Annual Report 2014

Centre for Social Science

Research

About the CSSR

The Centre for Social Science Research (CSSR) is an interdisciplinary research centre at the University of Cape Town dedicated to conducting and building capacity for systematic, policy-relevant social science research in South Africa, the region, and across Africa.

Most of the CSSR’s work is done through one or other of our four research units: the Sustainable Societies Research Unit (SSU, headed by Associate Professor Beatrice Conradie), the Democracy in Africa Research Unit (DARU, headed by Professor Bob Mattes), the AIDS and Society Research Unit (ASRU, headed by Professor Nicoli Nattrass until the end of 2014, when Dr Rebecca Hodes took over) and the new Families and Society Research Unit (FaSRU), headed by Dr Elena Moore). We also have one major project (Legislating and Implementing Welfare Policy Reforms, headed by Professor Jeremy Seekings) and some smaller research projects. Associate Professor Rajen Govender and Dr Pedro Wolf held joint CSSR-departmental teaching posts. The CSSR is governed by a Management Committee, which in 2014 comprised all off the above individuals, together with Dr Ed Grebe who managed the website. The CSSR Director reports to the Dean of Humanities and an Advisory Board that meets once per year. In 2014 the Advisory Board was chaired by the Dean of the Humanities Faculty, Professor Sakhela Buhlungu, and included also Professors Bernhard Weiss (Deputy Dean of Research), Anthony Butler (Political Studies), Martin Wittenberg (Economics and DataFirst), Owen Crankshaw (Sociology),

Colin Tredoux (Psychology), Ingrid Woolard (Economics and SALDRU) and Elrena van der Spuy (Criminology), as well as, ex officio, the directors of the CSSR and its constituent research units.

Methodologically, CSSR research is empirical, but problem-driven. While we utilise both quantitative and qualitative strategies of data collection, our work is based on systematic research designs with clear conceptualisation of variables and transparent rules for operationalising variables, selecting cases, and collecting and analysing data analysis (in contrast to ad hoc fact collection or narrative description). We attach particular importance to bridging disciplines and methods.

CSSR projects are usually team-oriented, bringing together multiple local and international researchers, and offering post-graduate students significant opportunities for hands-on training by involving them in all stages of projects. Research findings are presented and discussed at regular weekly seminars and published as CSSR Working Papers.

The CSSR works closely with UCT’s DataFirst Resource Unit, which was founded as part of the CSSR before becoming a university facility. DataFirst facilitates access to an extensive digital archive of social science datasets, packaged in user-friendly forms. The CSSR works with DataFirst in providingtraining opportunities and support for researchers using these datasets.

The CSSR acknowledges gratefully the following for funding activities or donating during 2014: the Andrew W Mellon Foundation; Afrobarometer, through the Centre for Democratic Development, Ghana; the Centre for Development and Enterprise; Professor David Howell, Cape Aghulhas Tourism Board; Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan; the UK Department for International Development through the Economic and Social Research Council; the European Union; the Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division (HEARD) at the University of KwaZulu-Natal; IMGAME at the Cardiff School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University; the Institute for Security Studies; the International AIDS Society; the Open Society Foundation of South Africa; the International Development Research Centre, Canada, through Privacy International; Professor Richard Gunther, Ohio State University; the South African National Research Foundation; the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) through the University of Maastricht; the World Bank; the WWF Nedbank Green Trust; and the University of Cape Town through its Centre for Open Learning, the faculties of Humanities and Commerce, Professor Jørgen Elklit, the Department of Political Studies, the Faculty Equipment Committee, the Harry Oppenheimer Institute for African Studies and the Vice-Chancellor’s Strategic Fund.

Director’s Report

For more than a decade the CSSR has promoted systematic social science research, including especially the analysis of quantitative data in mixed methods research, in three main ways. First, the CSSR has raised substantial funding for student scholarships and teaching, and organized summer schools and other short courses. Secondly, the CSSR has organized a series of large, generally team-based research projects. Thirdly, the CSSR has promoted a culture of research through regular seminars, workshops, our Working Paper series, and publication in journals and books. Pride-of-place in our 2014 publications goes to Rebecca Hodes’ book Broadcasting the Pandemic: A History of HIV on South African Television. We aspire to producing and promoting policy-relevant research, and work closely with civil society.

An institution like the CSSR ultimately comprises individual researchers (and, in our rather unusual case, teachers). One of the questions that can reasonably be asked of any such institution is what does the institution itself add to the work of the individual researchers. Put another way, would the ‘output’ of the institution be any less if the individual researchers beavered away on their own and the institution itself did not exist?

There are 3 ways in which an institution like the CSSR adds real value to the work of individuals. First, it provides a central administrative service. The CSSR employs a number of administrative staff running individual projects, but also has a central administrative staff now headed by Marius Coqui, whose job was upgraded at the end of 2014 from ‘Finance Officer’ to ‘Operations Manager’. Marius is assisted by Dumi Hlwele (together with Thobani Ncapai, when he is not performing his primary role as fieldworker) and Liz Welsh (who also manages specific projects). Amy Kennedy is part-time publications manager, and Ed Grebe runs the website.

The CSSR serves as a vehicle for collective fund-raising. In 2014 we received a third multi-year grant from the Andrew Mellon Foundation, which has generously supported us from the beginning, assisting especially with our core administrative costs. This new three-year grant helps with our Summer School – run together with Afrobarometer – and with the establishment of a new research unit within the CSSR, the Families and Society Research Unit (FaSRU), headed by Dr Elena Moore. The year 2014 was also the fourth year of a

five-year programme, funded through a grant from the UCTVice-Chancellor’s Strategic Fund programme, to strengthen quantitative social science teaching. This programme has paid for the salaries of Associate Professor Rajen Govender and Dr Pedro Wolf, to teach a variety of courses in the Psychology, Sociology and Political Studies Departments, and to teach on our Summer School. Sadly, Pedro and his family returned to the USA at the end of the year; we are grateful to him for his efforts over the past three years. Better news was that Rajen’s post was made permanent, in the Sociology Department. The existence of the CSSR as a collective project makes it possible to plan, raise funds for and deliver on these kinds of activity.

