Chair Back Massage

8/4/2019 Chair Back Massage

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How to give a shoulder massage/chair back

massage

(idea) byBlindness Thu Aug 09 2001 at 17:40:58

A shouldermassageis a great way to help someone relax, particularly if they've beenworking

at a deskall day. It can be done without oil, or through clothes, and is therefore also an ideal

platonicmassage for giving to friends without looking like you haveulterior motives.

This massage shouldn't be done on anyone withinjuriesto their shoulder or neck,allergiesto

any oil you may be using, orskinproblems. Ideally you should be in a relaxingenvironment, and

there should be a comfortable chair for the person you're massaging to sit in that still allows

you to reach their shoulders, neck and upper back. You should be able to massage them

without having tobend over, or else by the time you've finished you'll need aback massageto

get over it.

Stand behind the person you're massaging as they sit down. If they've taken their topoff, offer a towel for them to cover the bits you're not massaging, unless it's both very

warm and you know each other very well. If using oil, put a little in the palms of your

hands and rub them together to warm it up.

Start using sweeping, stroking movements (effleurage) of your palms over their upperback and shoulders, to coat the skin in asmall amountof oil. Usingfar too muchoil

means you can't grip the skin for some of the moves. Work from the centre up and out

wherever possible. You can use this move to find anyknotsin the muscle for later

moves. Pluckthe tops of the shoulders from near the neck to thedeltoids. This means holding

your hand as if you were picking up a glass of water, holding the top of the shoulder

between thumb and index finger (supporting with the other three fingers), and then

gently pulling up and away. The idea is lift the muscle without pinching it - ask them if

you're doing it right. If someone has particularlybeefy muscles(or if you just want to

vary things), use both hands on one shoulder at the same time, holding the thumbs and

index fingers together.

Resting your fingers on the tops of the shoulders, make circular movements with yourthumbs on either side of the spine, again working up and out. You can be quite firm with

this move, always ask if they want more or less pressure. If you find knots (which you

can feel as bumps in the muscle), you can try and work on them by pressing and holding

over them, or rotating the thumbs in opposite directions around them. Releasing a knot

feels verynice for the person being massaged. Work all the way to the edges of the

shoulder blades, and more gently over them - then work gently on the neck in the bands

of muscle just on either side of the centre (don't go further round with this move, or it'll

hurt).
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The next move is 'two handedhacking'. Push your wrists and fingertips together firmly,but relax your fingers so they can move from side to side when you shake your hands.

Hold the fingers apart and in a kind of prayer position, and rotate at the wrist so the

little fingers slap into their back and the other fingers slap into the little fingers. If you

get it right, it'll make adistinctive sound- get it wrong and it'll feel like you're just karate

chopping them. Do this over their upper back as hard as they want. If you want, you cantake your hands apart and do the same thing with each hand individually (with practise

you can hit the same spot with both hands in turn so fast that it feels continuous).

Now, support their forehead with one palm, and put your index finger and thumbaround the back of their neck. Pull towards the back of the neck fairly gently (similar to

the move on the tops of the shoulders, but only using the finger and thumb). Do this up

and down the neck as required.

Now, with your hands in the same position, try and find theoccipitalridge on the backof their skull using the index finger and thumb (one on each side of the centre). This is

the line you can feel at the back and base of the skull, and it starts about an inch behind

the ears. Work around the ridge doing tiny circles.

Finally, do a bit more plucking on the shoulders, a few more circles with your thumbs ontheir back, and some more effleurage. Finish the massage with effleurage leading up to

the tops of the shoulders, then firmly down the arms and off the elbows.

This is one of the quickest and easiest massages to do, and if done right feels very good. Above

all, make sure you both enjoy it, and don't do anything that hurts either of you - it's incredibly

easy to strain your own muscles trying to relax someone else...

This is based on amateur lessons I was given byCambridge UniversityMassageSociety, anifty

group that exists to teachstudentshow to massage. This certainly isn'tprofessional adviceor

anything...

See also:Massage Terms
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The human skin (integumentary) is composed of a minimum of 3 major layers of tissue, the

Epidermis, theDermisandHypodermis. The Dermis comprises two sections, the Papillary andReticular layers; they contain connective tissues, vessels, glands, follicles, hair roots, sensory

nerve endings, and muscular tissue[5]

. The third layer is the Hypodermis and it is made up of

adipose tissue.

