Ch. 12: The Cold War:Ch. 12: The Cold War:a state of diplomatic hostility b/w a state of diplomatic hostility b/w the US & the USSR from 1945 – the US & the USSR from 1945 –

1991 (the end of WWII to the 1991 (the end of WWII to the collapse of the Soviet Unioncollapse of the Soviet Union12.1: Development of the 12.1: Development of the

Cold WarCold War

I. Confrontation of the SuperpowersI. Confrontation of the SuperpowersA.A. Seeds of the Cold War:Seeds of the Cold War:1.1. WWI & Treaty of Brest-WWI & Treaty of Brest-

Litovsk (1917-18)Litovsk (1917-18)2.2. US aid in Russian Civil US aid in Russian Civil

War (1918 – 1921)War (1918 – 1921)3.3. Nazi-Soviet non-Nazi-Soviet non-

aggression pact (1939)aggression pact (1939)4.4. Allied delay in launch of Allied delay in launch of

Western Front in WWIIWestern Front in WWII5.5. Fear of communism Fear of communism

Superpower Goals in EuropeSuperpower Goals in Europe

United StatesUnited States Encourage democracy to Encourage democracy to

prevent the rise of prevent the rise of CommunismCommunism

access to materials and access to materials and marketsmarkets

Rebuild European Rebuild European governments create new governments create new markets for US goodsmarkets for US goods

Reunite GermanyReunite Germany

Soviet UnionSoviet Union Encourage communism as Encourage communism as

part of a worldwide part of a worldwide workers’ revolutionworkers’ revolution

Rebuild its war-ravaged Rebuild its war-ravaged economy economy

Control Eastern Europe to Control Eastern Europe to protect Soviet borders protect Soviet borders

Keep Germany divided Keep Germany divided

B. The Yalta Conference, Feb. 1945B. The Yalta Conference, Feb. 19451.1. Divided into 4 occupation Divided into 4 occupation

zoneszones2.2. Germany pay USSR for Germany pay USSR for

loss of life & propertyloss of life & property3.3. USSR will hold free USSR will hold free

elections in its zoneelections in its zone4.4. Creation of the United Creation of the United

Nations:Nations:• International organization International organization

of 50 countries to protect of 50 countries to protect members against members against aggressionaggression

C. The United NationsC. The United Nations1.1. The UN Charter created the The UN Charter created the

General AssemblyGeneral Assembly2.2. Security CouncilSecurity Council 11-member (today 15) body to 11-member (today 15) body to

investigate disputes, decide on investigate disputes, decide on peacekeeping & emergency peacekeeping & emergency actionaction

5 permanent members: US, GB, 5 permanent members: US, GB, France, USSR, China plus 6 France, USSR, China plus 6 rotating members (today 10)rotating members (today 10)

Each permanent member has Each permanent member has the veto powerthe veto power

3.3. Advantages over the LON: Advantages over the LON: peacekeeping force & no major peacekeeping force & no major power refused to joinpower refused to join

4.4. Declaration of Human RightsDeclaration of Human Rights (1948): preserves basic (1948): preserves basic freedoms & rights of all freedoms & rights of all individualsindividuals

5.5. Other UN agencies: Other UN agencies: WHOWHO, , UNICEFUNICEF, , UNESCO…UNESCO…

UNSC 2007

UN Member States

Ban Ki-moon

UN peacekeepers

D. Soviet Domination in D. Soviet Domination in Eastern EuropeEastern Europe1.1. ““Iron Curtain”Iron Curtain”2.2. Stalin ignored promises Stalin ignored promises

of free elections made at of free elections made at Yalta, and set up pro-Yalta, and set up pro-Soviet satellite countries Soviet satellite countries in Albania, Bulgaria, in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland & Romania, Poland & YugoslaviaYugoslavia

3.3. ““Communism and Communism and capitalism cannot co-capitalism cannot co-exist; war b/w the US and exist; war b/w the US and the USSR is certain” - the USSR is certain” - StalinStalin

E. US “Containment” of Soviet Communist ExpansionE. US “Containment” of Soviet Communist Expansion

1.1. Truman’s foreign policy: Truman’s foreign policy: Containment (1947)Containment (1947)

Purpose: to block Soviet Purpose: to block Soviet influence & prevent its influence & prevent its expansion by creating expansion by creating alliances & helping weak alliances & helping weak countries resist USSRcountries resist USSR

2.2. Truman Doctrine Truman Doctrine (1947)(1947): use of max : use of max economic & military aid economic & military aid to keep countries from to keep countries from falling under Soviet falling under Soviet controlcontrol

Used to persuade Used to persuade Congress to give $400mn Congress to give $400mn in aid to Turkey & Greece in aid to Turkey & Greece to help prevent to help prevent communist revolutionscommunist revolutions

Soviet tanks

3. 3. The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan, 1947, 1947 Aid to any European Aid to any European

country for agriculture, country for agriculture, industry, and trade ($12.5 industry, and trade ($12.5 bn) to help Europe rebuild bn) to help Europe rebuild & recover& recover

Helped 16 nations, Helped 16 nations, including Yugoslavia over 5 including Yugoslavia over 5 yearsyears

Nations agreed to spend Nations agreed to spend money on US goods; money on US goods; increased output by 64% in increased output by 64% in W. EuropeW. Europe

Stalin refused to allow any Stalin refused to allow any satellite states to accept satellite states to accept money & set up COMECON money & set up COMECON (Council for Mutual (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), Economic Assistance), which ultimately failedwhich ultimately failed