The CSSR also serves as a vehicle for large-scale or team-based research projects. This year’s Annual Report highlights the major projects within the CSSR. The work done (through the Democracy in Africa Research Unit, DARU) for the multi-country Afrobarometer is an example of a more foundational project. The CSSR runs much of the capacity-building and data management sides of the Afrobarometer’s work. This does not result directly in research output within the CSSR itself, but is a public good which makes possible diverse research conducted across Africa and elsewhere using the Afrobarometer data. Projects such as the African Legislatures Project (ALP), the Legislating and Implementing Welfare Policy Reforms project (LIWPR), and the Karoo Predators project are more orthodox examples of research projects that pull together teams of researchers, inside and outside UCT itself. Almost all of the researchers in the CSSR – from professors to students – have home departments, where they teach or are registered as students. The CSSR is unusual in that it is not an standalone institution. What the CSSR provides for its researchers are the intellectual space and the administrative support for these large, team-based or foundational projects.

Professor Jeremy SeekingsDirector, CSSR

AfrobarometerWhen first launched in 1999, Afrobarometer aimed to “let the people have a say” on issues of democracy, governance and development. At that time, the voices of ordinary people were muted; little was known about popular attitudes and behaviour regarding the pressing challenges of African political economy.

Fifteen years later, the project has built a continent-wide, African-led network of social science researchers and civic activists. It has interviewed over 200,000 African citizens in 35 countries, which together represent 75 percent of the continent’s population (www.afrobarometer.org). Research results have been disseminated to policy-makers through hundreds of presentations, news media stories, and other Afrobarometer publications. Survey findings are debated widely debated in the media and discussed in parliamentary hearings and cabinet meetings. In short, Afrobarometer has helped to make public opinion a growing pillar of African democracy, and it has built for itself an international reputation as the most trustworthy source of information about African public opinion.

The Democracy in Africa Research Unit (DARU) is a support unit within the Afrobarometer Network with particular responsibilities for capacity building, data management, sampling and fieldwork.

DARU’s Francis Kibirige and Boniface Dulani are the Network managers of sampling and fieldwork, and are based in Uganda and Malawi, respectively. Network data management is handled by a team based in DARU, led by Carmen Alpen Lardies, with support from Jamy Felton and Thomas Isbell.

With the Afrobarometer having finished an unprecedented round of surveys in 25 countries between 2011 and 2013, Carmen and her team merged the results into a single data set

in late 2013, based on which the Network then released several widely covered reports on democracy, gender, corruption and taxation, transparency and compliance in 2014, as well as dozens of other country focused reports.

Since its inception, one of the pillars of the project has been to build the capacity of national research partner organizations to collect data, as well as to analyze and communicate results. Afrobarometer capacity-building in 2014 was managed by DARU’s Samantha Richmond with the assistance of Liz Welsh.

The most important capacity building event, the annual UCT-Afrobarometer Summer School, will be covered on the following page/s. However, the DARU team built capacity in a number of other different ways. It began the year by helping organize a planning meeting in Cape Town (February) at which all 35 partner organizations prepared all aspects of the next round of surveys and associated project activities, and reviewed the questionnaire, and protocols related to sampling, fieldwork, data management, data analysis and reporting, and communications.

The team also coordinated workshops to build skills in data management and data entry (April), and communications (October), and awarded 8 professional development fellowships to people from national partner organizations who had identified skills that could be developed by attending specific courses at various summer schools at the Universities of Michigan, Utrecht, and Oslo, as well as the University of Cape Town - London School of Economics Winter School.

Finally, Samantha arranged a number of different mentoring exchanges where personnel from core partners travelled to spend short periods with newer members to help them prepare budgets, train fieldworkers, complete reports and disseminate results.

African Legislatures ProjectOver the past six years, the African Legislatures Project (ALP) has collected data on the structure and dynamics of 17 African parliaments though surveys of representative samples of MPs, in-depth interviews with legislative officers, observation of committee activity, and a bill-tracker of actual legislation. We also placed special questions on Afrobarometer to gauge popular attitudes to the duties of legislators.

Though 2014 began with the tragic death of co-principal investigator, Joel Barkan (Professor Emeritus, University of Iowa and Senior Research Associate with CSSR), the year saw us take our final steps (with the assistance of Halfdan Lynge-

Mangueira, Shana Warren, Sohyeon Kim, Matthias Krönke and Liz Welsh) toward producing cleaned, merged datasets for analysis. By the end of the year, Carlos Shenga received his doctorate for a dissertation based, in part, on ALP data. Joel Barkan and Robert Mattes also published a chapter on constituency development funds in Africa in a larger volume entitled Distributive Politics In Developing Countries: Almost Pork (edited by Mark Baskin and Michael Mezey, published by Lexington Press), and Bob Mattes was working with the other co-investigator, Shaheen Mozaffar, on the final book manuscript.

Election StudiesOver the past decade, DARU has run the South African National Election Study (SANES). Comprising longitudinal series of post-election SANES has, since 2004, participated in the larger cross national Comparative National Elections Project, run out of Ohio State University, and since 2009, as also part of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, run out of the University of Michigan. With the questionnaire focussing on voter’s evaluations of the parties and candidates, as well as their experience of and involvement in the actual election campaign, DARU has conducted surveys following the South African elections of 2004, 2009 and most recently 2014, as well as carried out the similar surveys in Mozambique (2004) and Kenya (2013).

In 2014, DARU research assistants worked to create a merged longitudinal data set of these studies (Dean Horwitz).

More importantly, the recent volume by the CNEP project, entitled Voting In Old and New Democracies, was accepted for publication by Routledge (in early 2015). All studies in this book were based on a merged cross national data set, based on data assembled and cleaned at UCT by DARU RA Jacqueline Borel-Saladin.