[edit] Epidermis

Main article:Epidermis

This is the top layer of skin made up ofepithelial cells. It does not contain blood vessels. Its

main function is protection, absorption of nutrients, and homeostasis. In structure, it consists of a

keratinized stratifiedsquamous epitheliumcomprising four types of cells:keratinocytes,melanocytes,Merkel cells, andLangerhans' cells. The major cell of the epidermis is the

keratinocyte, which produces keratin.Keratinis a fibrous protein that aids in protection. Millions

of dead keratinocytes rub off daily. The majority of the skin on the body is keratinized, meaningwaterproofed. The only skin on the body that is non-keratinized is the lining of skin on the inside

of the mouth. Non-keratinized cells allow water to "stay" atop the structure.

The protein keratin stiffens epidermal tissue to formfingernails. Nails grow from thin area calledthenail matrix; growth of nails is 1-mm per week on average. Thelunulais the crescent-shape

area at the base of the nail, this is a lighter colour as it mixes with the matrix cells.

[edit] Dermis

Main article:Dermis

The dermis is the middle layer of skin, composed of dense irregularconnective tissuessuch ascollagen withelastinarranged in a diffusely bundled and woven pattern. These layers serve to

give elasticity to the integument, allowing stretching and conferring flexibility, while alsoresisting distortions, wrinkling, and sagging

[5]. The dermal layer provides a site for the endings

of blood vessels and nerves. Manychromatophoresare also stored in this layer, as are the bases

of integumental structures such ashair,feathers, andglands.

[edit] Hypodermis

Main article:Hypodermis

Although technically not part of the integumentary system, the hypodermis, or subcutaneoustissue, is the layer of tissue directly underneath the dermis. It is composed mainly of connectiveandadipose tissue. Its physiological functions include insulation, the storage of energy, and

aiding in the anchoring of the skin. This is the thickest layer of the integumentary system.

[edit] Functions

The integumentary system has multiple roles inhomeostasis. All body systems work in aninterconnected manner to maintain the internal conditions essential to the function of the body.
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The skin has an important job of protecting the body and acts as the bodys first line of defense

against infection, temperature change, and other challenges to homeostasis. Functions include:

Protect the bodys internal livingtissuesand organs Protect against invasion byinfectiousorganisms Protect the body fromdehydration Protect the body againstabrupt changesintemperature, maintainhomeostasis Helpexcretewaste materials throughperspiration Act as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold (seeSomatosensory system) Protect the body againstsunburnsby secreting melanin Generatevitamin Dthrough exposure toultravioletlight Storewater,fat, glucose, andvitamin D Maintenance of the body form Formation of new cells from stratum germinativum to repair minor injuries Aid in physical examination as color of the skin may indicate many conditions e.g.it becomes

yellowish in jaundice

[edit] Diseases and injuries

Possible diseases and injuries to the human integumentary system include:

Rash Blister Athlete's foot Infection Sunburn Skin cancer Albinism Acne Herpes Cold Sores

Integumentary System Functions

The integumentary system functions consists of one of the most important functions, that is

protecting the delicate inner parts of the body from infection, dust, etc. There are many other

functions of integumentary system that help our body in many ways. In this article, you willlearn more in detail about the integumentary system functions.

The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, glands and nerves and among thesethe skin is the largest organ of the human body. Hair and nails are a part of skin extensions. You

may be aware that one of the main functions of the integumentary system is as a protectivebarrier, that keeps our body free from intrusion from foreign materials, microorganisms and

prevents dehydration. The integumentary system function also helps in elimination the waste

products and in the regulation of body temperature. Apart from this, there are many otherfunctions of the integumentary system and each organ involved in this system has its own

particular use. Thus, it has a major role in the maintenance of the internal body conditions, that
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is, homeostasis. This article aims to help you answer the question, what are the functions of the

integumentary system?

What are the Functions of the Integumentary System?

As mentioned above, the skin, hair, nails, glands and nerves have their own specific functions.Let us discuss the various integumentary system functions in detail by discussing each individual

organ. Let us begin with the integumentary system functions of the skin.

Diagram of Ingumentary System Organ ~Skin

Functions of Integumentary System

SkinThe skin is the most important organ of the body, as it protects the delicate organs of the body.

The skin is divided into three separate layers as follows:

Epidermis: This is the outermost layer of the skin that contains four separate layers ofepithelial tissue. The outer most layer is the stratum corneum that is about 2 to 30 cells

thick. These are keratinized and dead cells that make the skin waterproof! The second


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and third layer consists of the stratum granulosum and stratum lucidum, which contain

cells that are not keratinised as yet. As these skin grows, the cells are pushed outward andcome towards the surface. The last and the deepest layer of the epidermis is the stratum

germinativum. These cells are active mitotically and have the ability to reproduce, as

these cells are living, thus, making them the manufacturing center for growing skin.

