Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Ch. 3Cell Organization
Cells and Tissues
Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life
Cells are the building blocks of all living things
Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
Anatomy of the Cell
Cells are not all the same
All cells share general structures
All cells have three main regionsNucleusCytoplasmPlasma membrane
Figure 3.1a
The Nucleus
Function: Control center of the cellContains genetic material (DNA)
The Nucleus
Figure 3.1b
The Nucleus
Nuclear envelope (membrane) Structure: Consists of a double membraneFunction: Barrier of the nucleusContains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
Plasma Membrane
Structure: Double phospholipid layer
Hydrophilic headsHydrophobic tails
Function: regulate what goes into and out of cell
Plasma Membrane
Figure 3.2
CytoplasmDefinition: the material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
Contains three major elementsCytosol
Fluid that suspends other elementsOrganelles
Metabolic machinery of the cell “Little organs” that perform functions for the cell
InclusionsChemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Figure 3.4
Cytoplasmic Organelles
MitochondriaFunction: Cellular respiration, providing ATP for cellular energy “Powerhouses” of the cell
Cytoplasmic Organelles
RibosomesStructure: Made of protein and RNAFunction: Sites of protein synthesisFound in two locations
Free in the cytoplasmAs part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Cytoplasmic OrganellesEndoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Structure: Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substancesTwo types of ER
Rough endoplasmic reticulumFunction: Synthesizes proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulumFunction: lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Figure 3.5
Ribosome
Protein
Protein insidetransport vesicle
Transportvesicle buds off
mRNA
Rough ER
As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern.
In the cistern, the protein foldsinto its functional shape. Shortsugar chains may be attachedto the protein (forming aglycoprotein).
The protein is packaged in atiny membranous sac called atransport vesicle.
The transport vesicle buds fromthe rough ER and travels to theGolgi apparatus for furtherprocessing or goes directly tothe plasma membrane where itscontents are secreted.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Figure 3.5, step 1
Ribosome
Protein
mRNA
Rough ER
As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Figure 3.5, step 2
Ribosome
Protein
mRNA
Rough ER
As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern.
In the cistern, the protein foldsinto its functional shape. Shortsugar chains may be attachedto the protein (forming aglycoprotein).
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Figure 3.5, step 3
Ribosome
Protein
Transportvesicle buds off
mRNA
Rough ER
As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern.
In the cistern, the protein foldsinto its functional shape. Shortsugar chains may be attachedto the protein (forming aglycoprotein).
The protein is packaged in atiny membranous sac called atransport vesicle.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Figure 3.5, step 4
Ribosome
Protein
Protein insidetransport vesicle
Transportvesicle buds off
mRNA
Rough ER
As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern.
In the cistern, the protein foldsinto its functional shape. Shortsugar chains may be attachedto the protein (forming aglycoprotein).
The protein is packaged in atiny membranous sac called atransport vesicle.
The transport vesicle buds fromthe rough ER and travels to theGolgi apparatus for furtherprocessing or goes directly tothe plasma membrane where itscontents are secreted.
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Golgi apparatusFunction: Modifies and packages proteinsProduces different types of packages
Secretory vesiclesCell membrane componentsLysosomes
Figure 3.6
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Golgi vesicle containingmembrane componentsfuses with the plasmamembrane
Golgi vesicle containingdigestive enzymesbecomes a lysosome
Proteins in cisterna
Lysosome fuses withingested substances
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 3
Pathway 2
Secretory vesicles Pathway 1
Golgiapparatus
Golgi vesicle containingproteins to be secretedbecomes a secretoryvesicle
Cisterna
Rough ER
Proteins
Secretion byexocytosis
Figure 3.6, step 1
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
Figure 3.6, step 2
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
Pathway 1
Figure 3.6, step 3
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
Pathway 1
Figure 3.6, step 4
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Secretory vesicle Pathway 1
Golgiapparatus
Golgi vesicle containingproteins to be secretedbecomes a secretoryvesicle
Cisterna
Rough ER
Figure 3.6, step 5
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Secretory vesicles Pathway 1
Golgiapparatus
Golgi vesicle containingproteins to be secretedbecomes a secretoryvesicle
Cisterna
Rough ER
Proteins
Secretion byexocytosis
Figure 3.6, step 6
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 2Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
Figure 3.6, step 7
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 2Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
Figure 3.6, step 8
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Golgi vesicle containingmembrane componentsfuses with the plasmamembrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 2Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
Figure 3.6, step 9
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 3
Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
Figure 3.6, step 10
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Golgi vesicle containingdigestive enzymesbecomes a lysosome
Proteins in cisterna
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 3
Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
Figure 3.6, step 11
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Golgi vesicle containingdigestive enzymesbecomes a lysosome
Proteins in cisterna
Lysosome fuses withingested substances
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 3
Golgiapparatus
Cisterna
Rough ER
Figure 3.6, step 12
Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Golgi vesicle containingmembrane componentsfuses with the plasmamembrane
Golgi vesicle containingdigestive enzymesbecomes a lysosome
Proteins in cisterna
Lysosome fuses withingested substances
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 3
Pathway 2
Secretory vesicles Pathway 1
Golgiapparatus
Golgi vesicle containingproteins to be secretedbecomes a secretoryvesicle
Cisterna
Rough ER
Proteins
Secretion byexocytosis
Cytoplasmic Organelles
LysosomesFunction: Contain enzymes that digest worn-out or non-usable materials within the cell
Cytoplasmic Organelles
CytoskeletonFunction: Provides the cell with an internal framework
Figure 3.7a
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8a
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8b
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8c
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8d
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8e
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8f
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8g
![A Molecular Biology: Open Access - Open Access Journals€¦ · the molecular basis of carcinogenesis [1]. Cancer cells, unlike normal cells, sustain proliferative signaling to proliferate](https://img.pdfslide.net/doc/110x75/5fc153b832b30222ce574aa6/a-molecular-biology-open-access-open-access-journals-the-molecular-basis-of-carcinogenesis.jpg)
