3-1: Why is Carbon So Important in Biological Molecules? 3-2:
How are Organic Molecules Synthesized? 3-3: What are Carbohydrates?
3-4: What are Lipids? 3-5: What are Proteins? 3.6: What are
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids? Ch. 3 Biological Molecules
Slide 4
CSI: Puzzling Proteins Mad cow disease emerged as a result of
feeding cows chow made with protein from sheep, some of whom were
infected with scrapie? 1.What are proteins? How do they differ from
DNA and RNA? 2.How can a protein with no hereditary material infect
another organism, increase in number, and produce a fatal disease?
3.Is vCJD still a threat?
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=vcjd%20scrapie&qs=n&form=QBVR&pq=vcjd%20scrapie&sc=0-7&sp=-
1&sk=#view=detail&mid=5411AB07933554CD52F55411AB07933554CD52F5
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Chemical Compounds -carbon backbone bonded to H atoms
________________ -can be very complex -more organic cmpds than
inorganic -common in living __________________ -______ carbon (H 2
O / NaCl) or hydrogen atoms (CO 2 ) -________ complex -________
diverse
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3.1: Why is Carbon So Important..? unique _________ properties
of carbon are key to the complexity of organic molecules 1. _______
__valence (outer) electrons (room for 8) can form up to 4 bonds
with _____________________ capable of making
_____________________________
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Figure 3-1: Carbons Versatility in Bonding patterns hydrogen C
carbon nitrogen oxygen CCC N OO NN H
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2. can assume complex shapes (________________ chains,
___________, __________, and __________)
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3. can attach to ___________ groups - determine characteristics
and reactivity of molecule functional groups _______________&
more likely to reacte with others carboxyl amine phosphate
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______________________ = large polymers Ex.carbohydrates
lipids, proteins nucleotides/nucleic acids 3.2: How Are Organic
Molecules _________________?
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Biomolecules are _______________ through a)
________________________(condensation reaction) - joins monomers
together (site where H & OH are removed) by
___________________________molecule
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b) __________________________ - breaks apart polymers by
_____________ (H & OH between the monomers) Biomolecules are
_________________through
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Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis
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3.3: What Are Carbohydrates?
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A.Carbohydrate Structure _ _____________atoms in the ratio of
1:2:1 m ost small carbs are water soluble (_________________ =
water loving) due to OH functional group (i.e sugar cube in H 2 0)
water hydroxyl group hydrogen bond Figure 3-4 Sugar dissolving in
water
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B.Function of Carbohydrates 1. provide ___________ to cells a.
cellular respiration 2.____________ energy 3.___________ plant,
fungi, bacteria cell walls 4._________ armor (chitin) in insects,
crabs etc
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1. ______________________________ C 6 H 12 O 6 1 simple
_____________ (1:2:1 ratio of C,H,O) most end in ____ and named by
# of Carbons (CH 2 O) n is the general formula (n = 3-7 C)
Examples: * = isomers 1) *_____________ (6-C)-most common in
organisms 2) *______________ - fruit sugar (corn syrup, honey) 3)
*_________________ - milk sugar found in lactose 4) ______________
(5-C)/deoxyribose (RNA and DNA) Types of Carbohydrates
Slide 18
_______ molecules w/ same number of atoms but different
arrangement (____________________ formula with a
_________________________formula) 3.1: Why is Carbon So
Important..? C 6 H 12 O 6
Slide 19
Numbered carbons C CC C C C 1' 2'3' 4' 5' 6' O energy stored in
C-C bonds harvested in cellular respiration These will become
important!
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Examples: 1) __________ (table sugar) =glucose+fructose 2)
___________ (malt sugar)=glucose+glucose 3) __________(milk
sugar)=galactose+glucose 2.________________________ _
monosaccharides bonded via ____________synthesis general formula is
________________________ used for short-term energy storage broken
into monosaccharides by ________ for energy
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Disaccharide Structure _________________
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_______________ synthesis Formation of a Disaccharide
___________ (monomer) _____________________ (disaccharide )
___________ (monomer) H2OH2O
Slide 23
3.______________________________ chains of monosaccharides
(_____________________) costs little to build; easily reversible =
_____________ Examples: 1)_____________: plant energy-storage 2)
_________________: animal energy-storage 3)__________: most imp.
structural polysaccharide (cell walls of plants) 4)
_______________: armour of crabs, spiders, fungi
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Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines
function in starchin cellulose
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest cellulose
hard to digest only bacteria can digest enzyme
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Cellulose=____________ roughage most abundant organic cmpd on
Earth ___________ have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose most
___________have not thats why they eat meat to get their energy
& nutrients But it tastes like hay! Who can live on this
stuff?!