Dermis: The dermis lies immediately after the epidermis. The dermis consist of its ownblood supply and thus contains many complex structures. The sweat glands are present in

this layer that collect waters and waste products from the blood stream. This waste is

excreted from the pores in the epidermis along with the water in form of sweat. The hairroots are also present in this layer that help in the growth of hair. When the hair reaches

outside the epidermis, the cells are completely dead. The connective tissue made of

collagen fibers are also found in the dermis that help give the skin elasticity and strength.

Subcutaneous Layer: The last layer of the skin containing the adipose tissues, carriesout the main functions of the integumentary system, that is, provision of cushioning the

delicate organs beneath the skin. The body temperature is also maintained within this

layer by insulating the body to the temperature fluctuations.

Functions of the SkinThe skin carries out the following main functions of the integumentary system.

Thermoregulation: The thermoregulation of the skin is carried out with the help ofevaporation of the sweat and regulation of the blood flow to the dermis.

Sensations: The cutaneous sensations like touch, pressure, vibration, pain, cold, hot, etc,are felt by the skin.

Protection: The protective barrier of the skin helps prevent diseases, infections,dehydration, etc.

Production of Vitamin D: The precursor present in the skin and UV rays, helps in theproduction of vitamin D, an important nutrient of the body.

Healing: When the epidermis breaks away due to a minor cut or burn, the cells on thelower layers of the skin migrate upwards as a sheet. When two ends of the sheet meet, the

cells stop growing due to a process called 'contact inhibition'. Thus, the epidermis is

sealed and the skin returns to normal. You can read more interesting information onskincareandskin disorders

HairYour lustrous hair have many other uses other than helping you try out different hair styles. The

hair, feathers, scales, etc. are all derived from the skin. In case of humans, the hair extends to the

surface from the hair roots or hair bulbs present in the dermis. The integumentary systemfunctions of the hair include protection and sensation to light touch. The hair is made of dead,

keratinized cells that are bound together with the extracellular proteins. The hair is divided into

the hair shaftthat is the superficial layer and the root that is in the dermis. The hair follicle is the

structure that surrounds the hair root. The oil glands present around the hair follicles help keepthe hair and the surrounding skin moist. It also acts as a protective organ involved in temperature

regulation. You can read more information onhair care.

Nails
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The nails, claws, horns are also structures that are derived from the skin. The nail is a highly

keratinized structure of modified epidermal cells. The nail bed gives rise to nails, that isthickened to form a lunula. The moon shaped structure that you observe at the base of your nails

is called the lunula. The integumentary system functions of the nails is to help in grasping and

holding things. The nails act as counter force and help increase the sensitivity of the fingertip.

You can read more onnail care

Glands and NervesThe skin gland like sebaceous glands secrete the oil coating for the hair shaft. When thesesebaceous glands become clogged with dirt and microorganisms, they become infected and cause

pimples or acne. The sweat glands that have an opening through the skin pores, help in excretion

of waste matters from the circulatory system. Another type of sweat gland that is connected tothe sympathetic nervous system,Eccrine glandis found all over the body. In the armpit and

groin areas, the apocrine glands are present. These are just another type of sweat glands that are

larger in size and the culprits along withbacteriathat produce 'body odor'. The complex network

of the nerves present all over the skin helps send and receive important impulses to and from the

brain, thus playing a vital role in sense of touch. You can read more onintegumentary systemorgansandintegumentary system diseases.

This is a little information about the various integumentary system functions. The main functions

of the integumentary system also involves interaction with the various otherhuman body

systems. It is also involved in the physiological processes like regulation of the internal bodyenvironment. I hope you have found some useful information on the integumentary system

functions in this article.

ByBatul Nafisa BaxamusaAds by Google

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PHYSIOTHERAPY

Physiotherapy, also referred to asphysical therapy, involves evaluating, diagnosing, and treating

a range of diseases, disorders, and disabilities using physical means. Practiced by

physiotherapists orphysical therapists, physiotherapy is considered within the realm of

conventional medicine. Though physiotherapy is typically practiced by physical therapists,certain tasks may be delegated to trained assistants or other types of health professionals.

