Ch.2 APUSHTransplantations and borderlands

The founding of Jamestown

Only 104 men out of 144 survived the journey They reached the American coast on the spring of 1607, sailed into the

Chesapeake bay and up a river they named James and established their colony on the peninsula; they named it Jamestown

They chose an easily defended location to avoid an incident like that of Roanoke

The site was low, swampy, and hot and vulnerable to many diseases like malaria

They believed they could rely on the Indians for food but were wrong. Most of them died off.

The London company then sent women to establish a society The colonist men did not/couldn't want to intermarry with native woman The colony continued to fail and couldn’t sustain itself. In 1608 the colony only has 38 colonists. It was on the verge of

extinction until John Smith arrived

John Smith became council president and asserted his will

He imposed work and order on the community and organized raids on Indian villages to steal food

Fewer than 12 died under smiths control. In 1609 when smith returned to England the

colony was showing promise of survival

Reorganization

The London company (Virginia company) dreamed of bigger things In 1609 it obtained a charter from the king which increased

company power over the colony and enlarged the land The company sold stocks to adventurous Offered free passage to Virginia to bring more people in 1609 the company sent 600people to Virginia One of the ships was lost in a hurricane, another landed on a

bermuda island. Many of those who reached Jamestown were weak and got to fevers before the cold weather came.

The winter of 1609 was known as “starving time” Some Indians were angered by John Smith’s raids and killed off the livestock

As the colonist were leaving Lord de la Warr was coming up the river with supplies.

De la Warr imposed harsh and rigid discipline on the colony

They also discovered tobacco

I'm basically superman

Here I come to save the day

Tobacco Columbus had seen the Cubans smoking tobacco in

their nostrils. By the 17th century tobacco was big in Europe King James 1st did not approve of tobacco and led

attacks against it In 1612 John Rolfe experimented with tobacco and

produce crops of high quality and it spread like wildfire

Tobacco exhausted the soil so farmers began isolating themselves from the center of the colony and encroached on native territory

Expansion Tobacco was not enough to help the Virginia company The headright system was established

50 acre grants of land Those who lived in the colony got 100 acres a person Anyone who paid the passage for another settler got 50 acres

They sent skilled workers to Virginia and sent 100 women to become wives. (purchased for 120 pounds of tobacco)

In 1619 in the Jamestown church delegates met as the house of burgesses

A Dutch ship brought 20 Africans to the colony but they were not considered slaves.

In the 1670s white servants became scarce and expensive so Africans started being used as slaves.

Sir Thomas Dale led assaults against the powhatan Indians and captured the chiefs daughter Pocahontas. When Powhattan refused to ransom her she converted to Christianity and married John Rolfe and went back to England with him.

Powhatan stopped attacking the colonists but after his death his brother became head of the native

confederation and resumed defending tribal lands.

In 1622 natives pretended to sell goods to the colonists then attacked them and killed

347 colonists In 1624 James 1st revoked the companies charter

Maryland and the Calverts

Maryland was the dream of George Calvert (first Lord Baltimore) he envisioned a colony as a retreat for English Catholics

His son Cecilius received a charter for the territory of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia and Maryland

He named his brother governor and sent him with another brother to oversee the settlement.

The Indians befriended the settlers and helped them. They experienced no assault, no plagues, and no starving time They had to encourage immigration of protestants as well as

the Catholics. The Anglicans outnumbered the protestants from the start

“Act Concerning Religion” assured freedom of religion

Turbulent Virginia Virginia had survived its early disasters and it was

prospering As settlement moved west conflicts with the natives

were common Sir William Berkeley arrived in 1642 and was

appointed governor. He was popular at first as he opened the western interior of Virginia. He organized the force that put down the 1644 Indian uprising. He negotiated an agreement with the natives.

Virginia’s population quadrupled within 20 years In 1660 Berkley became an autocrat in the colony

Bacon’s Rebellion In 1673 Nathaniel Bacon arrived in Virginia. He purchased a farm and won

a seat on the governors council. They disagreed on many issues like the back countries being vulnerable to

Indian attacks because they violated the treaty Bacon resented his exclusion from the inner circle of the governors council

and didn't’t like that Berkeley refused to allow him a piece of the fur trade In 1675 Doeg Indians attacked a western plantation. The whites struck

back and attacked the powerful susquehannock as well as the Doeg. Bacon defied Berkeley and struck out on their own against the Indians. He

was proclaimed a rebel. He led his men east to Jamestown twice. The first time he won a pardon. The second time he burned down the city. Bacon stood on the verge off ruling but died suddenly

In 1677 the Indians signed a new treaty that opened more land to the whites

Bacons rebellion revealed instability in the colonies large population.

Plymouth Plantation Separatists from the hamlet of scrooby began emigrating slowly

to Holland where they could worship without interference. They did not like it there so they decided to move again.

They obtained permission to settle in British America The migrating Puritans left and reached cape cod. Plymouth was

out of the companies territory so they wrote the mayflower compact to pledge their allegiance to the king.

The colony survived the harsh winter. They befriended the Indians and invited the Indians to the first

thanksgiving. Small pox then wiped out most of the native population.

They chose william bradford to be their governor. The pilgrims were a very poor community

The Puritan Experiment A group of puritan merchants obtained a grant from king

Charles 1st for Massachusetts and new Hampshire he allowed them to create the Massachusetts bay company and establish a colony

John Winthrop was chosen as the new governor. He commanded the expedition to New England (17 ships and 1,000 people) it was the largest migration of its kind.