4. The Berlin Airlift, 19484. The Berlin Airlift, 19481.1. Stalin opposed the creation Stalin opposed the creation

of a West German state & of a West German state & tried to prevent it by tried to prevent it by blockading the capital, blockading the capital, Berlin (also divided)Berlin (also divided)

Cut off access in the W. Cut off access in the W. zone of Berlin to zone of Berlin to transportation, food, watertransportation, food, water

3.3. US & GB flew food & US & GB flew food & supplies for 11 mos, every 3 supplies for 11 mos, every 3 min., brought in 2.3 mn tonsmin., brought in 2.3 mn tons

II. Spread of the Cold WarII. Spread of the Cold WarA.A. Military AlliancesMilitary Alliances1.1. NATONATO (North Atlantic (North Atlantic

Treaty Organization) Treaty Organization) formed in 1949formed in 1949

10 W. European nations + 10 W. European nations + US + Canada formed a US + Canada formed a defensive military alliancedefensive military alliance

2.2. Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact (1955) (1955) Soviet Union + 7 E. Soviet Union + 7 E.

European nations formed European nations formed their own military alliancetheir own military alliance

3.3. SEATOSEATO: 1955 SE Asian : 1955 SE Asian Treaty Org included the Treaty Org included the US, GB, France, Australia, US, GB, France, Australia, Thailand, NZ, Pakistan, Thailand, NZ, Pakistan, the Philippines formed to the Philippines formed to prevent Soviet aggression prevent Soviet aggression in the Eastin the East

4.4. CENTOCENTO: mid-1950s to : mid-1950s to prevent Southern prevent Southern expansion of the USSR, expansion of the USSR, included the US, GB, included the US, GB, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, PakistanPakistan

NATO membership today

B. The Arms RaceB. The Arms Race1.1. US had the Atomic Bomb; US had the Atomic Bomb;

1949 Soviet’s tested their 1949 Soviet’s tested their 11stst A-bomb A-bomb

2.2. Hydrogen Bomb tested in Hydrogen Bomb tested in 19521952

Soviets had the H-Bomb Soviets had the H-Bomb by 1953by 1953

3.3. US President US President EisenhowerEisenhower, elected in , elected in 1952, policy of 1952, policy of ““brinkmanshipbrinkmanship””

If the US or its Allies were If the US or its Allies were attacked by the Soviets, attacked by the Soviets, US would retaliate US would retaliate instantlyinstantly

Today eight countries are possessing nuclear weapons. The five nuclear weapons states United States, Russia (former Soviet Union), United Kingdom, France and China, are the only countries allowed to have nuclear weapons according to the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) from 1970. All members of the United Nations except Israel, India and Pakistan have signed the NPT.

C. Space RaceC. Space Race1.1. 1957 Soviets developed 1957 Soviets developed

ICBMsICBMs (inter-continental (inter-continental ballistic missiles) to ballistic missiles) to launch the 1launch the 1stst satellite satellite into space: into space: Sputnik ISputnik I, , beating the US into spacebeating the US into space

2.2. 1958 US launched 1958 US launched Apollo Apollo II

3.3. Affected funding for Affected funding for science & math science & math educationeducation

4.4. 1960: 1960: U-2 incident:U-2 incident: CIA conducted secret CIA conducted secret

high-altitude spy flights high-altitude spy flights over the USSR. In 1960, over the USSR. In 1960, pilot Gary Powers was pilot Gary Powers was shot down, arrested & shot down, arrested & sentenced to 10-years in sentenced to 10-years in prison (he was released prison (he was released in a trade deal after 19 in a trade deal after 19 mos.) mos.)

Sputnik I

Sputnik II, Laika

U-2 plane

Titan II ICBM

Ch. 16.1: The Cold War in Ch. 16.1: The Cold War in East AsiaEast Asia

Communism in China, The Communism in China, The Korean War, The Vietnam WarKorean War, The Vietnam War

I. Chinese Civil War, Part II: 1946 - 1949I. Chinese Civil War, Part II: 1946 - 1949

1.1. When Japan invaded When Japan invaded China in 1937, China was China in 1937, China was involved in Civil War: KMT involved in Civil War: KMT vs. CCPvs. CCP

2.2. Japanese invasion caused Japanese invasion caused KMT & CCP to unite to KMT & CCP to unite to fight common enemyfight common enemy

3.3. After Japan’s defeat in After Japan’s defeat in WWII, Civil War resumedWWII, Civil War resumed

Communist bases in Japanese occupied territory at the end of WWII

Chinese in WWIIChinese in WWII

CCP under Mao ZedongCCP under Mao Zedong Stronghold in NW China; Stronghold in NW China;

supported by peasantssupported by peasants Taught them guerilla Taught them guerilla

tactics for use against tactics for use against Japan (and later, KMT)Japan (and later, KMT)

Taught literacy skills & to Taught literacy skills & to improve food productionimprove food production

Set up political villages Set up political villages throughout N. Chinathroughout N. China

KMT under Chiang Kai-shekKMT under Chiang Kai-shek Controlled SW China, Controlled SW China,

where mountains provided where mountains provided protection from Japaneseprotection from Japanese

2.5mn man army aided by 2.5mn man army aided by US – supplies & $1.5bn. US – supplies & $1.5bn. (1942 – 1945)(1942 – 1945)

Most supplies & money Most supplies & money went to corrupt officers or went to corrupt officers or saved to fight Mao’s Red saved to fight Mao’s Red Army Army