Physiotherapy begins with an assessment of the patient's condition. This assessment typicallyincludes amedical historyreview and a physical examination. Often, the medical history review

is considered a subjective examination, while the physical exam is considered objective. Both

elements are important to successfully examining and treating the patient. The assessment stagemay, in some cases, involve diagnostic tests to better evaluate the patient's condition and develop

an effective treatment plan.
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Treatment is guided by the findings of the assessment. Based on the unique needs of the patient,

various physiotherapeutic treatment methods are employed. Such methods may includemusculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary, and integumentary physiotherapy techniques.

Physiotherapeutic treatment methods are constantly evolving as the field grows.

In addition to the physiotherapeutic methods used in treatment, physical therapists often providepatients with guidance regarding such things as walking devices andmobility aids. Good

physical therapists also work hard to help patients stay informed about their particular conditionsand the required treatments. Patienteducationis key to the success of physiotherapy.

RCH> Nursing Services > Allied Health >Physiotherapy

Search RC

What is Physiotherapy?

Physiotherapy

Physiotherapy is a clinical health science and profession that aims to rehabilitate and improvepeople with movement disorders by using evidence-based, natural methods such as exercise,

motivation, adapted equipment, education and advocacy.

Physiotherapists study medical science subjects such as anatomy, neuroscience and physiologyto develop skills and attitudes necessary for health education and prevention, diagnosis,

treatment and rehabilitation of patients with physical disorders and disabilities.

The physiotherapist works in health care systems in both hospitals and the community

All physiotherapists in Australia are required to be registered by law. Registration as aphysiotherapist is only possible after completion of a university degree in physiotherapy or

health sciences with a physiotherapy course

Physiotherapists, who are known as physical therapists in America, work all around the world.They are the experts in the examination and treatment of musculoskeletal, neuromuscular and

cardiothoracic problems that affect peoples abilities to move the way they want and function as

well as they want in their daily lives

What Is Physical Therapy (physiotherapy)?

What Does A Physical Therapist

(physiotherapist) Do?

Editor's Choice

Main Category:Rehabilitation / Physical Therapy

Article Date: 14 Aug 2009 - 0:00 PDT
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Physical therapy or physiotherapy (UK/Ireland/Australia) is a branch of rehabilitative medicine aimed at

helping patients maintain, recover or improve their physical abilities.

Physical therapists or physiotherapists (UK/Ireland/Australia) work with patients whose movements

may be undermined by aging, disease, environmental factors, or sporting hazards.

Physical therapy also means the treatment of any pain, disease, or injury by physical means.

According to Medilexicon'smedical dictionary, physical therapy is:

1. The treatment of pain, disease, or injury by physical means.

2. The profession concerned with promotion of health, with prevention of physical disabilities,

with evaluation and rehabilitation of persons disabled by pain, disease, or injury, and with

treatment by physical therapeutic measures as opposed to medical, surgical, or radiologic

measures.

A physical therapist seeks to identify and maximize quality of life and movement potential through

prevention, intervention (treatment), promotion, habilitation, and rehabilitation.

Habilitationmeans making somebody fit or capable of doing something.

Rehabilitationmeans making somebody fit or capable of doing something they can no longer do
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properly or at all, but used to be able to - i.e. restoring an ability or abilities.

Promotionmeans the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health.

Physical therapy is a clinical health science

Physical therapy is not alternative therapy. It is a clinical health science. Physical therapists studymedical science subjects, including anatomy, neuroscience and physiology in order to acquire the health

education needed for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, etc., of patients with physical

problems.

The physical therapist works in hospitals, GP (general practice, primary care medicine) practices, and the

community. In the vast majority of countries a physical therapist must be fully qualified and registered

by law. In order to become registered the physical therapist must have graduated with a university

degree in physical therapy or a health science university degree that included a physical therapy course.

A qualified physical therapist is an expert in the examination and treatment of people with

cardiothoracic, musculoskeletal and neuromuscular diseases; focusing on conditions and problems that

undermine patients' abilities to move and function effectively.

Physical therapy is based on science

According to the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, UK:

"Physiotherapy is science-based, committed to extending, applying, evaluating and reviewing the

evidence that underpins and informs its practice and delivery. The exercise of clinical judgment

and informed interpretation is at its core."

What does a physical therapist do?

According to the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, UK, physical therapists use their training and skills

to treat a wide range of physical problems linked to different systems in the body, including:

Neuromuscular systems - concerned with both nerves and muscles. Nerves include the brain,spine and nerves throughout the body. Neuromuscular refers to neuromuscular junction -

where nerves and muscle fibers meet, and also includes neuromuscular transmission - the

transfer of information, impulses, from the nerve to the muscle.