Along with Roger Southall, DARU research associate Collette Schulz-Herzenberg also produced a volume on South Africa’s 2014 election, entitled Election 2014 South Africa: The Campaigns, Results and Future Prospects (Jacana Press). Bob Mattes also published a chapter, using Afrobarometer data, on African’s perceptions of electoral integrity, in Pippa Norris’s latest volume, (Advancing Electoral Integrity, Oxford University Press).

(The other DARU RAs not included in these projects are Katrinha Godhino and Sihle Nontshokweni)

Summer School

In 2014, DARU and CSSR held two UCT-Afrobarometer Summer Schools, one from mid-January to mid-February and -- because we had decided to move to an end-of-year cycle -- another in late November-early December. These, were the 6th and 7th Summer Schools we have hosted since 2006, and were attended collectively by 80 participants from over two dozen African countries, including 29 UCT post-graduate students.

Our Summer School format is based on an internationally unique approach that combines both courses on basic and intermediate social statistics and survey and comparative research design, with substantive modules on topics related to areas of Afrobarometer research. In 2014, courses were taught by a mix of UCT (Rajen Govender, Pedro Wolf, Jeremy Seekings, Bob Mattes) and international scholars (Michael Bratton, Dirk Berg-Schlosser, E. Gyimah-Boadi, Jean Marcelin Bosson Brou, Shaheen Mozaffar and Boniface Dulani), and focused on democracy and public opinion, citizenship, religion and politics, governance and accountability, corruption, citizenship, lived poverty, and the politics of public policy. The pace is intensive; the substantive and methods courses run for three weeks; and during the fourth week, participants concentrate on preparing a research paper, which they present on the final day.

UCT students can get course credits for completing the Summer School, at either Honours or Masters levels. This provides an important opportunity for smaller departments or units (such as Economic History) who cannot easily offer their own courses.

To mark the end of the summer school, as well as to recognise Afrobarometer’ s strengthening partnership with UCT, the January-February summer school closed with an Afrobarometer-UCT Symposium organized around the presentation of a selection of papers from senior scholars of African politics (Leonard Wantchekon, Eldred Masunungure, Michael Bratton, Winnie Mitullah and Joel Barkan) as well as the author of the best paper presented at Summer School (Rose Aiko).

Finally, in order to increase the number of actual Afrobarometer publications emanating out of Summer School, we awarded writing fellowships to the authors of the 10 most promising papers from the January-February Summer School, enabling them to return to UCT in two separate groups of 5 for intensive one-week writing sabbaticals. This has resulted in a significant increase in the number of papers written by participants published on the project website (www.afrobarometer.org).

What works politically in Africa and why?

This multi-year research programme, funded by the UK’s Department for International Development through the Economic and Social Research Council, examines the politics of welfare programmes in Africa, i.e. what ‘works’ politically and why. By ‘welfare’ programmes we mean, primarily, cash transfer programmes (such as old age pensions), but we are considering also public employment and food aid programmes, as well as social insurance programmes in a number of countries. Indeed, one of the things we have learnt is that an appropriate understanding of ‘welfare programmes’ in Africa requires a wider scope than is usual in research in other parts of the world.

Planning began at the end of 2012 and research began in 2013, accelerating in 2014. We have held two major workshops, and taught short courses as part of the CSSR-Afrobarometer Summer School. The research team meets weekly when there are enough team members in Cape Town at the same time! The PI of the programme is Prof Jeremy Seekings.

The research team comprises a total of seventeen researchers, including seven senior researchers, six PhD students and four junior researchers. To date we have conducted fieldwork in 13 countries:

Legislating and Implementing Welfare Policy Reforms

specific issues stand out in each country. For example, our initial research in Zambia ended up focusing on why donors had failed to convince the Zambian government to scale up pilot programmes. Our research in Malawi focuses on the role of welfare promises in the 2014 elections. Each of our case-studies thus ends up being defined through a combination of close engagement with evidence on the country in question and debate with other researchers on the similarities and differences between countries.

We anticipate a total of more than fifty working papers over the life of the research programme. Most of these deal with aspects of our country case-studies. Some are more comparative papers. Our research is currently focusing on four major themes:

(1) The relationships between donors, bureaucrats and politicians: Case-studies such as Zambia, Uganda and Lesotho all suggest that donor power is easily over-estimated; domestic political actors are not always easily persuaded to throw their weight behind reforms.

(2) The role of welfare policy in competitive party politics and elections: ‘Welfare’ issues featured prominently in a series of elections in 2014, including in South Africa, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia (where the successful presidential candidate promised to revisit the idea of a basic income grant) and Mauritius (where the winning coalition promised to increase substantially the old age pension). We have also examined how electoral competition shaped welfare state-building in the past in Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Lesotho and Mauritius.

(3) The role of ideas: Governments and other actors make choices when they are aware of alternative models or possibilities, and in light of their ideologies and beliefs as well as their calculation of interests.

(4) The comparative specificity of Africa, and variation within Africa: Although our focus is on Africa, we are concerned to interrogate more fully the ways and extent to which Africa is different to other parts of the global South, and why. We are also examining more systematically variation within Africa.

UGANDA: Dr Eduard Grebe and John Bosco Mubiru

We have also initiated further research in Uganda (Dr Paul Bukuluki and John Bosco Mubiru), Tanzania (Dr Marianne Ulriksen) and South Africa (Renee Roux), and we are about to commence research in Kenya (Mia Granvik, John Bosco Mubiru and Prof Jeremy Seekings). Hangala Siachiwena will be joining the team, working further on the Zambian case. Prof Nicoli Nattrass is examining public health provision in Africa.