Refused to arm peasants & Refused to arm peasants & thus did not gain their thus did not gain their supportsupport

A. Chinese Civil WarA. Chinese Civil War

1.1. KMT advantages:KMT advantages: US involvement: sent US involvement: sent

an additional $2bn. an additional $2bn. in aid to KMT as part in aid to KMT as part of “containment” of “containment” policypolicy

KMT outnumbered KMT outnumbered CCP 3-1 & were CCP 3-1 & were better equippedbetter equipped

Why did they lose?Why did they lose?• Did not have popular Did not have popular

supportsupport• Weak economy led to Weak economy led to

mass desertions of mass desertions of KMT soldiers to the KMT soldiers to the Red ArmyRed Army

• faminefamine

II. China Becomes Communist, 1949II. China Becomes Communist, 1949

1.1. October 1, 1949October 1, 1949: Mao : Mao proclaims control of proclaims control of The The People’s Republic of ChinaPeople’s Republic of China• Fuels anti-communist feelings Fuels anti-communist feelings

in USin US2.2. Chiang Kai-shek & KMT flee to Chiang Kai-shek & KMT flee to

island of island of TaiwanTaiwan and and establish establish The Republic of The Republic of ChinaChina under the Nationalist under the Nationalist Party ruleParty rule

Fall of Shanghai

Red Army in Beijing

A. Two Chinas & the Cold WarA. Two Chinas & the Cold War1.1. The US refused to The US refused to

recognize Mao’s gov recognize Mao’s gov & the Republic of & the Republic of China (Taiwan) China (Taiwan) represented China in represented China in the UN until 1972the UN until 1972

2.2. Soviets gave Soviets gave financial, military & financial, military & technical aid to the technical aid to the PRC & signed a treaty PRC & signed a treaty of friendship in 1950of friendship in 1950

3.3. US sought to expand US sought to expand its influence in Asia its influence in Asia by limiting Soviet by limiting Soviet occupation of Japan & occupation of Japan & dividing Korea into a dividing Korea into a Soviet supported Soviet supported North & a US backed North & a US backed SouthSouth

B. Mao’s Expansionist GoalsB. Mao’s Expansionist Goals

1.1. After taking power, After taking power, Mao sought to unify Mao sought to unify & expand & expand

2.2. Troops moved into Troops moved into Inner Mongolia, Tibet Inner Mongolia, Tibet & India& India

3.3. Invasion of Tibet Invasion of Tibet forced the Dalai forced the Dalai Lama to flee to India, Lama to flee to India, where he still lives where he still lives today in exiletoday in exile

C. Chairman Mao’s Marxist SocialismC. Chairman Mao’s Marxist Socialism1.1. Economic restructuringEconomic restructuring most most

urgent goal b/c China was either urgent goal b/c China was either at war or under occupation for at war or under occupation for last 50 yearslast 50 years

2.2. Rural/agricultural reformRural/agricultural reform 80% population in countryside, 80% population in countryside,

but not land ownersbut not land owners Agrarian Reform Law of 1950 Agrarian Reform Law of 1950

redistributed land to peasants, redistributed land to peasants, but killed over 1mn landlords but killed over 1mn landlords who resisted policywho resisted policy

Collectivization b/w 1953-55 Collectivization b/w 1953-55 (200 – 300 families) (200 – 300 families)

Women made equals; state Women made equals; state supported child caresupported child care

3.3. Industrial developmentIndustrial development:: Gov nationalized private Gov nationalized private

companiescompanies 1953 Mao launches Soviet-style 1953 Mao launches Soviet-style

5-year plan doubling output of 5-year plan doubling output of coal, cement, electricity & coal, cement, electricity & quadrupling steel productionquadrupling steel production

D. The Great Leap Forward, 1958 – 1961D. The Great Leap Forward, 1958 – 1961“Hard work for a few years, happiness for a thousand”“Hard work for a few years, happiness for a thousand”1.1. a more ambitious program: a more ambitious program:

The Great Leap ForwardThe Great Leap Forward2.2. Existing collectives were Existing collectives were

combined into combined into communescommunes w/ 30,000 peoplew/ 30,000 people

Peasants organized into Peasants organized into “production battalions”“production battalions”

Worked, ate, lived together Worked, ate, lived together in communal dorms; owned in communal dorms; owned nothingnothing

3.3. Led to crop failures & Led to crop failures & famine, which killed 20mn.famine, which killed 20mn.

4.4. ““backyard” steel industry backyard” steel industry led to poor quality led to poor quality manufacturesmanufactures

"Take steel as the key link,

leap forward in all fields".

"Long live the General direction! Long live the Great Leap Forward! Long live the People's Commune!"

E. Mao’s Moderate Policies of the 1960sE. Mao’s Moderate Policies of the 1960s1.1. As Sino-Soviet relations As Sino-Soviet relations

ended & Great Leap Forward ended & Great Leap Forward failed, CCP implemented failed, CCP implemented moderate policiesmoderate policies

Farmers could live in own Farmers could live in own homes & sell crops privatelyhomes & sell crops privately

Factory workers could Factory workers could compete for higher wages, compete for higher wages, bonuses & promotionsbonuses & promotions

2.2. Mao disapproved & Mao disapproved & questioned use of questioned use of capitalistic methods capitalistic methods believing it weakened believing it weakened social equalitysocial equality

3.3. 19661966: Mao’s new campaign : Mao’s new campaign geared to youth to geared to youth to “learn “learn revolution by making revolution by making revolution”revolution”

Mao & Khrushchev

"Arise, all people of the world, to topple Imperialist America! To topple Soviet revisionism! To topple the

reactionary parties of all nations!"

