (a) 600 mg/m2/day averaged over 30 days in residential and light commercial

areas measured using reference method ASTM 01739; or (b) 1,200 mg/m2/day averaged

over 30 days in areas other than residential and light commercial areas measured using

reference method ASTM 01739.

The purpose of the regulations is to prescribe general measures for the control of dust in all

areas including residential and light commercial areas, and it also provides a reference

methodology towards the monitoring of dust whilst addressing penalties for offenders.

1.4.2 Section 21 Minimum Emission Limits

The activities that will be undertaken on the site will trigger three subcategories within

Category 5 of Section 21 of the Air Quality Act [6] (mineral processing). The listings have been

published in the Government Gazette for public comment and are presented in Table 1-2 and

Table 1-3.

Table 1-2 Subcategory 5.2: Drying

Description: The drying of mater ials using combustion installat ions

Application: All drying installat ions.

Substance or mixture of substances

Plant

status

mg/Nm3 under normal conditions of

10% O2 , 273 Ke lvin and 101.3 kPa. Common name

Chemical

symbol

Particulate matter N/A New 50

Ex isting 100

Sulphur diox ide SO2

New 1,000

Ex isting 1,000

Oxides of nitrogen

NOX

expressed as

NO2

New 500

Ex isting 1,200

(a) The following special arrangements shall apply:

(i) Existing plant must comply with minimum emission standards for existing plant as contained in Part 3 within 5 years of the date of publication of this Notice.

(ii) Existing plant must comply with minimum emission standards for new plant as contained in Part 3 within 10 years of the date of publication of this Notice.

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Table 1-3 Subcategory 5.4: Cement production (using conventional fuels and raw materials)

Description:

The preparation of raw materials, production and cooling of Portland

cement clinker; grinding and blending of clinker to produce f inished

cement; and packaging of f inished cement.

Application: All installat ions.

Substance or mixture of substances Plant

status

mg/Nm3 under normal conditions of

10% O2 , 273 Ke lvin and 101.3 kPa. Common name Chemical symbol

Particulate matter (Raw

Mill) N/A

New 30

Ex isting 50

Particulate matter (Kiln) N/A

New 50

Ex isting 100

Particulate matter

(Cooler ESP) N/A

New 100

Ex isting 150

Particulate matter

(Cooler BF) N/A

New 50

Ex isting 50

Particulate matter

(Clinker grinding) N/A

New 30

Ex isting 50

Sulphur diox ide SO2 New 250

Ex isting 250

Oxides of nitrogen NOX expressed as

NO2

New 1,200

Ex isting 2,000

(b) The following special arrangements shall apply:

Emissions from cooling, grinding and fugitive dust capture processes are not

subject to the oxygen content reference condition.

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1.5 Baseline Air Quality

The Coega Industrial Development Zone (IDZ), approximately 20 km north of the city of Port is

being developed by the Coega Development Corporation (CDC), a state owned entity, as an

industrial cluster around the Coega deep water harbour. The IDZ area is anticipated eventually

to accommodate industrial tenants.

Historical meteorological & AAQ data from Amsterdam Plain, a monitoring station located

within the Coega IDZ, has been provided to WKC by the CDC. This data is summarised within

the table below and regarded as the ‘baseline’ or pre-development condition for the Coega

IDZ.

Table 1-4 Amsterdam Plain Baseline AAQ Data, 2011

Pollutant Averaging Period

Ground Level Concentration, Amsterdam Station 2011 (µg/m3)

PM10 24 hours 59.3

Annual 30.8

PM2.5 24 hours -

Annual -

NO2 1 hours 2.3

Annual 2.7

SO2 1 hour 5.6

24 hours 5.5

Annual 4.5

Monitoring data suggests a relatively unpolluted airshed in an around the development zone,

with NO2 and SO2 concentrations typical of a rural environment. Elevated levels of PM have

been recorded on an annual basis, however these are likely to be natural in origin, given the

absence of other criteria pollutants normally associated with combustion sources.

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1.6 Emissions of Interest

The following have been considered in this assessment due to their known impact on human

health and their potential to be released to the atmosphere by the various activities associated

with material handling and drying activities:

Particulate Matter: Small particles less than 10 micrometers, and more so 2.5

micrometres in diameter pose a health risk as the particles can penetrate deep into the

lungs, and may even enter into the bloodstream. Exposure to such particles can affect

both the lungs and heart and should be avoided where possible.

NO2: NO2 is toxic at relatively low concentrations, and can be readily formed from

oxidation of NO in the presence of atmospheric oxidants.

SO2: Anthropogenic emissions of SO2 originate from the combustion of sulphur

containing diesel. SO2 in the ambient environment is linked with increased rates of

respiratory illness including asthma.