Most of our research starts off with documenting welfare policy-making in an individual country, and then working backwards to analyse how and why some policies were adopted and others not. Generally we find that, as we immerse ourselves in the research,

ZAMBIA: Abigail KabandulaKENYA: Kevin Donovan

SWAZILAND & LESOTHO: Mia Granvik

MAURITIUS: Prof Jeremy Seekings

MALAWI: Sam Hamer

ZIMBABWE: Isaac Chinyoka

BOTSWANA: Sam Hamer

MOZAMBIQUE: Francisco Diez

NAMIBIA: Drs Claudia and Dirk Haarman

SOUTH AFRICA: Gabby Kelly, Kevin Donovan and Prof Jeremy Seekings

GHANA: Dr Eduard Grebe

The CustomaryMarriage Project

The Families and Society Research Unit (FaSRU) is a new research unit that examines households, families and kinship from an inter-disciplinary perspective. The ‘family’ in South and Southern Africa is an institution undergoing rapid change, with implications for the distribution of income and access to livelihoods, care-giving, child-raising and health, intimacy and well-being, and social and political attitudes and behaviour. The new unit promotes research that links economic and social aspects of families and households and employs mixed methods combining qualitative and quantitative research.

The Customary Marriage project, which is led by the South African Research Chair in Customary Law, Indigenous Values and Human Rights (The Chair is hosted by the University of Cape Town, funded by the DST and administered by the NRF), Professor Chuma Himonga, is a socio-legal investigation into the social reality of reformed customary law, more specifically, the operation of the Recognition of the Customary Marriages Act and the rules of intestate succession. Dr. Elena Moore, the new director of FaSRU, is collaborating with Professor Himonga on this project. The research examines the divergence between the legislation and rules introduced by the Constitutional Court and their implementation and impact in practice. Elena assisted with the organisation of a very successful two-day workshop at UCT in February 2014 which was attended by socio-legal scholars, officials from Home Affairs, traditional leaders, representatives of the National House of Traditional Leaders and the National Movement of Rural Women. Prof. Himonga and Elena have co-authored a manuscript based on the empirical findings from the study which is currently under review. The book is expected to be published by Juta & Co Ltd in early 2015. Kirsty Button received a distinction for her Honours paper on ‘Regulating Marital Conflicts in Xhosa Communities: Is There Normative Agreement?’ (see CSSR Working Paper 339). Elena presented her paper on the dissolution of customary marriage (see CSSR Working Paper 348) at the American Sociological Association conference in San Francisco.

The Transnational Child Raising Arrangements ProjectOrganised by Prof. Seekings and Dr. Moore, along with post-doctoral student Stanford Mahati, this study examines child-rearing arrangements among transnational migrants in South Africa. This is a collaborative project with scholars at the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands. The research team participated in a three day meeting in Hyderabad, India in late January, which was organised and attended by members of the larger WOTRO funded programme Migration, Development and Conflict. Stanford Mahati presented a paper at the research meeting. The project has completed data collection and is preparing two papers to present at a three day symposium at Witwatersrand (ACMS) in March 2015.

Other FaSRU news

The new Unit has also supported the research of postgraduate students researching in the field of family life. The new Unit is providing funding for three students at the Masters level and one PhD student. Nicole Daniels, supervised by Elena, published her analysis of home birth (CSSR Working Paper 340).

Community Discussion Meetings in collaboration with the National Movement of Rural Women

Preparing lunch before the discussion on the ‘new laws’ regulating customary marriages and intestate succession

Mzantsi WakhoStudyTeenage Antiretroviral Adherence and Sexual Health

The AIDS and Society Research Unit (ASRU) began a new phase of research in 2014 as the home of the Mzantsi Wakho study, the largest community-based study of HIV-positive adolescents ever conducted. This innovative study into the intersections between sexual health and adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART) in the Eastern Cape is part of the International AIDS Society’s Collaborative Initiative for Pediatric HIV Education and Research (CIPHER). It includes collaborators from Oxford such as Lucie Cluver and Beth Vale (ex ASRU student!) and entails both qualitative and quantitative research. Rebecca Hodes (post-doc) has been assisting with the data collection (an ongoing survey) and is taking the lead on the qualitative arm of the study. This involves:

(1) In-depth research with 73 adolescents and 48 key informants (caregivers, health and social workers) to explore: (i) how HIV-positive adolescents use, adapt and resist HIV care and treatment, and sexual health services, and (ii) how those caring for HIV-positive adolescents experience and perceive challenges and facilitate ART adherence and sexual health. The research includes semi-structured in-depth interviews, unstructured participant observation, and visual research methods such as body mapping.

more conventional methods. Participants role-play the perfect consultation between a doctor (seated in the foreground), a nurse (wearing a nurse’s cap), and a patient initiating antiretroviral treatment (wearing a feather boa). These costumes help participants to relax, to have fun, and to imagine their roles more effectively.

The research is ongoing, but early analysis is highlighting how teenagers desire clinics with sufficient healthcare workers to prevent long delays (and even the risk of being turned away at the end of the day without obtaining treatment). Teenagers prefer to consult healthcare workers in private rooms to maintain dignity and confidentiality. They would like to receive attentive and thorough medical examinations from doctors and have health professionals take the time to explain guidelines for medicine-taking. They would also like well-stocked pharmacies and good quality medical diagnostics to be available in their clinics and to be treated kindly and with respect.

Other ASRU news

Annabelle Wienand graduated with a PhD for her thesis about the representation of HIV in South African photography and a couple of weeks later gave birth to Daniel (see photograph below right of Annabelle, Daniel and Dumi Hlwele). Good timing! Rebecca Hodes’s book, Broadcasting the Pandemic: A History of HIV on South African Television (HSRC, Cape Town, 2014) was launched at the Book Lounge on 3 June 2014. Nicoli Nattrass was awarded the UCT book award for The AIDS Conspiracy: Science Fights Back (Columbia University Press, New York, 2013). Rebecca organised an amazing cake to celebrate the triple achievement (see photo below left of Annabelle, Nicoli, Rebecca and the book-cake).

