Ch 1 - Meaning & Characteristics of Research

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MEANING &CHARACTERISTICS OF

RESEARCH

Chapter 1


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Definition

Research is defined as the scientific

investigation of phenomena which

includes collection, presentation,

analysis and interpretation of facts

that links an individuals speculation

with reality.


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7 Characteristics ofResearch

1. Empirical

2. Logical

3. Cyclical

4. Analytical

5. Critical


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7 Characteristics

Empirical

Research is based on direct experienceor observation by the researcher. The

collection of data relies on practicalexperience without giving considerationto scientific knowledge or theory

LogicalResearch is based on valid procedures

and principles. Scientific study is done inan orderly manner so that theinvestigator has confidence on the


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7 Characteristics

Systematic examination of the

procedures used in the research enablesthe investigator to draw validconclusions. Thus the logic of validresearch makes it important for decision

making.Cyclical

Research is a cyclical process for it

starts with a problem and ends with a


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7 Characteristics

Analytical

Research utilizes proven analytical

procedures in gathering the data,whether historical, descriptive,experimental and case study.

Historical research- data gathered focus in the

past

Descriptive research the study focuses onthe present situation.

Experimental future


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7 Characteristics

Critical

Research exhibits careful and precisejudgment. A higher level of confidence

must be established. For instance, 99%or 95% level of confidence may bescientifically utilized to test the researchhypothesis. Based on these levels of

confidence, the investigator isconfidently precise in his interpretationson whether the results are significant orinsignificant, or whether to accept or

reject the null hypothesis


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7 Characteristics

Methodical

Research is conducted in a methodical

manner without bias using systematicmethod and procedures.

Replicable

The research design and procedures arereplicated or repeated to enable theresearcher to arrive at valid andconclusive results. Similarities and

differences of replicated researches can


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7 Characteristics

Replicability of the study means usingthe same instrument, method, andprocedure but to different subjects and

venue.


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5 Characteristics of theResearcher

1. Intellectual Curiosity

2. Prudence

3. Healthy Criticism

4. Intellectual Honesty

5. Intellectual Creativity


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5 Characteristics

Intellectual Curiosity

A researcher undertakes deep thinking

and inquiry of the things, problems andsituations around him. He is keen to getinformation on these problems andsituations often due to unusualness and

newness. He raises questions to answer,continues to read the related literatureand studies, makes use of hisexperiences, and exercises his

creativeness and inventiveness.


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5 Characteristics

Prudence

The researcher is careful to conduct hisresearch study at the right time at theright place wisely, efficiently, andeconomically. He uses the 7 Ms(Manpower, Money, Materials, Method,Machinery, Moment of Time, andMarketing) in conducting researchefficiently and economically.


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5 Characteristics

Healthy Criticism

The researcher is always doubtful as to

the truthfulness of the results. Normally,the investigator always doubts theauthenticity or validity of his findingseven if the data are gathered honestly.

(There are subjects who dont read theitems anymore but they just encircle orcheck the items especially if theresearcher is in a hurry to retrieve the

questionnaire.)


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5 Characteristics

Intellectual Honesty

An intelligent researcher is honest to

collect or gather data or facts in order toarrive at honest results

Intellectual Creativity

A productive and resourcefulinvestigator always creates newresearches .


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a s a or ee sProblems Demand

Research


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Products of Research


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Products


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Products.


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Effects of Technology onMan


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Values of Research toMan1. Research improves quality of life

2. Research improves instruction

3. Research improves students

achievement

4. Research improves teacherscompetence

5. Research satisfies mans needs


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Values of

7. Research has deep seatedpsychological aspects

8. Research improves exportation offood products

9. Research responds to the economic

recovery and austerity measure ofthe country

10.Research trains graduates to

become responsive to the economic


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Types of Research

1. Basic Research

Also called as fundamental research or

pure research It seeks to discover basic truths or

principles.