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2 Dispersion Modelling Methodology

2.1 Modelling Approach

2.1.1 Model Selection

In order to estimate ground level concentrations for each study pollutant, an atmospheric

dispersion modelling study has been undertaken using USEPA AERMOD (Version 7).

AERMOD is a straight-line, steady-state Gaussian plume model that can model the dispersion

of pollutants over rural and urban areas, flat and complex terrain. AERMOD considers surface

and elevated releases, and multiple sources (including, point, area and volume sources) to

determine ground level pollutant concentrations at specified receptor points.

AERMOD is a new generation air quality modelling system, developed by the United States

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in collaboration with the American Meteorological

Society. It contains improved algorithms for convective and stable boundary layers, for

computing vertical profiles of wind, turbulence and temperature, and for the treatment of all

types of terrain. One of the major improvements that AERMOD brings to applied dispersion

modelling is its ability to construct vertical profiles of required meteorological variables,

allowing improved modelling of the dispersion of pollutants (particularly of vertical dispersion).

AERMOD is a Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) recommended model for more

sophisticated near-source applications in all terrain types (where ‘near’ is less than 50km from

source) [1].

2.1.2 Assessment Approach

The proposed facility will be based within the Coega IDZ, where several other industrial

activities are planned and operational. Background sources, referring to the existing AAQ,

would be considered vital in assessing the cumulative effect when the planned facility

becomes operational. The assessment criteria for “facilities influenced by background

sources” has been applied in accordance with the Guideline to Air Dispersion Modelling for Air

Quality Management in South Africa [1] as detailed in Table 2-1below.

Table 2-1 Summary of Recommended Procedures for Assessing Compliance with the Ambient Air Quality Standard (AAQS) for Isolated Facilities.

Facility Location Annual AAQS Short Term AAQA (24 hours

or less)

Facilities influenced by

background sources

The sum of the baseline

background sources and the

highest model predicted value

should be less than the

AAQS, no exceedances

allowed

Sum of the baseline

background concentration and

the 99th percentile

concentrations should be less

than the AAQS. Wherever one

year is modelled the highest

value should be considered.

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2.2 Modelling Scenarios

A single modelling scenario has been considered, namely cement processing activities

operating at 100% capacity.

2.3 Emission Inventory

The emission inventory is based on vendor data supplied by Osho for combustion related

equipment and a combination of published emission factors for cement handling including the

Australian National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) [7], as well as specific factors developed for

asphalt and cement production plants [8],[9]. When considering the fugitive dust associated

with the handling and storage of dust producing materials, localised features including terrain,

topography, groundcover, wind and other atmospheric conditions can have a significant

impact in limiting the transportable portion of PM [10]. Studies undertaken by the Midwest

Research Institute on behalf of the US EPA show that tall trees bordering an emission source

accounts for a plume loss of up to 67%, whilst tall grass accounts for between 35% and 45%

of the plume mass loss (over a distance of 20m). Current US EPA regulatory dispersion

models do not account for this depletion and tend to over predict fugitive dust results by a

factor of four. This has been acknowledged by the US EPA, as they are currently in the

process of collating field data that can be used as the basis for developing algorithms for

observed particle removal effects [11]. These principles have not been applied and therefore

this approach is considered as conservative given the model is likely to over predict by a factor

of four.

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Table 2-2 Emission Inventory for the Hot Gas Generator

Cement Processing Operations Unit Measure Scenario 1

Available site area: ha 18

Dryer stack height above grade: m 36

Dryer stack internal diameter: m 1.8

Exhaust gas temperature: K 383

Normal exhaust volumetric f low rate: Nm3/s 35.6

Actual exhaust volumetric f low rate: Am3/s 50

Fuel type: - Diesel

Sulphur content: ppm by w t. 500

[PM]: mg/Nm3 50

[NOx]: mg/Nm3 500

[SO2 ]: mg/Nm3 2.3

PM10 emission rate: g/s 1.78

PM2.5 emission rate*: g/s 1.76

NOx emission rate: g/s 17.8

SO2 emission rate: g/s 0.1

Table 2-3 Fugitive PM Emissions Associated With Cement Handling

Cement Material Handling Activity* Unit PM10 Emission Rate PM2.5 Emission Rate

Transfer from truck to surge / weigh bin: g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

Transfer from w eigh bin to CV: g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

CV: surge bin to bucket elevator: g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

Transfer from CV to bucket elevator : g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

Clinker bucket elevator : g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

Transfer bucket elevator to CV : g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