F. The Cultural Revolution, 1966 – 1976F. The Cultural Revolution, 1966 – 1976Eliminate the Four Olds: old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habitsEliminate the Four Olds: old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits

1.1. Mao believed an atmosphere of Mao believed an atmosphere of constant struggle & constant struggle & revolutionary fervor would bring revolutionary fervor would bring China to final stage of China to final stage of communismcommunism

2.2. Millions of high school & college Millions of high school & college students formed militia units: students formed militia units: the Red Guardthe Red Guard

3.3. Goal: to establish a society of Goal: to establish a society of peasants & workers in which all peasants & workers in which all were equalwere equal

4.4. HeroesHeroes of the Cultural Rev of the Cultural Rev were the were the peasantspeasants, who , who worked w/ their hands, whereas worked w/ their hands, whereas the intellectuals and artists – the intellectuals and artists – those who used their minds, those who used their minds, were considered dangerouswere considered dangerous

Schools were closed, teachers Schools were closed, teachers attacked, former landlords attacked, former landlords targeted, parents, any symbols targeted, parents, any symbols of authority & traditionof authority & tradition

Many were sent to labor or “re-Many were sent to labor or “re-education” campseducation” camps

5.5. Young people were sent to live Young people were sent to live and work with the peasants in and work with the peasants in rural villagesrural villages

6.6. Thousands were killed, cultural Thousands were killed, cultural relics, art, literature destroyedrelics, art, literature destroyed

G. Four Modernizations, China after MaoG. Four Modernizations, China after Mao1.1. By 1976, the Red Army was By 1976, the Red Army was

called in & disbanded the called in & disbanded the Red GuardsRed Guards

2.2. Deng Xiaoping & Zhou Enlai Deng Xiaoping & Zhou Enlai took over & restored ordertook over & restored order

3.3. Deng promoted new policies Deng promoted new policies in industry, agriculture, in industry, agriculture, technology, and national technology, and national defensedefense

H. Tiananmen Square, June 1989H. Tiananmen Square, June 1989

1.1. Major exception to Four Major exception to Four Modernizations: Modernizations: democracydemocracy

• No direct criticism of the No direct criticism of the govgov

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square: mass : mass student demonstrations student demonstrations calling for Party leaders calling for Party leaders to resign, better living to resign, better living conditions, more freedomconditions, more freedom

1.1. Deng ordered tanks & Deng ordered tanks & troops to the square to troops to the square to remove the protesters; remove the protesters; 500-2000 killed500-2000 killed

III. The Korean War, 1950 - 1953III. The Korean War, 1950 - 19531.1. Korea part of the Japanese Korea part of the Japanese

Empire from 1905-1945Empire from 1905-19452.2. At the end of WWII, Soviets At the end of WWII, Soviets

occupied northern part of occupied northern part of Korea & US troops occupied Korea & US troops occupied the souththe south

3.3. After the Japanese After the Japanese surrender, the US & the surrender, the US & the USSR partitioned the USSR partitioned the country into two zones country into two zones along the 38along the 38thth parallel, & parallel, & elections were to be held elections were to be held later to unify the countrylater to unify the country

4.4. As the Cold War intensified, As the Cold War intensified, those elections were never those elections were never held & the country remained held & the country remained divideddivided

(Top) Civilians massacred by retreating communist forces during the Korean War are packed into trenches in Taejon, South Korea, October 1950. (Bottom) Suspected communist partisans, destined for execution, are taken away by South Korean soldiers.

A. United Nations 1A. United Nations 1stst test test1.1. In June, 1950 the NK army In June, 1950 the NK army

invaded SK, which appealed invaded SK, which appealed to the UN for helpto the UN for help

2.2. Security Council voted to Security Council voted to send an international force send an international force to halt the attack (Why to halt the attack (Why didn’t the Soviets veto that didn’t the Soviets veto that action?)action?)

3.3. 15 nations sent troops, who 15 nations sent troops, who were led by Douglas were led by Douglas MacArthur under the UN flagMacArthur under the UN flag

4.4. By Sept., NK controlled By Sept., NK controlled nearly all of the peninsula nearly all of the peninsula except for a small area in except for a small area in the SEthe SE

5.5. UN troops launched an UN troops launched an amphibious attack at amphibious attack at Inchon, behind NK lines, & Inchon, behind NK lines, & met up with forces that met up with forces that landed at Pusan creating a landed at Pusan creating a pincer attack that drove the pincer attack that drove the NK back nearly to the NK back nearly to the Chinese borderChinese border

President Truman and General Douglas MacArthur meet for the first time on Wake Island, October 14, 1950.

Source: Truman Library.