The Massachusetts migration produced several new settlements (Charlestown, Newtown, Roxbury, Dorchester etc..). The port of Boston became the company headquarters and the colony’s capital.

The company then transformed into a colonial Gov. The founders of Massachusetts had no intention of breaking

from the church of England

The expansion of New England

People who arrived to Massachusetts and were not saints could not vote They had a choice of conforming or leaving The Connecticut valley appealed to Thomas Hooker who defied the Massachusetts

Gov. and led his congregation to establish the town of Hartford. 4 years later the people of Hartford and 2 other towns adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.

Rhode Island had its origins in the religious and political dissent of Roger Williams. He argued that the church should all the allegiance to the church of England. He called for a complete separation of church and state. He was then banished.

Anne Hutchison argued that the leaders of the clergy were not of the elect and had no right to spiritual office. Her teachings were called antinomianism (hostile to the law). She prevailed assumptions about about the proper role of women in puritan society. She was a powerful religious figure

She developed a huge following amongst women to whom she offered a role in religious affairs. Her numbers were enough prevent Winthrop's re-election. She claimed to have communicated with the holy spirit. She was convicted of sedition and banished as “a woman not fit for society” she moved to Rhode Island.

Settlers and Natives By the mid 1630s the native population had almost

been extinguished. The survivors usually sold their lands to the colonists. The natives who converted to christianity were known as “praying Indians”

The settlers went from looking at the indians with a sort of admiration to seeing them as savages and heathens and a threat.

Some believed the solution was to civilize the natives by converting them.

John Elliot even converted the bible to Algonquian.

Others wanted to exterminate them

The Pequot War, King Phillip’s War, and the Technology of Battle In 1637 hostilities broke out between the English settlers in

the Connecticut valley and the Pequot Indians as a result of competition over trade with the Dutch and friction over land.

The English allied with the Mohegan and Narrgansett Indians The whites marched against a palisaded Pequot and set it on

fire. The Pequot tribe was almost wiped out. In 1765 king Phillips war began because the Wampanoags

under leadership of king Phillip (metacomet) rose up to resist the English. For 3 years the natives organized and armed terrorized a string of Massachusetts towns destroying 20 of them and killed 1000 people. In 1676 the colonists fought back and prevailed with help from the Mohawks and praying Indians. The Mohawks killed metacomet and bore his head to Boston.

The conflicts were affected by the exchange of technology to the natives

Indians made effective use of the flintlock rifle introduced by miles standish

Many colonist did not get the new guns right away but the natives did and that gave them an advantage

They sold them to the natives against the rules

The English Civil War Charles the 1st dissolved parliament in 1629 and began

ruling as an absolute monarch and alienating his subjects Charles was desperate for money and called parliament

back into session and asked it to levy new taxes but he angered them by dismissing them twice in 2 years.

In 1642 they organized a military, challenged the king and started a civil war.

The war was against the cavaliers (supporters of the king) and the roundheads (the forces of parliament

who were mostly puritans) lasted 7 years. Finally in 1649 the roundheads defeated the kings forces, captured Charles and beheaded the monarch.

Roundhead leader Oliver Cromwell got the position of protector for 9 years until he died in 1658

The Carolinas The Carolina (Latin form of Charles) was like Maryland. 8 court politicians received almost kingly powers over their grant They reserve large lands for themselves and wanted to give the rest

away using a head right system and collected annual payments (quitrents) from the settlers. They welcomed any settlers they could get.

There was religious freedom John Locke drew up the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina in 1669

which created an elaborate system of land distribution and elaborate social order

In 1690 Charleston was named the capital Carolina remained one of the most unstable English colonies in

America. There were tensions between the small farmers in the north and the wealthy in the south

The colonies werent able to establish order and in 1729 the king seperated them into 2 royal colonies.

The Quaker Colonies The society of friends They believed all people had divinity between

them They granted women a position equal to that of

men They went to New England where thy were greeted

with abuse everywhere except Rhode island. Others migrated to south Carolina

They were pacifists William Penn was an evangelist for Quakerism King Charles paid his debt to Penn by giving him

Pennsylvania

The Caribbean islands

Since sugar was a labor intensive crop they needed a workforce

They began bringing indentured servants from England but the workers were unable to adapt

They relied on an African work force

Middle grounds Parts of land where neither English or

natives established dominance so they lived together and sometime disputed

The Drive for Reorganization Imperial reorganization claimed to increase

probability of the colonies and power of the English Gov. to rule them

Colonies provided a market for England's manufactured goods

England thought it had to exclude foreigners from the colonies international trade.

Englands followed the themes of mercantilism Parliament passed laws to keepDutch ships out of the colonies

Navigation acts 1660 The first clothes the colonies to all trade

except to English ships. It required the colonist to export certain items.

The second act in 1663 provided that all goods being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England to be passed.

The third act 1673 imposed duties on costal trade among the English colonies and appointed custom officials to enforce the acts.

Dominion of New England James 2nd combined the governments of

Massachusetts and New England He appointed sir Edmund Andros who was very

unpopular in the colonies.

Glorious Revolution James the 2nd made enemies in England by trying to

exercise autocratic rule. He made the people worried that he was going back to Catholicism so his daughter Mary arrived in England with a small army and James 2nd offered no resistance and fled to France

-Andros fled from the colony dressed as a woman