Slide 27
Cows digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars
Gorillas cant digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source,
like fruit to diet
Slide 28
How can herbivores digest cellulose so well? helpful
_________________ live in their digestive systems & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Slide 29
_____________________ __________________ Polysaccharide + H 2 O
Disaccharide/Monosaccharides Starch + H 2 O Glucose + Glucose +
Glucose + Glucose hydrolysi s Breakdown of Polysaccharides
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Ch. 3.4
Slide 31
AStructure of a ________________ _____________ ratio of H to C
atoms contain large chains of non-polar hydrocarbons (hydrophobic/H
2 O insoluble) B. Functions of Lipids 1. _____________________(btwn
C-H bonds) 2._________________ coverings on plant/animal bodies
3.primary component in _______________________ 4.help make
________________________ 5._________ & aid in ____________in
multicellular org 3.4: What Are Lipids?
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Slide 33
1.Oils, fats, and lipids only contain C, H, & O each
contain 1 or more ______________ (long chain of C & H with a
___________ group on 1 end hydrophillic hydrophobic Types of
Lipids
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Formation of Lipids via Dehydration Synthesis 3H2O3H2O
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Triglyceride
Slide 36
Slide 37
all __________bonds btwn C-atoms - ________ fats (solid ) at
least __________bond btwn C-atoms - _________ oils (liquid) _
double bond ________ than 1 double bond
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Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Slide 39
Functions of fats and Oils - used primarily as energy-storage
molecules - contain _________________as many calories/gram than
carbohydrates & proteins
Slide 40
Fats (____________) (butter/lard) -produced by animals -
______________ FA -___________ of H Oils (______________)
corn/canola oil -found in seeds of plants -_______________ FA
-____________ H Good Fats vs. Bad Fats?
Slide 41
_________________________ and Trans Fats? commercial process
where some double bonds in unsaturated FA are broken and
______________________ to the carbons - converts liquid oils to
solid fats (_______________)
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=hydrogenation+process&FORM=HDRSC3#vie
w=detail&mid=A40B1F51A242B07BE871A40B1F51A242B07BE871
Slide 42
saturated fats (red meat/whole milk), obesity, smoking &
trans fats ________________ production of more __________
unsaturated fats (fish, nuts, veg oil) help _______________ heart
________________
Slide 43
Types of Lipids 2.___________ chemically similar to fats (1
_________+ 1 long __________) humans & most animals lack
appropriate enzymes to break them down highly saturated (solid @
room temp.)
Slide 44
Waterproofing coating Structural component Waterproofing for
exoskeletons & furs
Slide 45
Types of Lipids 3. ___________________________ chemically
similar to oil (1 ___________, 2 fatty acids + 1
________________________ group) crucial _________ component of cell
membranes
Types of Lipids 3. ____________________ __ carbon ____________
(nonpolar) _____________ saturated fatty acids that synthesize
estrogen & testosterone animal _________________ ________human
brain (insulate/nerve cells) too much of the wrong form=bad
news
Slide 48
Good Cholesterol vs. Bad Cholesterol? nonpolar_ transported in
blood by carrier molecules made-up of phospholipids &
proteins(___________=lipid+protein) 1.HDL (high density
lipoproteins)=______________ & and ___________ ________________
2. LDL (low density lipoproteins) = more cholesterol & and
_________________
Slide 49
______ transports excess cholesterol from cells liver to be
metabolized or produce steroid hormones _____ - carried from liver
cells for storage or to produce cell membranes; excess builds in
artery walls Good Cholesterol vs. Bad Cholesterol?
Slide 50
3.5: What Are Proteins?
Slide 51
A. ___________________ Structure consist of C, H, O, ____
chains of amino acids bonded by __________ bonds via dehydration
synthesis B. Protein Function act as ____________ to promote rxns
_________(keratin) to form hair, nails, scales & feathers
Slide 52
structural (silk proteins) in cocoons & webs ____________
(albumin in eggs & casein in milk) ______________protein
transports oxygen _________(actin & myosin are contractile
proteins)
Slide 53
Protein Functions some are _________________ (insulin & GH)
some are_____________that fight infection few are _____ (snake
venom )
Slide 54
Amino Acids Build Proteins
Slide 55
tryptophan What makes them different ? can make disulfide
bonds
Slide 56
How Are Amino Acids Joined? ______________________
_______________ dehydration synthesis
Levels of Protein Organization interactions btwn the ____
groups of A.A. cause twists, folds, and interconnections that give
proteins ___structure Primary Structure Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure
Slide 59
Slide 60
1.Primary Structure sequence of amino acids depends on 1)
_______, 2) ___________ and 3) _______________________of amino
acids
Slide 61
2. Seconday Structure simple repeating units a)_______________
or b) _______________ maintained by ____-bonds btwn polar portion
of A.A. Silk Keratin (hair) Hemoglobin subunits (blood)
H-bonds
Slide 62
3.Tertiary Structure - 2 o structure folds on itself forming H-
bonds w/ H2O & ___________________w/ cysteine A.A. include
enzymes and antibodies disruption of 2 o and 3 o bonds =
________________________(loss of function)
Slide 63