B. China Enters the WarB. China Enters the War1.1. Nov. Chinese entered the Nov. Chinese entered the

war in the hopes of war in the hopes of maintaining communist NK maintaining communist NK as a buffer zone to protect as a buffer zone to protect its bordersits borders

2.2. NK & Chinese forces pushed NK & Chinese forces pushed UN troops south & captured UN troops south & captured Seoul, the capitalSeoul, the capital

3.3. By 1952, UN forces re-By 1952, UN forces re-captured Seoul & the captured Seoul & the fighting resulted in a fighting resulted in a stalematestalemate

4.4. An armistice was signed in An armistice was signed in July 1953 & the current July 1953 & the current border remains at the 38border remains at the 38thth parallelparallel

IV. The Cold War in SE AsiaIV. The Cold War in SE Asia1.1. Colonies of the Western Colonies of the Western

powers gained their powers gained their independence after WWIIindependence after WWII

2.2. 1946: Philippines gained 1946: Philippines gained independenceindependence

3.3. 1948: Burma & 1957: 1948: Burma & 1957: Malaysia both gained Malaysia both gained independence from independence from British ruleBritish rule

4.4. 1949: Netherlands, under 1949: Netherlands, under pressure from US, pressure from US, granted independence to granted independence to Indonesia (for fear of Indonesia (for fear of communist revolution)communist revolution)

5.5. France did not want to let France did not want to let go of Indochinago of Indochina

V. The Vietnam WarV. The Vietnam WarA. 1A. 1stst Indochina War Indochina War (War of (War of

Independence; French-Independence; French-Indochina War), Indochina War), 1946-19541946-1954

1.1. Began as an anti-colonial Began as an anti-colonial struggle b/w the Vietminh struggle b/w the Vietminh (led by (led by Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh) ) against the imperialist against the imperialist FrenchFrench

2.2. Became part of the Cold Became part of the Cold War:War:

3.3. 19541954: French were defeated : French were defeated at at Dien Bien PhuDien Bien Phu & & surrendered to Ho surrendered to Ho

Ho Chi Minh, with American support, organized a military organization known as the Viet Minh to fight against Japanese & Vichy French forces in the region, and rescue American aircrews forced to land in or bail out over Vietnam.

With both the Japanese and Vichy French defeated, Ho Chi Minh saw an opening and declared Vietnam's independence in September 1945.

Captured French soldiers at Dien Bien Phu

By this time, containment of communism was firmly entrenched as American foreign policy. President Truman decided to stick with the French and financed much, even most of the French military effort against the Vietnamese. He provided a modest program of economic and military aid to the French, who by this time were fighting to retain control over all Indochina.

1.1. 1954: Geneva 1954: Geneva Conference divided Conference divided Vietnam at 17Vietnam at 17thth parallel: parallel: N. Vietnam – Communist N. Vietnam – Communist & S. Vietnam – anti-& S. Vietnam – anti-communist gov backed communist gov backed by US & France led by by US & France led by Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem

2.2. 1956 free elections were 1956 free elections were to be held to re-unify the to be held to re-unify the country; they never werecountry; they never were

3.3. Laos & Cambodia gained Laos & Cambodia gained independence under independence under neutral govneutral gov

B. 2B. 2ndnd Indochina War (Vietnam War) Indochina War (Vietnam War)

Why did the US get Why did the US get involved?involved?

1.1. Beginning in 1950, Beginning in 1950, US sent economic aid US sent economic aid & arms:& arms: Needed France as ally Needed France as ally

against USSRagainst USSR After “fall” of China in After “fall” of China in

1949, new fears about 1949, new fears about the rest of Asia: the rest of Asia: Eisenhower’s Eisenhower’s Domino Domino TheoryTheory

The situation was so bad that France urged American intervention. Despite pressure from the French, Ike refused to send in ground forces. He was amenable to providing airpower, however, which he saw as an increasingly

important military capability.

How did the US escalate involvement?How did the US escalate involvement?

1.1. Diem & other US backed S.V. Diem & other US backed S.V. leaders unpopularleaders unpopular

2.2. By 1963, US feared a Vietcong By 1963, US feared a Vietcong takeovertakeover

3.3. Aug. 1964: Aug. 1964: Gulf of Tonkin Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionResolution

Pres. Pres. JohnsonJohnson told Congress US told Congress US destroyers were attacked by NV destroyers were attacked by NV torpedo boatstorpedo boats

Due to “unprovoked attack” Due to “unprovoked attack” Congress authorizes use of US Congress authorizes use of US troops & sustained bombing troops & sustained bombing raids: raids: Operation Rolling Operation Rolling ThunderThunder

• 1963 – 65: military advisers1963 – 65: military advisers• 1965: 11965: 1stst ground troops at Da ground troops at Da

NangNang• 1968: 500,000 troops sent1968: 500,000 troops sent

How did the US lose?How did the US lose?1.1. US powerful, well US powerful, well

equipped, but lost to VC:equipped, but lost to VC:VC advantagesVC advantages::

Guerilla war – knew Guerilla war – knew terrainterrain

Popular supportPopular supportUS disadvantagesUS disadvantages::

Lost support of SV Lost support of SV “pacification”“pacification”

Lost support at home (by Lost support at home (by 1969, most Americans 1969, most Americans opposed the war): draft opposed the war): draft imposed, student imposed, student protests, rising death toll protests, rising death toll shown nightly on the shown nightly on the news, My Lai massacre, news, My Lai massacre, TET OffensiveTET Offensive

"Hey, hey, LBJ! How many kids did

you kill today?"