CV: bucket elevator to intermediate clinker

storage: g/s 1.42E-03

4.15E-04

Intermediate clinker storage silo : g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

Silo to conveyor : g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

CV: silo to weigh bin: g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

Conveyor to weigh bin : g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

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Cement Material Handling Activity* Unit PM10 Emission Rate PM2.5 Emission Rate

Weigh bin : g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

CV: weigh bin to mixing CV: g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

Additives storage: g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

Additives loading: g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

Additives off loading to surge bin : g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

Surge bin to CV: g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

CV: surge bin to CV: g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

CV to CV : g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

CV: surge bin to weigh station: g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

Transfer conveyor to surge bins: g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

CV: weigh bin to mixing CV: g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

CV: mixing CV to crusher : g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

Cement silo f illing : g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

Cement silo: g/s 9.35E-03 2.73E-03

Cement off loading to truck : g/s 1.42E-03 4.15E-04

*The NPI Emission factor for all cement material handling activities is 2.3 grams per tonne of material handled [7]

In terms of PM2.5 emission rates presented in the tables above, it has been assumed that

PM2.5 constitutes 99% of PM10, whilst for non combustion related sources PM2.5 constitutes

29.2% of PM10 [9]. This factor has been applied to all emission sources for modelling

purposes.

2.4 Meteorological Data

Local meteorological conditions affect plume dispersion of emissions with plumes being

largely transported in the direction of the wind. Atmospheric stability criteria influence both

plume fall-out and the resulting pattern of dispersion.

AERMOD requires hourly measurements of wind speed and direction, ambient temperature,

air-mass stability (using the Pasquill stability categories) and estimates of the urban and rural

mixing heights. Ground level concentrations are computed for each hour of meteorological

data for specified averaging periods and receptor points. AERMOD also utilises hourly

sequential upper atmospheric meteorological data for the calculation of vertical profiles of wind

turbulence and temperature.

There is a preference to use meteorological data for dispersion modelling that has been

collected as close as possible to the Project site; however the meteorological measurements

should be inclusive of the various parameters and suitably quality-assured. Meteorological

data was obtained from the CDC Amsterdam station (which is the station closest to the

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proposed development). Missing information was supplemented with data from the other two

CDC stations, whilst cloud cover was obtained from the Port Elizabeth airport.

A windrose for the site is presented in Figure 2-1. The prevailing wind directions, which blow

parallel to the coastline and occur with almost equal frequency, are North-Northeast,

Northeast, South-Southwest and Southwest. Wind directions from the western, eastern and

south-eastern sectors occur relatively infrequently, whilst calm conditions (i.e. wind speeds of

less than 1.5 m s-1) occur for approximately 3.7% of the time.

Figure 2-1 Meteorological Data Windrose (2009-2011)

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2.5 Model Domain

Initial model runs were undertaken to determine the geographical extent of plume dispersion.

This subsequently has permitted the domain over which modelling will be undertaken to be

refined accordingly. The model domain consists of two Cartesian (rectangular coordinate

system) grids of receptor points in addition to fence line and discrete receptor point, as

presented in Table 2-4 Terrain data was obtained from STRM3 Global database and is

included in the model.

Table 2-4 Model Domain Parameters

Parameters

Large Grid 20 km x 20km (1000 m x 1000 m cell size)

Fine Grid 10km x 10km (500m x 500m cell size)

Boundary Receptors 100m spacing

2.6 Modelling Assumptions

The general modelling assumptions are provided below:

Given that the facility is a workplace environment only concentrations beyond the fence

line have been considered;

MM5 meteorological data is representative of site conditions;

The model has accounted for the legislated number of exceedences per annum by

running percentiles for pollutants. Maximum concentration values (no exceedences)

have been predicted for annual averages;

The 30 day average daily dust fall value has been calculated by modelling the monthly

dust fall average and dividing the maximum by 30 days for the equivalent daily

average;

Cement processing activities have been modelled as area sources;

Particle size distribution of bulk cement material referenced from theoretical data as no

site specific data was available [12];

Slag storage areas have not been included in the model as the slag will be kept moist

at all times. In addition the entrainable dust portion will only constitute 0.8% by mass.

The PSD analysis report [13] indicates that the dust fraction from the slag will not be of

concern should the slag be kept moist, as the particles have the tendency to

agglomerate, leaving little or no dust potential.

The model is deemed to be conservative in nature as it assumes the following:

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All site activities will be undertaken simultaneously; and

The results have been compared against the more stringent future standards for both

PM10 and PM2.5.

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3 Results

3.1 Dispersion Modelling Results

Table 3-1 below presents the modelled maximum ground level concentrations of the study

pollutants, together with the relevant South African AAQS for comparison. Selected isopleths

are provided in Appendix 1.

