Challenges and Changes Challenges and Changes in the Movementin the Movement

Chapter 21 Sec 3Chapter 21 Sec 3

I. African Americans Seek I. African Americans Seek Greater EqualityGreater Equality

A. Northern SegregationA. Northern Segregation 1. Problem was with 1. Problem was with de facto segregation de facto segregation

which is segregation that exists by practice which is segregation that exists by practice and custom.and custom.

2. 2. De facto segregation can be harder to fight De facto segregation can be harder to fight than de jure segregation, or segregation by law than de jure segregation, or segregation by law because it requires to changing people’s because it requires to changing people’s attitudes rather than laws.attitudes rather than laws.

3. Blacks lived in the slums in the inner city 3. Blacks lived in the slums in the inner city and whites had migrated to the suburbs.and whites had migrated to the suburbs.

II. New Leaders Voice II. New Leaders Voice DiscontentDiscontent

A. African American SolidarityA. African American Solidarity 1. Malcolm X spoke for the 1. Malcolm X spoke for the Nation of Islam, Nation of Islam, or Black or Black

MuslimsMuslims The leader of the Nation of Islam was Elijah MuhammadThe leader of the Nation of Islam was Elijah Muhammad

2. 2. Malcolm XMalcolm X preached that whites were the cause of preached that whites were the cause of the black condition and that blacks should separate from the black condition and that blacks should separate from white societywhite society..

3. He advocated armed defense.3. He advocated armed defense. 4. Malcolm changed his tune when he made a pilgrimage 4. Malcolm changed his tune when he made a pilgrimage

to Mecca and realized Islam preached racial equality.to Mecca and realized Islam preached racial equality. 5. He came back with a new slogan “ballots or bullets.”5. He came back with a new slogan “ballots or bullets.” 6. Malcolm was shot by a fellow Nation of Islam member 6. Malcolm was shot by a fellow Nation of Islam member

on Feb. 21, 1965.on Feb. 21, 1965.

Elijah MohammedElijah Mohammed

B. B. Black PowerBlack Power 1. Black Power was “a call for black 1. Black Power was “a call for black

people to define their own goals… and people to define their own goals… and to lead their own organizations.”to lead their own organizations.”

2. 2. Stokely Carmichael Stokely Carmichael coined the coined the idea/phrase of Black Power to focus on idea/phrase of Black Power to focus on developing African American pridedeveloping African American pride..

3. Scared many whites.3. Scared many whites.

Black Power Salute @ Olympics

C. C. Black PanthersBlack Panthers 1. Created by 1. Created by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in in

Oakland, CA in 1965.Oakland, CA in 1965. 2. They were organized to fight police brutality in the 2. They were organized to fight police brutality in the

ghettos. They also set up daycare centers, breakfast ghettos. They also set up daycare centers, breakfast programs, free clinics, etc.programs, free clinics, etc.

3. Believed blacks should be exempt from military 3. Believed blacks should be exempt from military service because an unfair number had fought in the service because an unfair number had fought in the Vietnam War.Vietnam War.

4. Had shootouts with police and were investigated by 4. Had shootouts with police and were investigated by the FBI, however, the group did help the poor and the FBI, however, the group did help the poor and homeless in the ghettos.homeless in the ghettos.

III. 1968-A Turning Point in Civil III. 1968-A Turning Point in Civil RightsRights

A. Kings Death and Robert Kennedy’s DeathA. Kings Death and Robert Kennedy’s Death 1. 1. King was shot by James Earl Gray while King was shot by James Earl Gray while

delivering a speech on April 3, 1968.delivering a speech on April 3, 1968. 2. Kennedy was scheduled to speak in a black 2. Kennedy was scheduled to speak in a black

area of Indianapolis and he pleaded with people area of Indianapolis and he pleaded with people to not riot.to not riot.

3. Despite his plea riots broke out in over 100 3. Despite his plea riots broke out in over 100 cities and in June of 1968 cities and in June of 1968 Kennedy was shot Kennedy was shot by a by a Jordanian immigrant angry over Kennedy’s Jordanian immigrant angry over Kennedy’s support of Israel.support of Israel.

IV. Legacy of the Civil Rights IV. Legacy of the Civil Rights MovementMovement

A. Kerner CommissionA. Kerner Commission 1. LBJ appointed the 1. LBJ appointed the Kerner Commission Kerner Commission

to investigate the reasons of the urban to investigate the reasons of the urban violence.violence.

The Kerner Commission reported that: The Kerner Commission reported that: One cause: white racismOne cause: white racism The country was moving toward 2 The country was moving toward 2

societies, one white, one black.societies, one white, one black.

B. B. Legacy of the Civil Rights Legacy of the Civil Rights MovementMovement 1. The 1. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 Civil Rights Act of 1968 ended ended

discrimination in housing.discrimination in housing. 2. Gave African Americans greater pride 2. Gave African Americans greater pride

in their racial identity.in their racial identity. 3. Made substantial political gains-2/3 of 3. Made substantial political gains-2/3 of

blacks were registered to vote.blacks were registered to vote. 4. de jure segregation was ended.4. de jure segregation was ended.

C. Unfinished WorkC. Unfinished Work 1. Challenges still include housing and job 1. Challenges still include housing and job

discrimination, educational inequality, discrimination, educational inequality, poverty, and racism.poverty, and racism.

2. Lack of jobs remain a problem.2. Lack of jobs remain a problem. 3. Blacks attend predominantly black 3. Blacks attend predominantly black

schools.schools. 4. 4. Affirmative Action Affirmative Action was triedwas tried

Programs that make special effort to hire or enroll Programs that make special effort to hire or enroll groups of people that have suffered discriminationgroups of people that have suffered discrimination

Criticized as “reverse discrimination”Criticized as “reverse discrimination”