1 guillaume boucher skilled worker who was taken captive by Mongolian campaigners in Hungary.

2 nomadic pastoralists wandered to keep their herds and animals regulated w the seasons + food

3 kumiss alcoholic drink made from mare's milk

4 class fluidity nobles and commoners: nobles were fluid, could become a commoner then return to becoming a noble (nobles chose clans but did not really govern)

5 the role of women took care of the animals, were skilled archers and often fought in war, although men did dominate society

6 saljuq conversion saljuqs led the turkish ppl into anatolia. were looked upon as liberators and joined by will. became islamic land when ottomans conquered constantinople

7 khan ruler

8 tughril beg abbasid caliph announce tughril as the sultan. extended rule to syria, palestine etc

9 turkish migrations some established in abbasid empire but most migrated to anatolia bc rich and wealthy

10 ghaznavid turks mahmud of ghazni of afghanistan led the ghaz turks to conquer many areas in india(bengal, punjab, gujarat).

11 chinggis khan “the universal ruler” / temujin

12 temujin unified the mongols (aka chinggis khan) could betray allies to obtain a higher pos/ very dedicated

13 ulaanbaatar modern mongolian capital

14 qanat mongols completely destroyed the qanats of persia, which damaged the empire harshly as it was an important resource in their dry arid lands

15 khubilai khan conquerer of the song dynasty in china, ended the expansion of the song going farther west, religious tolerance, attempted to conquer japan but thrown off by typhoons, mongol forces could not adapt to the weather

16 yuan estab by khubilai khan (emperor) which ruled china until 1368

17 kamikaze what the japanese called their independence upon (divine winds ex typhoon)

18 the golden horde mongol control in the west which was in russia who ventured out to poland, hungary, and germany

19 hulegu khubilais bro who crushed the abbasid and formed the ilkhanate in persia

20 mongol assimilation assimilated well into persian culture, religious tolerance, ilkhan ghazan converted to islam which sparked lots of controversy

21 confucian erosion mongols did not support chinese culture, allowed confucianism to wither due to no official support

22 khwarazm who chinggis khan killed in persia bc he killed his envoys

23 nestorian christian tried to convert ppl in china to administrate mongols

24 paper money began due to financial difficulties in ilkhanate persia, dealing w paper $$ difficult which led to decline of yuan

25 bubonic plague spread it unknowingly by trade and commercial affairs which led to pop decline

26 tamerlane tamerlanes chagatai!! took chinggis as role model, sig weakened the golden horde, conquered persia and afghan, PLANS to conquer china but dead man

27 safavid safavid in persia reflected tamerlanes legacy

28 osman declared small state in anatolia and indep from saljuq, attracted many ppl

29 ottoman local support abundant, conquered balkan region

30 sultan mehmud II conquered constantinople (cap of byz) -> istanbul, cont to expand

31 griot pro musician or storyteller who passed down traditions

32 sundiata lion prince who founded the mali empire and made it large and thriving, cap at niani

33 mali wealthiest land in sub saharan africa, defeated by songhay

34 bantu a language which spread throughout africa which resulted in the spread of agriculture and herding

35 bananas provided for the enriched diet of large pops and pop growth

36 pygmies forest dwellers of central africa who served at guides for bantu ppls, integrated into bantu society, many remained and became forest specialists

37 segmentary society 1 form of social org which prevailed during/after bantu migrations

38 jenne-jeno in mali, center of iron prod and trade. many animals. principal commercial crossroads of w africa

39 benin community which organized military forces

40 kingdom of kongo powerful city state along congo river, villages ruled by chiefs, most centralized of bantu

41 gold ghana= center of gold trade. provided ivory + slaves, largest supply of gold

42 kings of ghana religious tolerance but islam grew anyway

43 sundiata conquered ghana w strong army and alliances. honored islam for the muslim merchants

44 mansa musa grandnephew of ^ converted to islam and became very serious, built mosques when back home

45 swahili those who engaged in trade along the coast, attracted attention from muslim merchant

46 kilwa thriving city w stone buildings and mosques, known for trade among the indian ocean basin

47 zimbabwe large complex made of stone, in zimbabwe a large city

48 zanj revolt zanj: black slaves from swahili coast, who had several rebellions who captured basra (al bin mohammed) eventually killing al bin

49 islamic slave trade was very universal and led them eventually to revolts and such

50 glory of kings kebra negast, fictional work of christianity which was in songs and many other works of art depicted in sub saharan africa