(2) Participatory workshops and focus groups which position adolescents and care providers as key stakeholders in the collaborative design of youth-driven support tools to: (i) improve ART adherence and sexual health; (ii) assist youth in negotiating the barriers and challenges that impede their desired retention in care, and (iii) customize ART and sexual health interventions to improve adolescent health outcomes.

Mzantsi Wakho researchers have developed a range of techniques to allow participants to move beyond the often daunting requirements of verbalising the challenges they face. For example, in the ‘dream consultation’ (see photo) participants role-play their perfect clinical consultation from the perspectives of both as healthcare workers and patients.

It elicits their experiences of the health sector in ways that are more performative, expressive, engaging and playful than

GroundUpGroundUp is an online news site that reports social justice issues from Cape Town’s townships and immigrant communities. It was started in 2012 as a collaboration between the CSSR and the Community Media Trust, bringing together the three pillars of civil society (a university, the media, and social movements).

GroundUp aims to make a difference: We mostly report the stories of people who don’t usually get into the news. Much of what we do exposes injustice but we also tell touching stories of everyday life But GroundUp is an alternative media project with a difference: we aim to get our stories republished in the mainstream media. We publish most of our stories under a creative commons license. This means anyone can republish them free of charge. We like this; we want our stories to be read widely.

This has been a good year for GroundUp. Our website traffic has more than doubled. By the end of 2014, our website will have been visited by nearly 300,000 unique visitors. Every week several of our stories are republished in the mainstream media. And the quality and quantity of our stories has improved. In total, we published in 2014 about 950 news, opinion pieces and photo essays.

Here are some of our best stories of the year:

Redhill’s ruins

Over four decades ago, Coloured residents of Redhill overlooking Simonstown were forcibly removed. They haven’t forgotten and they want justice. We told their story.

Margaret Constant sits on the steps of one of the ruined houses of her childhood. Photo by Masixole Feni.

Mpumalanga’s environmental crisis

The Centre for Environmental Rights has been exposing how unregulated mining practices are destroying pristine parts of the province.

Fishing the Black River

Wayne Wilke supplements his family’s food by fishing where others dare not: in the Black River.

Photo by Mpumalanga Tourism & Parks Agency.

Wayne Wilke cleans a catfish he caught in the Black River. Photo by Masixole Feni.

Photo by Mpumalanga Tourism & Parks Agency.

Shack Building

Many of Cape Town’s residents live in shacks. We examined how the shack building industry works.

Lelethu Rayi helps the shack builders deconstruct his shack for transport to the construction site. Photo by Joyce Xi.

Kathryn Stinson, a UCT epidemiologist volunteered with Medecins Sans Frontieres in the struggle against Ebola in Sierra Leone. She wrote five widely acclaimed and reproduced articles, first published on GroundUp.

The CSSR’s Adam Armstrong reported nearly every hearing of the commission of inquiry into policing in Khayelitsha. GroundUp’s coverage exceeded any other media publication.

When hundreds of people were evicted in the middle of winter from an informal settlement in Lwandle, Strand, GroundUp became the definitive reporter of events as they unfolded.

GroundUp also published an in-depth account of the problems with access to medicines to treat drug-resistant TB. We will be submitting this article for an award.

Although our focus is on reporting news, GroundUp welcomes commentary from people working in the area about which they write. Also one of the main subjects we report on is sanitation. The Social Justice Coalition released a social audit of the City of Cape Town’s toilet provision in Khayelitsha. GroundUp hosted the debate that ensued.

One of the most haunting photos published by GroundUp in our series on sanitation in the townships. Photo by Masixole Feni.

GroundUp is edited by Nathan Geffen, with the assistance of Alide Dasnois and Brent Meersman. At the end of 2014, GroundUp employed five full-time reporters and a photographer. Several freelance reporters contribute regularly. Visiting students from the USA and elsewhere have helped out, in some cases for a whole semester. Joyce Xi (from Yale), in particular, proved to be an excellent photographer as well as helping in many other ways. One of Joyce’s photos of Khayelitsha is on the front cover of this Annual Report.

Hitching a ride to school. Photo by Masixole Feni.

Westlake students hike to school

Everyday children in the small township of Westlake hitchhike over Ou Kaapse Weg to school in Masiphumelele, even though there are several much better schools closer by. We tried to found out why.

The Karoo Predator Project The Karoo Predator Project is a unique multi-disciplinary study of the social, economic and ecological drivers of human-wildlife conflict in the Karoo. It draws together farmers, researchers from the social and biological sciences and officials from the Department of Land Care. The objective is to understand the ecology and political-economy of predation and to explore ways of protecting biodiversity whilst ensuring sustainable livelihoods.

The biological arm of the study is being conducted by Marine Drouilly under the supervision of Prof Justin O’Riain (Biological Sciences), and Professors Nattrass and Conradie (CSSR). Marine has conducted a camera trap survey of bio-diversity on farms and in the nearby reserve of Anysberg. This year she has, with the assistance of Kai Fitchen, been collecting jackal and caracal scat and concentrating on trapping and collaring predators. The radio collared predator stars in 2014 were six caracals (Bagheera, Sunshine, Big Paw, Ginger, Lucky and Marina) and five jackals (LeRoy, Rain, Mr Fox and Roocky and Forest). We have had some problems with collars not working and several of our collared animals have been killed in traps.

The project enjoys support amongst Karoo farmers, especially in the Laingsburg and Beaufort West areas, and we report back regularly to them about the social and biological research. We are particularly indebted to Lukas Botes and Piet Gouws forInge Conradie and the fence workers who participated in the study of life histories

Recently Professors Nicoli Nattrass and Beatrice Conradie investigated a collaborative project between the Koup farmers and the Department of Land Care to build jackal-proof fences whilst providing jobs for unemployed workers in Laingsburg. They showed that was appropriately targeted on the poor and attributed the success of the project to strong support from government officials and to committed leadership by farmers and fencing team leaders.