Musculoskeletal systems - an organ system that gives us the ability to move using our musclesand bones (muscular and skeletal systems). The musculoskeletal system gives us form,

movement and stability. The musculoskeletal system includes our bones, muscles, cartilage,

tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue.


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Cardiovascular systems - include the heart and the circulatory systems. The circulatory systemcarries nutrients and oxygen via blood vessels to the tissues of the body and removes waste and

carbon dioxide from them.

Respiratory systems - include organs that are involved in breathing, such as the lungs, bronchi,trachea, larynx, throat, and nose.

In many countries doctors increasingly refer their patients to physical therapists, which is resulting in

more and more patients going straight to the physical therapist without having first seen a doctor.

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The physical therapist works autonomously, usually as part of a team with other health care and social

care professionals.

Physical therapy is much more than just dealing with sports-related injuries

Below are some examples of diseases and conditions physical therapists treat, often as a result of a

doctor's referral:

Asthma - the physical therapist will interview the patient withasthma, listen to the chest with astethoscope, monitor how the patient breathes and how the chest moves, possibly test the

patient's breathing while exercising, and liaise with other healthcare professionals who treat the

patient. The physical therapist will help the patient learn how to breathe in a more relaxed way,

this may include breathing exercises, advice on physical activity, strategies to overcome and

manage wheezing and other symptoms linked to asthma - all of which significantly contribute

towards the patient's recovery.

Back pain - the physical therapist will examine the patient's back, determine how it is affectinghis/her life, and check some other aspects of the patient's health. The physical therapist may

perform manual therapy, help the patient learn how to manage the pain, what to do to speed

up recovery and prevent recurrence. The therapist will draw up a program which probably

includes exercise, tailored specifically to the patient's health, ability and fitness level.
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Cerebral palsy - the physical therapist, along with other healthcare professionals, is involved inhelping the child or adult achieve his/her potential for physical independence and fitness. The

therapist also liaises closely with the patients' caregivers or parents. If the patient is a child, the

physical therapist helps him/her and the parents/caregivers on how best to acquire skills which

improve independence.

Incontinence - physical therapy is vital for the rapid recovery of urinary continence of womenafter childbirth and men after certain surgical procedures on the prostate gland. Depending on

the patient's needs and physical health, this may involve pelvic floor exercises, advice on what

to eat and drink, electrical stimulation or biofeedback. Studies have shown that recovery of

urinary function after a radical prostatectomy (surgical removal of the prostate) is likely to be

much faster and better if the man sees a physical therapist.

Physical therapy is also very much an integral part of treatment for neck pain, whiplash,stroke,

osteoarthritis,osteoporosis, andmultiple sclerosis.

Five most common specialty areas of physical therapy

Orthopedic physical therapy

The orthopedic physical therapist treats injuries and disorders of the musculoskeletal system; this also

includes rehabilitation for post-orthopedic surgery patients. The therapist is a specialist in the treatment

of:

Post operative joints Sports injuries Arthritis Disease or injuries affecting muscles, bones, ligaments or tendons Amputations

Geriatric physical therapy

The focus here is on the older adult. The geriatric physical therapist is a specialist in the treatment of the

following:

Arthritis Osteoporosis Cancer Alzheimer's disease Hip replacement Joint replacement Balance problems Incontinence
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The main goal is to get the patient mobile again, pain management, and optimizing fitness levels, among

others.

Neurological physical therapy

The neurological physical therapist is specialized in treating patients with a neurological disorder or

disease. This may include patients with:

Alzheimer's disease Cerebral palsy Multiple sclerosis Paralysis Parkinson's disease Poor balance Spinal cord injury Stroke Vision impairment Walking difficulties

Cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation physical therapy

The specialist works with patients who have a disease or disorder of the heart, circulatory system, or

pulmonary system. The focus here is to improve the patient's endurance and physical independence.

Patients with pulmonary problems, such ascystic fibrosis, may need manual therapy to get fluid build-

up out of the lungs. The specialist commonly works with:

Patients recovering from aheart attack Those recovering from bypass surgery Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Patients with pulmonary fibrosis

Pediatric physical therapy

The pediatric physical therapist treats children with various diseases and disorders. The physical

therapist is also trained to diagnose health problems early on. Examples of patients may include children

with:

Spina bifida Cerebral palsy Torticollis

A brief breakdown of what a physical therapist does:

A physical therapist provides services that help..
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restore function improve mobility relieve pain prevent permanent disabilities limit permanent disabilities

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