Table 3-1 Dispersion Modelling Results


Permitted Frequency of Exceedence per Year

AAQS (µg/m3)

Highest Ground level Concentration (µg/m

3)

AAQS Compliance?

PM10 24 hours 4 120 (Current) 3 YES

24 hours 4 75 (2015) 3 YES

Annual N/A 50 (Current) 0.2 YES

Annual N/A 40 (2015) 0.2 YES

PM2.5 24 hours

N/A 65 (Current -31 December

2015 1

YES

24 hours N/A 40 (2016- 31

December 2029)

1 YES

24 hours N/A

25 (1 January 2030)

<1 YES

Annual N/A

25 (Current -31 December

2015) <1

YES

Annual N/A

20 (2016- 31 December

2019) <1

YES

Annual N/A

15 (1 January 2030)

<1 YES

NO2 1 hours 88 200 30* YES

Annual 0 40 2 YES

SO2 1 hour 88 350 1 YES

24 hours 4 125 <1 YES

Annual 0 50 <1 YES

*99.8th Percentile

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Modelled data demonstrates that no exceedences are expected for PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2

for any of the specified averaging periods. Modelled data are substantially less than the

relevant ambient standard.

The results of the dust fallout modelling are provided in Table 3-2.

Table 3-2 Dispersion Modelling Results - Dust Fallout


RSA Draft Dust fall Standard (mg/m2/day)

Equivalent 30 Day Daily Average at Fence line (mg/m2/day)

Dust Fallout Daily (30 day average)

600 25

Based on modelled data for operations of the crushing facility for dust fallout, the facility is not

expected to cause a nuisance beyond the property fence line, as predicted the results are well

below the proposed value of 600 mg/m2/day averaged over 30 days [5].

3.2 Cumulative Impact Assessment

As the NAAQS require background sources to be incorporated into the study, the cumulative

effects of the dispersion modelling study and baseline AAQ from within the Coega IDZ is to be

assessed.

Table 3-3 Cumulative AAQ


Permitted Frequency of

Exceedence

AAQS (µg/m3)

Highest Ground level

Concentration (µg/m3) modelled

Background concentration

(µg/m3)

Cummulitive concentration

((µg/m3)

PM10 24 hours 4 120 (Current) 3 59.3 62.3

24 hours 4 75 (2015) 3 59.3 62.3

Annual 0 50 (Current) 0.2 30.8 40

Annual 0 40 (2015) 0.2 30.8 40

NO2 1 hours 88 200 30* 2.3 32.3

Annual 0 40 2 2.7 4.7

SO2 1 hour 88 350 1 5.6 6.6

24 hours 4 125 0.1 5.5 5.6

Annual 0 50 0 4.5 4.5

From Table 3-3 it is evident that the proposed facility is not anticipated to cause exceedence

of relevant AAQs when considered in a cumulative context with measured AAQ.

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4 Conclusions

A dispersion modelling assessment, using the internationally recognised AERMOD dispersion

modelling system has been undertaken in order to predict the potential impact to air quality

associated with the activities at the proposed Osho Cement Processing facility, Coega. A brief

summary is provided below.

4.1 NO2 and SO2

NO2 and SO2 associated with the cement drying process (hot gas generator) is not likely to

cause an exceedence of the relevant AAQS, which is to be expected as the hot gas generator

is relatively small in size (4 mega watt thermal input).

4.2 PM and Dust Fall

Material transfer, storage and handling activities have the potential to cause dust and PM (2.5

and 10 micron size fractions) during adverse weather conditions; however the predicted model

values are below the current and future AAQS even before the corresponding percentile value

(and therefore permitted number of exceedences) is considered.

In terms of nuisance dust fall, it is unlikely that the Project will give rise to dust deposition rates

that will exceed the proposed 600 mg/day/m2 (the model predicted results are less than 25%

of the standard).

4.3 Summary

In summary, significant impacts to air quality are not expected; however this does not remove

the need for proactive site management. Dust can be effectively managed at the site through

consideration of the following measures:

Inspection of conditions on a daily basis with the application of wet suppression should

this be necessary (in times of prolonged dry periods, for example);

Continuous monitoring of wind conditions should be considered when dusty activities

are to be carried out. The information can be used as a trigger for increased dust

control activities (e.g. winds above 5 m/sec), or even as a signal for work to cease (e.g.

winds above 10 m/sec);

Limiting the height and slope of the stockpiles can reduce wind entrainment. For

example, a flat shallow stockpile will be subject to less wind turbulence than one with a

tall conical shape. Consideration should also be given to the effect of other site

features that could provide a sheltering effect;

Covering stockpiles that are not in use (where technically and economically feasible);

Use of wind breaks. Wind speed near the pile surface is the primary factor affecting

particle uptake from stockpiles. Although a large, solid windbreak is the most effective

configuration, aesthetic and economic considerations may preclude that from being

appropriate. A 50% porous windbreak is almost as effective as a solid wall in reducing

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wind speeds over much of the pile, when constructed to the following specifications

[14]:

o Height equal to the pile height

o Length equal to the pile length at the base

o Located at a distance of one pile height from the base of the pile.

