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Central vs Local: Civilian vs Military. Some Comparative Aspects of Policing
Clive Emsley, Emeritus Professor, Department of History, Open University,
Milton Keynes
Civilian and Military
France
Police nationale
Italy
Polizia di Stato
France
Gendarmerie nationale
Italy
Carabinieri
‘British Police’‘UK Police’?
• 43 English and Welsh Forces
• 8 Scottish forces
• PSNI
• British Transport Police
• Ministry of Defence Police
• Etc
But IPAB markets the “UK Police Brand”
UK Models?
• English Police – Charles Reith‘Kin police’ for a consensual society
• Irish/Colonial Model – Sir Charles Jeffries1. Securing territory2. Suppression of violence3. Prevention of crime
(Gendarmeries in all but name?)
A typology for the 19th century
• State military (gendarmeries)
• State civilian
• Municipal
Twentieth-Century Changes 1Europe
Centralisation
France 1941
Germany c.1936
Militarisation
France – maintained division
Germany – late 1940s to 1950s
Twentieth-Century Changes 2Centralisation
England•Amalgamations•End of Watch Committees and SJCs•Home Secretary’s role in committee appointments
France•Paris incorporated into Police nationale (1967)•Police nationale and Gendarmerie under Ministry of Interior (2009)
Federal Systems
Germany•Federal forces:Bundespolizei (from old BGS)BundeskriminalamtParliamentary Police•Lander forces (15)LandespolizeiKripo
USA•Federal forces:FBIDEA
•States (49) and MunicipalThousands of them