This work, together with earlier qualitative research conducted with Inge Conradie (an honours student at the time) on the work histories of unemployed agricultural workers, formed the basis of working paper which is currently under review by a journal.

Ginger the caracal being inspected by a vet (and the farming family on whose land she resides) before being released. She now has a GPS radio collar bearing reflective strips

that will hopefully prevent farmers and professional hunters from killing her during night hunts.

Karoo Project Directors: Nicoli Nattrass (left) and Beatrice Conradie (right)

their strong support for the project. Farmers continue to hunt and kill predators, but also appreciate the value of the scientific study. They were particularly interested to learn that LeRoy had travelled over 1600 klms in four months and that Rain had crossed many farms (and jackal proof fences….) in her search for a mate.

This year Beatrice Conradie and Nicoli Nattrass interviewed farmers, conservationists, educationalists and professional hunters to learn more about how predators are understood and managed in the Karoo. Their paper on rival ‘jackal narratives’ about predator ecology and lethal control is forthcoming in the Journal of Southern African Studies. They have been analysing data (collected by Beatrice in her panel study of Karoo farmers) on the relationship between culling predators and subsequent stock losses. Their preliminary findings suggest that killing caracals is probably counter-productive for farmers as it is associated with an increase in lambs lost the following year (but this is probably not the case for jackals). These findings have been presented to several meetings of farmers, generating great interest in the process. Several farmers have told us that they have stopped killing predators randomly and are trying to find ways of living with predators on their land, especially where predation is at low levels. Funding for the project comes from The Nedbank Green Trust (managed by the World Wildlife Fund, UCT, and the Wool Growers Association.

Below: Beatrice Conradie and Francis Steyn (LandCare programme manager for the Western Cape Department of Agriculture)

Marine Drouilly with predator scat and two farmers (Lukas Botes and Piet Gouws) who have been very supportive of the research.

Above: The Koup study area in green: LeRoy’s travels in blue, Rain’s in brown

Who gets what (and why) in contemporary South Africa? The CSSR has long been at the forefront on research into the dynamics of poverty and inequality in contemporary South Africa. What the CSSR brings to these topics is an enthusiasm for mixed methods – i.e. mixing quantitative and qualitative research, to understand as well as document patterns and dynamics – and a commitment to inter-disciplinary research that draws on the insights of economics as well as sociology and political science. In 2014, research proceeded in three main directions.

First, research continued into the decline of the South African clothing industry, which provides insights into why economic growth in South Africa has not resulted in any significant reduction in unemployment. South Africa is a global outlier in terms of its high unemployment and low employment rates. Unemployment is concentrated among less skilled workers, who face ever-shrinking opportunities in a labour market being restructured around mechanization. The case of job destruction in the clothing industry provides a window into the failure of labour-intensive growth in South Africa. In 2014, Nicoli Nattrass and Jeremy Seekings published one paper and wrote several new papers on the clothing industry. This will hopefully lead to the completion of a book during 2015. Wesley Maraire nearly completed his MA dissertation on clothing workers in Cape Town, focusing on their attitudes towards different production and wage models.

Secondly, research continued into other aspects of the South African labour market. Adaiah Lilenstein, Kezia Lilenstein and Jeremy Seekings examined the relationship between unemployment and mental health, and between unemployment and ‘reservation wages’ (i.e. the lowest wages that people would accept and hence the kinds of work that unemployed people might not be willing to do). Jeremy Seekings also examined data on and trends in wages in South Africa, and wrote several op-ed pieces on the relationship between employment, low wages and poverty.

These research extended into research into the meaning, measurement and consequences of social class. Sam Telzak completed the research in Cape Town and Mount Frere (in the rural Eastern Cape) for his Masters thesis on the relationships between migration, perceptions of inequality and opportunity, and social mobility. Jeremy Seekings conducted research on inequality and class in Khayelitsha, presenting some of this to the O’Regan/Pikoli Commission into policing in Khayelitsha and at other fora. Singumbe Muyeba was awarded his PhD for his research into the consequences of getting formal housing ownership in Cape Town and Lusaka (Zambia), and conducted research for a new project in Cape Town on institutional capital. Rayner Teo also began research into organization among residents of informal settlements in Cape Town.

Finally, Jeremy Seekings (with Nicoli Nattrass) completed work on a book manuscript on Policy, Politics and Poverty in South Africa, to be published in mid-2015.

ASRU

DARU

FaSRU

SSU

Annabelle WienandNathan GeffenRebecca HodesTakwanisa MachedmedzeAlicestine OctoberCarlos ShengaCatrina GodinhoDaniel MoodyDean HorwitzMatthias KrönkeSihle NontshokweniSohhyeon KimThomas IsbellNicole DanielsStanford Taonatose MahatiFrancisco DiezGabrielle KellyIsaac ChinyokaLesley GittingsMarine DrouillyEduard GrebeRobin SmaillSam HamerSam Telzak

Ph.DPh.DPost-DocPh.DMAPh.DMAMAMAMAMAMAMAMAPost-DocMAPh.DPh.DMAPh.DPost-DocMAMAMA

South African Photography of the HIV epidemic.Programming tools for the microsimulation of infectious disease epidemics, with a focus on HIV and TB.Anti-retroviral treatment and uptake of sexual and reproductive health services among HIV-positive teenagersExploring possible influences of HIV/AIDS-related stigma on sexual risk behaviour and fertility intentionsThe effectiveness of parliamentary questions in the Parliament of South Africa in 2007 and 2012.The Mozambique legislature in comparative perspectiveSchooling, support for democracy and political participation among South African ‘born-frees’Explanations of French military intervention in sub-Saharan Africa: a case study of the Ivoirian crisis.Political marketing and branding by the Economic Freedom Fighters in South AfricaPolicy changes to the rights of immigrants and asylum seekers and xenophobia in South Africa and Germany Who Protests?Foreign civil society assistance and civic participation in Sub-Saharan Africa.Social attitudes and political behaviour in KenyaCouples relational negotiations in deciding and narrating home births.Child raising arrangements among Angolan, Nigerian and Ghanaian migrants in South AfricaThe Politics of Social Assistance in Post-Civil War MozambiqueWelfare, disability and the South African state: The case of disability grant assessment.Social Grants to Poor Families with Children in South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Malawi.Community care workers and HIV-positive men’s health-seeking behaviourThe socio-ecological mechanisms behind predator-farmer conflicts in the Karoo.The politics of welfare reform in Uganda and GhanaLife history theory and poverty in Cape TownElections, political leadership and social protection in Malawi and Botswana.Shifting Economic Perceptions in South Africa: The Impact of Migration.