C. Nixon’s “Vietnamization” 1969C. Nixon’s “Vietnamization” 19691.1. Nixon elected in 1968 w/ Nixon elected in 1968 w/

promise to end war through promise to end war through “Vietnamization”“Vietnamization”

2.2. secretly bombing Cambodia secretly bombing Cambodia & Laos to take out the Ho & Laos to take out the Ho Chi Minh TrailChi Minh Trail

3.3. Secret bombings discovered Secret bombings discovered in 1970, leading to public in 1970, leading to public protests: Kent State protests: Kent State massacre – massacre –

4.4. Last troops left in 1973Last troops left in 1973

D. 1975: Fall of SaigonD. 1975: Fall of Saigon

1.1. Communists captured Communists captured Saigon & renamed it “Ho Saigon & renamed it “Ho Chi Minh City”Chi Minh City”

VI. The Cold War SpreadsVI. The Cold War SpreadsA.A. Division of the Post-War Division of the Post-War

World:World: First WorldFirst World: US & its Allies: US & its Allies Second WorldSecond World: USSR & its : USSR & its

AlliesAllies Third World/Developing Third World/Developing

NationsNations: newly independent, : newly independent, non-alignednon-aligned

Latin America, Asia, AfricaLatin America, Asia, Africa Impoverished, politically Impoverished, politically

unstable, ethnic/religious unstable, ethnic/religious conflicts, lack of conflicts, lack of technology/edtechnology/ed

B.B. Cold War Strategies:Cold War Strategies:1.1. US & USSR each attempted US & USSR each attempted

to gain power & influence in to gain power & influence in the 3the 3rdrd World World

Supported revolutions, Supported revolutions, liberation, counter-liberation, counter-revolutionsrevolutions

Use of spy agencies: CIA & Use of spy agencies: CIA & KGB in covert ops & even KGB in covert ops & even assassinationsassassinations

Provided military aid, built Provided military aid, built schools, transportation…schools, transportation…

U.S. interests and Soviet ideology combined with postwar nationalism to create a volatile mix of Cold War

politics in Central America.

The Arab-Israeli conflict and regional self-interest combined with the superpowers' agendas to create one of the Cold War's hottest spots.

VII. Cold War in Latin AmericaVII. Cold War in Latin America1.1. US business interests US business interests

controlled Latin American controlled Latin American politicspolitics

2.2. Large gap b/w rich & poor; Large gap b/w rich & poor; poor looked to communism poor looked to communism & USSR to help& USSR to help

3.3. Post-war influence of Post-war influence of nationalism & revolutionnationalism & revolution

Allende

Pinochet

B. CubaB. Cuba1.1. 1959: Fidel 1959: Fidel CastroCastro & Che & Che

Guevara led a revolution, Guevara led a revolution, seizing Havana (1/1/59)seizing Havana (1/1/59)

Land reformLand reform: nationalized all : nationalized all land, US banks, businesses, land, US banks, businesses, sugar mills/refineriessugar mills/refineries

1960: USSR agrees to buy 1960: USSR agrees to buy Cuban sugar, causing Cuban sugar, causing Eisenhower to declare a Eisenhower to declare a trade embargotrade embargo against against CubaCuba

3.3. 1961: JFK broke off 1961: JFK broke off diplomatic ties w/ Cuba & diplomatic ties w/ Cuba & supported a coup attempt: supported a coup attempt: The Bay of PigsThe Bay of Pigs

Led to USSR placing missiles Led to USSR placing missiles in Cuba, discovered in 1962 in Cuba, discovered in 1962 by US spy planeby US spy plane

Castro & Khrushchev

C. The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962C. The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962“13 Days” October 1962“13 Days” October 1962

1.1. Sec. Def. Robert Sec. Def. Robert McNamara announced a McNamara announced a blockade of Soviet ships blockade of Soviet ships & put US forces in & put US forces in Florida, ready to invadeFlorida, ready to invade

2.2. Soviet Premier, Nikita Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev, agreed to Khrushchev, agreed to missile removal w/ missile removal w/ condition that US condition that US removed missile sites in removed missile sites in TurkeyTurkey

VIII. Cold War in the Middle East: IranVIII. Cold War in the Middle East: Iran1.1. Clash of religious & secular Clash of religious & secular

valuesvalues2.2. Wealth of oil rich countries led Wealth of oil rich countries led

to conflict b/w traditional to conflict b/w traditional Islamic values & modern Islamic values & modern Western materialism (often Western materialism (often associated with “Americanism”)associated with “Americanism”)

3.3. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, post-WWII leader of Iran, post-WWII leader of Iran, embraced W. style gov & embraced W. style gov & British/US oil companiesBritish/US oil companies

Resented by Iranian nationalists Resented by Iranian nationalists (led by Mosaddeq), who forced (led by Mosaddeq), who forced Shah to flee in 1953, but Shah to flee in 1953, but restored by USrestored by US

Tehran became modern & Tehran became modern & industrial, but a large % of pop industrial, but a large % of pop living in povertyliving in poverty

Shah used brutal secret police Shah used brutal secret police (SAVAK) to put down opposition (SAVAK) to put down opposition & wanted to limit power & & wanted to limit power & influence of the Ayatollahs, who influence of the Ayatollahs, who wanted Iran to be an Islamic wanted Iran to be an Islamic state w/ Shari' a rulestate w/ Shari' a rule

Mosaddeq

SAVAK agents arrested 1979

B. 1978: Shah Abdicates; Rule of KhomeiniB. 1978: Shah Abdicates; Rule of Khomeini

1.1. Ayatollah Ruhollah Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led Shah’s Khomeini led Shah’s opposition from exile via opposition from exile via taped messages, “Death taped messages, “Death to the Shah!” & “Down to the Shah!” & “Down with America”with America”

2.2. Riots in 1978 forced the Riots in 1978 forced the Shah to abdicate & flee Shah to abdicate & flee the country in Jan 1979the country in Jan 1979

3.3. Khomeini returned from Khomeini returned from exile to rule: banned W. exile to rule: banned W. influence, established influence, established Islamic law as the legal Islamic law as the legal code & reinstated code & reinstated traditional Muslim valuestraditional Muslim values