Wind breaks can be constructed using shade or horticultural cloth supported on poles,

or by planting trees. Some of the fast growing indigenous trees that would be suitable

for this purpose include Trema orientalis, Erythrina caffra , Syzygium cordatum, and

Trichilia emetica to name a few. Professional horticultural advice should be sought

regarding suitable species for the site.

Fast growing indigenous vegetation should be planted along the fence line / property

boundary in order to form a natural dust screen / wind barrier.

The application of these measures is expected to minimise dust formation and consequent

downwind nuisance.

http://www.plantzafrica.com/planttuv/tremorient.htm

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/erythrinacaff.htm

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References

1. Department of Environmental Affairs, 2012. Guideline to Air Dispersion Modelling for

Air Quality Management in South Africa. Draft Version for Comment.

2. Arcus Gibb (Pty) Ltd. 2012. Environmental impact assessment for the proposed

development of a cement grinding facility on a site located within the Coega Industrial

Development Zone, Port Elizabeth. Draft Scoping Report for Public Review

3. Ukhozi Environmentalist. September 2012. Scoping Report: Cement grinding plant,

Tyre recycling, Coal storage and blending

4. South Africa. 2004. National Environment: Air Quality Act, no. 39 of 2004.

Government Gazette, 476(27318), Feb. 24: 1-57.

5. Notice 309 of 2011 Department of Environmental Affairs National Environmental

Management: Air Quality Act, 2004 (act no. 39 of 2004) Draft National Dust Control

Regulations.

6. Government Gazette, 2012. Notice 964 of 2012. National Environmental Management:

Air Quality Act, 2004 (act no. 39 of 2004). List of activities which result in atmospheric

emissions which have or may have a significant detrimental effect on the environment,

including health, social conditions, economic conditions, ecological conditions or

cultural heritage. Published for public comment. November 2012.

7. Australian NPI, 2012. National Pollutant Inventory Emission Estimation Technique

Manual for Mining and coal handling activities.

8. Particulate Matter (PM) Emission Factors For Processes/Equipment at Asphalt,

Cement, Concrete, and Aggregate Product Plants, July 2010

9. California Emission Inventory Development and Reporting System, 2006. Final –

Methodology to Calculate Particulate Matter (PM) and PM2.5 Significance Thresholds-

Appendix A. South Coast Air Quality Management District Governing Board

10. Pace, T.G.; Cowherd, C. Jr, 2003. “Estimating PM-2.5 Transport Fraction Using

Acreage-Weighted Country Land Cover Characteristics—Examples of Concept,” In

Proceedings of the 96th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management

Association: San Diego, CA, June 2003.

11. Cowherd, C. Grelinger, M.A. and Gebhart, D.L. (2006): Development of an emission

reduction tern for near-source depletion. 15th International Emission Inventory

Conference, New Orleans.

12. Expanded Shale Clay and Slate Institute. 1995. Using SLC should pose few problems

for knowledgeable contractors. Concrete Construction. Available Online @

http://www.escsi.org/uploadedFiles/Technical_Docs/Structural_Lightweight_Concrete/4

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600.1%20SLWC%20-%20Concrete%20Construction%2007-95.pdf. Accessed

November 2012

13. Van Der Merwe. 2012. Slag sample PSD analyses and microscopy results of finer

fractions for dust control and occupational health and safety. Osho Unpublished

Report.

14. New Zealand Ministry of Environment, 2012. Good practice guide for assessing and

managing the environmental effects of dust emissions. Wellington, New Zealand ISBN

0-478-24038-4.

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Appendix 1

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PM10 ADM Isopleths – 24hour

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PM10 Annual Isopleths

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NO2 ADM Isopleths – 1hour 98.9 Percentile

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NO2 ADM Isopleths – Annual

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SO2 ADM Isopleths – 1 hour

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SO2 ADM Isopleths – 24 hour

Documents

Cement Grinding Facility, Coega - GIBBprojects.gibb.co.za/Portals/3/Air Quality Spes Report.pdf · Cement Grinding Facility, Coega Air Quality Impact Assessment 2 J2034 1.2 Process