4.Quaternary Structure when multiple proteins are linked
together ____________-4 protein chains of 150 amino acids some
enzymes
Slide 64
Tertiary structure: Folding of the helix results from hydrogen
bonds with surrounding water molecules and disulfide bridges
between cysteine amino acids hydrogen bond heme group Secondary
structure: Usually maintained by hydrogen bonds, which shape this
helix Primary structure: The sequence of amino acids linked by
peptide bonds Quaternary structure: Individual polypeptides are
linked to one another by hydrogen bonds or disulfide bridges
Slide 65
Protein Function Related to Structure
http://on.aol.com/video/learn-about-protein-denaturation-83227098
_________________ mutation in hemoglobin egg frying denaturation in
albumin perms denaturation of keratin in hair bacteria and viruses
killed by denaturing their proteins
Slide 66
What Makes Hair Curl? Hydrogen bonds give keratin its
__________, spring-like 2 O structure. when hair is stretched or
wet H- bonds break & hair __________________________ bonds
reform when tension releases or hair dries
Slide 67
What Makes Hair Curl? Keratin- lots of cysteine A. A. (form
covalent disulfide bonds w/ other cysteines) ________ of cysteines
(depends on genes) determines curly or straight hair Curling hair:
-hair is wet (bonds break) -wrap wet hair around rollers -H-bonds
form different places -rain/humidity break new bonds & goes
back to straight
Slide 68
Case Study: Puzzling Proteins Infectious _______________
mis-folded versions of a normal protein found in body 2 O structure
of normal prion is primarily helical infectious prions fold into
____________________ very stable and cant be destroyed very
difficult to sterilize equipment contaminated by prions accumulate
destructively in brain
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=misfolded+prions&FORM=HDRSC3#view
=detail&mid=DE9021C70AF6628DB96CDE9021C70AF6628DB96C
Slide 69
3.6: What Are Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids?
Slide 70
Nucleotides A. Structure _ __________________ _
____________________________ n itrogen-containing ________________
a denine g uanine c ytosine t hymine u racil
________________________molecules subunits of polymers called
nucleic acids intracellular _________________ molecules
Slide 73
Nucleotides Act as Energy Carriers ____ adenosine triphosphate
ribose ___________________ ____ phosphate groups stores _______ in
bonds btwn phosphate groups energy released when last
_______________________ available energy is then used to drive
other rxns (linking amino acids)
Slide 74
1. ________ + Energy + _____________ -----> ____ (stores
energy) dehydration synthesis 2._______ ------> ADP +
___________ + _________ (releases energy) hydrolysis How is ATP
made and broken down?
Slide 75
Nucleotides Act as Intracellular Messengers ________________
ribose nucleotide cyclic adenosine monophosphate messenger molecule
in cells hormones stimulate cAMP to form within cells where it
initiates biochemical reactions _________________ electron carriers
transport energy in form of high- energy electrons used in ATP
synthesis FAD NAD
Slide 76
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA the Molecules of Heredity
___________: polymers containing nulceotides (monomers) - linked
together via dehydrations synthesis found in ___________________ in
cells
Slide 77
Slide 78
Case Study: Puzzling Proteins ______ cells use ________ as a
blueprint for making more cells; Viruses use DNA or RNA Before
discovery of prions no infectious agent had been discovered that
completely lacked genetic material made of nucleic acids.
Scientists didnt believe proteins could reproduce themselves until
repeated studies found _____ trace of genetic material in
prions.
Slide 79
Case Study: Puzzling Proteins Stanley Prusiner discovered the
prion as the culprit in scrapie, BSE, and vCJD. infectious prions
get normal helical prion proteins to transform into pleated sheet
of infectious form continues until enough proteins have transformed
to cause disease symptoms (sometimes 10 yrs) actions taken to
prevent new infections were successful no surviving vCJD victims
and no new confirmed cases since mid 2012.
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=bse+adn+proteins&FORM=HDRSC3#view=detail&mid=01BFFA6720
61BDDA27DE01BFFA672061BDDA27DE
Slide 80
Making and Breaking Down Macromolecules Polymer or Monomer
Macromolecule (Building Blocks)
______________________________________ monosaccharides
___________________________________ Lipids(triglycerides)
______________________________________ amino acids
______________________________________ Nucleic Acids
______________________________________
Slide 81
Dehydration Synthesis / Condensation Reaction Monomer
---------------> Polymer/ or + H 2 O Macromolecule
_______________________________________ monosaccharides
____________________________________ triglycerides
_______________________________________ amino acids
_______________________________________ DNA or RNA
_______________________________________
Slide 82
HYDROLYSIS POLYMER + H 2 O -----------> MONOMER
___________________________________ Polysaccharide glycerol + 3
fatty acids Polypeptide nucleotides
Slide 83
Study Ch. 3 Vocab notecards or Key Terms (pg. 51) Read summary
of key concepts (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6)(pg 51) Read learning
outcomes LO1 LO7 (pg. 51) Be able to answer all the Check Your
Learning questions and check answers (pg. 932) Complete Thinking
through the Concepts and Applying the Concepts Go to
MasteringBiology for practice, quizzes, activities, etc.