C. Iranian Hostage Crisis, 1979 - 1981C. Iranian Hostage Crisis, 1979 - 19811.1. US President Carter (elected US President Carter (elected

1976) allowed the Shah to enter 1976) allowed the Shah to enter the US for cancer treatment, the US for cancer treatment, though he feared reprisalsthough he feared reprisals

2.2. Students stormed the US Students stormed the US Embassy in Tehran in protest, Embassy in Tehran in protest, taking 60 Americans hostagetaking 60 Americans hostage

3.3. Khomeini vowed to hold the Khomeini vowed to hold the hostages until the US released hostages until the US released the Shah to stand trial & to the Shah to stand trial & to repay billions of dollars he repay billions of dollars he ”stole” from Iran”stole” from Iran

4.4. Women & minority hostages Women & minority hostages were released, but 53 remained were released, but 53 remained for 444 daysfor 444 days

5.5. Carter’s failure to end the Carter’s failure to end the hostage crisis led to Reagan’s hostage crisis led to Reagan’s election in 1980election in 1980

D. Iran-Iraq War 1980 - 1988D. Iran-Iraq War 1980 - 1988

1.1. Increased tension b/w Iran & Increased tension b/w Iran & Iraq, which was ruled by Iraq, which was ruled by Saddam Hussein as a Saddam Hussein as a secular statesecular state

2.2. War broke out b/w religious War broke out b/w religious & secular countries, also b/w & secular countries, also b/w Shi’a Muslims (Iran) & Sunni Shi’a Muslims (Iran) & Sunni Muslims (Iraq)Muslims (Iraq)

3.3. US secretly sold weapons to US secretly sold weapons to Iran, hoping to get hostages Iran, hoping to get hostages released (used $ from sale released (used $ from sale of weapons to aid of weapons to aid contrarevolucionarios in contrarevolucionarios in Nicaragua): Nicaragua): Iran-Contra Iran-Contra AffairAffair

E. AfghanistanE. Afghanistan1.1. Independent, but influenced Independent, but influenced

by Soviets in 1950sby Soviets in 1950s2.2. 1970s: Muslim revolt 1970s: Muslim revolt

threatened communist rulethreatened communist rule3.3. 1979: Soviet invasion to 1979: Soviet invasion to

support pro-comm govsupport pro-comm gov4.4. MujahideenMujahideen, Afghan rebels, , Afghan rebels,

supplied & trained by USsupplied & trained by US5.5. US launched a grain US launched a grain

embargo & boycotted the embargo & boycotted the 1980 1980 Moscow OlympicsMoscow Olympics, , along w/ 62 other nationsalong w/ 62 other nations

6.6. 1989: Soviet Premier Mikhail 1989: Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev ordered Gorbachev ordered withdrawal after 10-year withdrawal after 10-year occupationoccupation

IX. The Cold War “Thaws”IX. The Cold War “Thaws”A.A. De-StalinizationDe-Stalinization1. After Stalin’s death (1953) 1. After Stalin’s death (1953)

more moderate leaders more moderate leaders ruled, giving the satellite ruled, giving the satellite states some states some independence, as long as independence, as long as they remained they remained communist & allies of communist & allies of USSRUSSR

2. Nikita 2. Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev (ruled (ruled 1953 – 1964) publicly 1953 – 1964) publicly denounced Stalin for his denounced Stalin for his brutal tactics & brutal tactics & implemented “implemented “de-de-Stalinization”Stalinization”

Dismantling Stalin’s Dismantling Stalin’s harsh programs, favoring harsh programs, favoring moderate ones, calling moderate ones, calling for “peaceful for “peaceful competition” with competition” with capitalismcapitalism

B. 1956 Poland & HungaryB. 1956 Poland & Hungary DeStalinization led satellite DeStalinization led satellite

states to protest Soviet control states to protest Soviet control hoping for reforms:hoping for reforms:

POLISH OCTOBERPOLISH OCTOBER1.1. Workers protest against Soviet Workers protest against Soviet

style Communism led by style Communism led by Władysław GomułkaWładysław Gomułka

2.2. Soviets allowed for some Soviets allowed for some autonomyautonomy

POLISH AUGUST 1980POLISH AUGUST 19801.1. Lech Walesa challenged Lech Walesa challenged

Communist rule by forming the Communist rule by forming the Polish Workers PartyPolish Workers Party

2.2. Goals: free press, workers Goals: free press, workers rights, social changerights, social change

3.3. Free elections held 1989, Free elections held 1989, Walesa elected presidentWalesa elected president

HUNGARIAN UPRISINGHUNGARIAN UPRISING1.1. Students, inspired by events in Students, inspired by events in

Poland, demonstrated in protest Poland, demonstrated in protest of Soviet ruleof Soviet rule

2.2. Imre Imre NagyNagy, a popular , a popular communist, promised free communist, promised free elections, withdrawal from the elections, withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact & the removal of Warsaw Pact & the removal of Soviet troopsSoviet troops

3.3. Soviet’s responded by sending Soviet’s responded by sending more troops to Budapest & more troops to Budapest & executed Nagyexecuted Nagy

C. C. Prague Spring, 1968Prague Spring, 19681.1. Communist Alexander Communist Alexander DubcekDubcek

led period of reform in the led period of reform in the Czech capital, but ended in Czech capital, but ended in summer when Warsaw Pact summer when Warsaw Pact nations invaded & Dubcek was nations invaded & Dubcek was expelledexpelled