Supported Students

Seminars and Workshops 7 February

11-12 February

26 February

4 March

11 March

18 March

25 March

1 April

15 April

29 April

6 May

13 May

20 May

28 May

29-30 May

22 July

5 August

12 August

19 August

26 August

7 October

21 October

18 November

African Public Opinion: Citizens, Politics, Society. Afrobarometer UCT Symposium

A Socio-Legal study of the Implementation of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act and the Intestate Succession Rules in Bhe v Magistrate Khayelitsha: Preliminary Findings Workshop

The Imitation Game: Interactional Expertise and Comparative Research

Divergence in the post-apartheid labour market

Variation in women’s political participation: An Eastern Cape case-study

South Africa’s system of dispute resolution forums: The role of the family and the state in customary marriage dissolution

Does De-Industrialisation cause Social Polarisation in Global Cities? A study of greater Johannesburg.

The Dynamics of Race and Inequality in the United States: Permeable Boundaries and Self-fulfilling Prophecies

The politics of cash transfers in Uganda

Insecure Democracy: Risk, Vulnerability and Democratic Rights in Brazil

Discussion on the “Khayelitsha Commission of Inquiry” into Policing in Khayelitsha.

Choosing care: Narratives of Interference.

“Voting without a Co-ethnic: Ethnic Proximity and Coloured Voting Preferences”

Seminar and publication launch hosted by GroundUp/SAVI/CSSR. Young, High and Dangerous: Youth Gangs and Violence in Khayelitsha

Workshop on Social Protection in Africa

Making New Metaphors for AIDS

South Africa’s Emerging Black Middle Class: A Harbinger of Change?

Legal Consciousness and the Persistent Authority of Bridewealth in a South African Community

Why Some Muslim Countries are Democracies and Some are Not

Are African welfare states different? The design and politics of Anglophone African welfare state-building in comparative perspective

The Koup Fencing Project: Community-led Job Creation in the Karoo

Anything to stay alive: the challenges of a campaign for an experimental drug.

Does raising maize yields lead to poverty reduction? A case study of the Massive Food Production Programme in South Africa

Date Title PresentersE. Gyimah-Boadi (Ghana Centre for Democratic Development); L. Wantchekon (Princeton University); W. Mitullah (Institute for Development Studies); M. Bratton (Michigan State University); et al.

Chuma Himonga, Elena Moore, Kirsty Button, et al.

Martin Weinel and Rob Evans (University of Cardiff)

Jeremy Seekings

Kem Okecha

Kirsty Button

Owen Crankshaw and Jacqueline Borel-Saladin

Aliya Saperstein (Stanford University)

Eduard Grebe

Sarah Brooks (Ohio State)

Adam Armstrong and Sebastian Saborio

Nicole Daniels

Adam Harris (New York University)

Pharie Sefali (GroundUp), Response by Don Pinnock

L. Patel (University of Johannesburg); M. du Toit & L. Gevers (UKZN); G. Kelly; N. Vally (Wits); B. Dubbeld (University of Stellenbosch); et al.

Gerry Kearns (National University of Ireland Maynooth)

Robert Mattes

Michael W. Yarbrough (CUNY)

Shaheen Mozaffar (Bridgewater State)

Jeremy Seekings

Nicoli Nattrass, Beatrice Conradie and Inge Conradie

Nathan Geffen

Flora Hajdu (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences)

Working Papers353 E. Grebe and J.B. Mubiru Development and social policy reform in Uganda: The slow emergence of a social protection agenda (1986-2014): How and why were

social protection and cash transfers increasingly embraced after 2002?

352 E. Grebe Donor agenda-setting, bureaucratic advocacy and cash transfers in Uganda (2002-2013)

351 N. Nattrass and J. Seekings Should and can labour-surplus, middle-income economies pursue labour-intensive growth? The South African Challenge

349 E. Grebe and M. Low Transnational mobilisation on access to medicines: The global movement around the imatinib mesylate case and its roots in the AIDS movement

348 E. Moore Forms of Femininity at the End of a Customary Marriage

347 S. Muyeba Effects of privatisation of low-cost public rental housing in Matero, Lusaka

346 S. Muyeba Effects of Government Housing Subsidies in Khayelitsha, Cape Town

345 N. Nattrass, B. Conradie and I. Conradie The Koup Fencing Project: Community-led Job Creation in the Karoo

344 B. Conradie and J. Piesse Productivity benchmarking of free-range sheep operations: Technical efficiency, correlates of productivity and dominant technology variants for Laingsburg, South Africa

343 C. Rubincam Peer educators’ responses to mistrust and confusion about HIV and AIDS science in Khayelitsha, South Africa

342 C. Rubincam Alternative explanations about HIV and AIDS: re-examining distrust among young adults in Cape Town, South Africa

341 E. Grebe Civil society and the state in Uganda’s AIDS response

340 N. Daniels Choosing Care: Negotiating and reconciling interference in narratives of home births

339 K. Button South Africa’s system of dispute resolution forums: The role of the family and the state in customary marriage dissolution

338 R. Mattes and S. Richmond South Africa’s Youth and Political Participation, 1994-2014

337 J.D. Barkan and R. Mattes Why CDFs in Africa?: Representation vs. Constituency Service

PublicationsFigueredo, A. J., Wolf, P. S. A., Olderbak, S. G., Gladden, P. R., Fernandes, H. B. F. et al. The Psychometric Assessment of Human Life History Strategy: A Meta- Analytic Construct Validation. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 8(3): 148-185.