It is intended to add to the body ofscientific knowledge by exploring theunknown to extend the boundaries ofknowledge as well as to discover new

facts, and learn more accurately the


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Discovernew

facts

Revise

acceptedtheories/laws


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Examples of BasicResearches

Boyles Law

If the temperature remains constant,

the volume of the confined gas isinversely proportional to the pressure

Charles Law

The volume of a dry gas is directlyproportional to the Kelvin temperature,provided the pressure remains constant


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Examples of

Archimedes Principle

An object in a liquid will experience a

buoyant force just equal to the weight ofthe liquid displaced.

An object will float if the buoyant forceof the liquid is greater than its weight or

gravitational pull of the earth for theobject

Hookes Law

Within the limit of perfect elasticity,


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Types of Research

2. Applied Research

This type of research involves seeking

new applications of scientificknowledge to the solution of a problem,such as the development of a newsystem or procedure, new device, or

new method in order to solve theproblem.

In this type of research, the problem isidentified and a new system or new

method is applied in order to solve


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Discover

newfacts

Reviseacceptedtheories/la

ws

Create

Invent


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Types

3. Developmental Research

This is a decision oriented research

involving application of the steps of thescientific method in response to animmediate need to improve existingpractices

If a researcher continues to findpractical applications from theoreticalknowledge and use this existingknowledge to produce useful product it

is called Development Research

Cl ifi i f


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Classification ofResearch1. Library Research

This is done in the library whereanswers to specific questions or

problems of the study are available. Historical method of research lends

itself to library research because thestudy is focused on the past and muchof the secondary sources are found inthe library.


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2. Field Research

Research is conducted in a natural

setting. No changes in the environmentare made.

Applicable to both descriptive andexperimental methods.

3. Laboratory Research

The research is conducted in artificialor controlled conditions by isolating the

study in a thoroughly specified and


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Classification of

3. Laboratory Research

The purposes are

To test hypotheses derived from the theory To control variance under research conditions

To discover the relations between thedependent and independent variable

Laboratory research is applicable toexperimental, descriptive and casestudy methods.


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THE VARIABLE

A variable is defined as a quantitysusceptible of fluctuations or changein value or magnitude underdifferent conditions. Numericalvalues or categories represent thesequantities.


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Types of Variable

Independent Variable

This is the stimulus variable which is

chosen by the researcher to determineits relationship to an observedphenomenon.

Dependent variable

This is the response variable which isobserved and measures to determinethe effect of the independent variable/s.


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Types of

Moderator Variable

This is a secondary or special type ofindependents variable chosen by the

researcher to determine if it changes ormodifies the relationship between theindependent and dependent variable.

Intervening VariableThis is the variable which interferes with

the independent and dependentvariables, but its effect is eitherstrengthen or weaken the independent


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Types of

Control Variable

This is variable that is controlled by the

investigator in which the effects can beneutralized by eliminating or removingthe variable.

C t f th


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Components of theResearch Process

Problem/Objective

A research process starts with a

research problem which the researcherhas identified as researchable and hasimplications to government thrust.

Hypotheses

Using the research problems/objectivesas basis, the researcher tests thehypotheses (H0 or Ha), to have a

scientific conclusion of the study.


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Components

Theoretical Framework/conceptualframework

The researcher constructs atheoretical/conceptual framework asbasis for describing properly therelationships of variables to be used in

the study.Assumptions

He then clearly states the assumptions

clearly to provide the foundation of the


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Components

Review of Related literature andstudies

This is to determine the similarities anddifferences of the findings to paststudies and to gain insights into theaspects of the problem that are critical

and controversial

Research Design

Appropriate research design is to be


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Components

Research Instrument

From the research design, he can decide

the definite research instrument forcollecting data.

Data Collection

Data Processing and StatisticalTreatment

Analysis and Interpretation

Summary, conclusions and

c e a c a ra o


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c e a c a ra othe

Research Process

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Ch 1 - Meaning & Characteristics of Research