2.2. The Velvet Revolution, 1989The Velvet Revolution, 19893.3. One week after the fall of the One week after the fall of the

Berlin Wall, the communist gov Berlin Wall, the communist gov in Czechoslovakia collapsed & in Czechoslovakia collapsed & free elections were held in free elections were held in 1990; Dubcek returned in 1989 1990; Dubcek returned in 1989 & gained a seat in the new gov& gained a seat in the new gov

4.4. 1993 the country peacefully 1993 the country peacefully split into two: the Czech split into two: the Czech Republic & Slovakia; the Czech Republic & Slovakia; the Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 & Republic joined NATO in 1999 & the EU in 2004the EU in 2004

D. D. Brezhnev DoctrineBrezhnev Doctrine1.1. Policy that the USSR had a Policy that the USSR had a

right to prevent its satellite right to prevent its satellite countries from rejecting countries from rejecting communismcommunism

2.2. Used to justify Soviet Used to justify Soviet actions in Czech. (1968) and actions in Czech. (1968) and in Afghanistan (1979)in Afghanistan (1979)

In a speech -- given in November 1968 at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers' Party -- Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev justified the August 20 invasion of Czechoslovakia, stating that "Czechoslovakia's detachment from the socialist community would have come into conflict with its own vital interests and would have been detrimental to the other socialist states." This justification would remain a policy in the future to protect communism from outside influences and secure the centralized power of Moscow over its satellites. It was known in the West as the "Brezhnev Doctrine" and would remain influential until 1989, when Mikhail Gorbachev denounced the policy. (cnn.com)

E. From “Brinkmanship” to “Détente”E. From “Brinkmanship” to “Détente”

1.1. Policy of “Policy of “brinkmanshipbrinkmanship” ” under Eisenhower, JFK, & LBJ under Eisenhower, JFK, & LBJ ended in 1970sended in 1970s

2.2. Nixon’s policy of “Nixon’s policy of “détentedétente” ” was a thawing of Cold War was a thawing of Cold War tensions b/w the US, USSR & tensions b/w the US, USSR & ChinaChina

3.3. Developed out of a Developed out of a philosophy of “philosophy of “realpolitikrealpolitik”: ”: dealing w/ other nations in a dealing w/ other nations in a practical, goal-oriented way, practical, goal-oriented way, rather than strictly along rather than strictly along ideological lines; ideological lines;

US Sec of State Henry Kissinger w/ Mao

F. Nixon’s DetenteF. Nixon’s Detente1.1. 11stst US president to visit US president to visit

communist China & the communist China & the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

2.2. SALT I TreatySALT I Treaty, 1969-1972, 1969-1972 Strategic Arms Limitation Strategic Arms Limitation

TalksTalks signed by Nixon & signed by Nixon & Brezhnev to keep at existing Brezhnev to keep at existing levels the number of ICBMs levels the number of ICBMs & submarine-launched & submarine-launched missiles (5 year treaty)missiles (5 year treaty)

1975 1975 Helsinki AccordsHelsinki Accords signed by 35 countries signed by 35 countries recognizing Soviet control of recognizing Soviet control of E. Europe, a trade E. Europe, a trade agreement & human rights agreement & human rights protectionprotection

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

US drops its veto & PRC joins UN

1975 1st US-Soviet spacecraft docks

Nixon visits China, 1972

G. Cold War Heats Up: 1980sG. Cold War Heats Up: 1980s1.1. 1979: 1979: SALT IISALT II signed by signed by

Brezhnev & Pres. Carter, but Brezhnev & Pres. Carter, but Soviet invasion of Soviet invasion of Afghanistan halted its Afghanistan halted its ratificationratification

2.2. 1981: Pres. 1981: Pres. ReaganReagan, , staunch anti-communist staunch anti-communist abandons détenteabandons détente

3.3. 1983: 1983: SDISDI (Strategic (Strategic Defense Initiative – “Star Defense Initiative – “Star Wars”) to protect US from Wars”) to protect US from missile strikes via ground & missile strikes via ground & space-based systems; never space-based systems; never fully developed but symbol fully developed but symbol of Cold Warof Cold War

H. End of the Cold War & the Collapse of H. End of the Cold War & the Collapse of Communism/USSR: 2Communism/USSR: 2ndnd Russian Revolution Russian Revolution1.1. Mikhail Mikhail GorbachevGorbachev, 1985-1991, 1985-19912.2. Implements reform policies:Implements reform policies: GlasnostGlasnost: openness, social : openness, social

reforms, free flow of ideas, reforms, free flow of ideas, religion, informationreligion, information

PerestroikaPerestroika: economic : economic restructuring to make restructuring to make communism more efficient & communism more efficient & productiveproductive

democratizationdemocratization (1987): (1987): election of a representative election of a representative bodybody

1988: signed INF Treaty to ban 1988: signed INF Treaty to ban intermediate range nukesintermediate range nukes

1989: 1989: Fall of the Berlin WallFall of the Berlin Wall leads to leads to reunification of reunification of GermanyGermany in 1990 & the in 1990 & the collapse of communismcollapse of communism in in Soviet satellites in Czech, Soviet satellites in Czech, Hungary, Romania & Poland Hungary, Romania & Poland

1991: 1991: Soviet Union breaks upSoviet Union breaks up into the into the CIS: Commonwealth CIS: Commonwealth of Independent Statesof Independent States (15 (15 republics)republics)

CISCIS