Hodes, R. ‘Dubul’ ijuda: Shoot the Jew. Journal for the Study of Antisemitism, 5(1).

Kader, R., Seedat, S., Govender, R., Koch, J.R. & C.H. Parry. Hazardous and harmful use of alcohol and/or other drugs and health status among South African patients attending HIV clinics. Aids and Behaviour, 18: 525-534.

Martin, A.K. & K.P. Donovan. New Surveillance Technologies and Their Publics: A Case of Biometrics. Public Understanding of Science, February 6.

Myers, B., Petersen, Z., Kader, R., Koch, R., Manderscheid, R., Govender, R. & C.H. Parry. Identifying perceived barriers to monitoring service quality among substance abuse treatment providers in South Africa. BMC Psychiatry, 14: 31.

Nattrass, N. Deconstructing Profitability under Apartheid: 1960-1989. Economic History of Developing Regions, 29(2): 245- 267.

Nattrass, N. A South African Variety of Capitalism? New Political Economy, 19(1): 56-78.

Nattrass, N. Meeting the Challenge of Unemployment? The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 652(1): 87-105.

Nattrass, N. Millennium Development Goal 6: AIDS and the International Health Agenda. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 15(2-3): 232-246.

Nattrass, N. & J. Seekings. Job Destruction in Newcastle: Minimum Wage Setting and Low-Wage Employment in the South African Clothing Industry. Transformation, 84: 1-30.

Olderbak, S. G., Gladden, P., Wolf P. S. A. & A.J. Figueredo. Comparison of Life History Strategy Measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 58: 82-88.

Schulz Herzenberg, C. The implications of social context partisan homogeneity for voting behavior: survey evidence from South Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies, 40.

Seekings, J. The Social and Political Implications of Demographic Change in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Annals of the American Academic of Political and Social Sciences, 652(1): 70-86.

Schulz-Herzenberg, C. The Influence of the Social Context on South African Voters. Journal of Southern African Studies, 40(4): 839-859.

Seekings, J. Taking Disadvantage Seriously: The “underclass” in post-apartheid South Africa. Africa, 84(1): 135-141.

Seekings, J. & E. Moore. Kinship, market and state in the provision of care in South Africa. Soziale Welt, special issue 20: 435-450.

Seekings, J. & K. Thaler. Violence and socio-economic conditions in Cape Town, South Africa. Economics of Peace and Security Journal, 9(2): 34-42.

Wienand, A. & S. Mofokeng. Alternative Ways of Seeing (1996-2013). Safundi. The Journal of South African and American Studies, 15(2-3): 307-328.

Other PublicationsCollins, S. & N. Geffen. Community Views: Balancing the Public Health Benefits of Earlier Antiretroviral Treatment with the Implications for Individual Patients - Perspectives from the Community. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, 9(1): 4–10.

Geffen, N., Robinson M., Venter, F. & M. Low. One size doesn’t fit all: Tailoring adult antiretroviral treatment. South African Journal of HIV Medicine, 15(3): 77-78.

BooksHodes, R. Broadcasting the Pandemic: A History of HIV on South African Television. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council Press.

Nattrass, N. & V. Varma. Macroeconomics Simplified: An Introduction to Keynesian and Neo-Classical Macroeconomic Systems. New Delhi: Sage.

Chapters in booksBarkan, J. & R. Mattes. ‘Why Constituency Development Funds In Africa? Representation Vs. Constituency Service?’ In Baskin, M. & M. Mezey (eds.) Not Quite Pork: Distributive Politics In Developing Countries. Lexington: Lexington Books, Chapter 2.

Mattes, R. ‘Systematic, Quantitative Political Science in South Africa: The Road Less Travelled.’ In Vale, P. & P. Fourie (eds.) Political Science in South Africa: The Last Forty Years. London: Routledge.

Mattes, R. ‘The 2014 Election and South African Democracy.’ In Southall, R. & C. Shulz-Herzenberg (eds.) Election 2014 South Africa: The Campaigns, Results and Future Prospects. Johannesburg: Jacana Press, pp. 169-87.

Mattes, R. ‘Popular Perceptions of Electoral Integrity in Africa.’ In Norris, P., Frank, R. & F. Martinez i Coma (eds.) Advancing Electoral Integrity. New York: Oxford University Press, Chapter 9.

Nattrass, N. ‘The South African Variety of Capitalism.’ In Becker, U. (ed.) The BRICs and Emerging Economies in Comparative Perspective. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 144-162.

Nattrass, N. ‘Macro-economic visions and the labour-market question.’ In Meyiwa, T. Nkondo, M., Chitiga-Mabugu, M., Sithole, M. & F. Nya (eds.) State of the Nation 2014. South Africa 1994-2014: A Twenty-Year Review. Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp. 129-41.

Nattrass, N. ‘Meeting the Challenge of Unemployment’. In Rotberg, R. (ed.) Governance and Innovation in Africa: South Africa after Mandela. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Center for International Governance Innovation, pp. 101-24.

Seekings, J. ‘The Social and Political Implications of Demographic Change in Post-Apartheid South Africa’. In Rotberg, R. (ed.) Governance and Innovation in Africa: South Africa after Mandela. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Center for International Governance Innovation, pp. 83-102.

Journal ArticlesBowen, P., Govender, R. & P. Edwards. Structural Equation Modeling of Occupational Stress in the Construction Industry. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 140(9).

Donovan, K. ‘Development’ as if We Have Never Been Modern: Fragments of a Latourian Development Studies. Development & Change, 45(5).

Donovan, K. & A. Martin. The Rise of African SIM Registration: The Emerging Dynamics of Regulatory Change. First Monday, 19(1-2).