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7/27/2019 Challenging the War System is Class 2011
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Challenging War and
Upholding IHL
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Board Talk: War
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From the German word werra which meansconfusion, discord or strife
Major armed conflict- a political conflict in
which armed fighting involves the armedforces of at least one state (or one or morearmed factions seeking to gain control of all orpart of the State) and in which 1,000 people
have been killed during the course of theconflict
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Classical or International- between states
Civil or Internal- between rival groups within aState
Note: There were 32 armed conflicts waged in 27 statesin 2005, 41% of which were in Africa and another
41% in Asia
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Territorial Disputes/Quest for independence orsovereignty
Sympathy for Kin/Intolerance for differences
Ideological or power struggles Deprivation and injustice
History of colonialism and decolonizationprocess
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Competition for resources
Human rights abuse
Desire to perpetuate ones self in power
Narrow/extreme nationalism
Competition to fill power vacuums
Availability of weapons
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Death- 75% of those ,killed in wars today arecivilians
Commitment of atrocities (e.g. sexual violence,
tortures, executions) IDPs and refugees
Proliferation of weapons
Holds back development
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Children soldiers
Loss of livelihoods
Destruction of property and environment
Disruption of schooling
Fear and trauma
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an act of assembling and putting into readinessthe armed forces for war or other emergency
Issues include: Military expenditures Weapons of mass destruction Proliferation of small arms/the arms
trade Human and environmental costs
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A. More than 400 billion dollars
B. More than 600 billion dollars
C. More than 800 billion dollars
D. More than 1 trillion dollars
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The worlds annual spending on military
programs is $1.04 trillion (Stockholm
International Peace Research Institute,2005)
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In 2005, the United States, withexpenditure of $455 billion, accounted for
almost half the global figure, more than thecombined total of the 32 next mostpowerful nations
(SIPRI,2005)
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A. 260
B. 26,000
C. 1900
D. 19,000
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The total number of identified nuclear weapons
in the world is 26,000.
(Source: NGO Committee on Disarmament, 2007)
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In 2001, 8 countries were known to have
nuclear stockpiles. Recently, North Korea
admitted to having nuclear weapons, too!That makes 9 Nuclear Club members.
(Source: The Penguin Atlas ofWar and Peace,2003)
Landmines, on the other hand, kill or maim2,000 people each year, most of whom arecivilians
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A. Ukraine
B. France
C. China
D. Taiwan
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The Top 10 Arms Exporters (1996-2000)
1. USA 47%
2. Russia 15%3. France 10%
4. UK 7%
5. Germany 5%
6. Netherlands 2%
7. Ukraine 2%
8. Italy 2%
9. China 1%
10. Belarus 1%
(Source: The Penguin Atlas ofWar and Peace,2003)
The 5 permanent members of the Security Counciltogether account for 88% of the worlds
conventional arms exports.
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A. China
B. India
C. Egypt
D. Kenya
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Whos Buying?
1. Taiwan 11.8%2. Saudi Arabia 8%3. Turkey 5.4%
4. South Korea 5.1%5. China 5%6. India 4%7. Egypt 3.5%
(Source: The Penguin Atlas ofWar and Peace,2003)
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A. One person a day
B. One person every hour
C. One person every minute
D. Ten people everyday
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INTERNATIONALHUMANITARIAN
LAW
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More civilians are being killed
Civilian casualties
WWI 5%
WWII 50%
1990s 80%
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More refugees/internally displaced people
By 1992, there were 17M refugees pushed bywar across the borders into foreign countries,
and 29M displaced and homeless.
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Most domestic wars involve unconventionalwarfare
Heightened proliferation of lethal weapons
Since WW2, cheap, mass-producedsmall-caliber weapons have killed more
people than traditional battlefield weaponry.
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Continuing use of rape as a weapon of war
Increasing involvement of children and womenas soldiers
At least 300,000 under the age of 18 areinvolved in hostilities, mostly 15-18 years oldbut recruitment starts at age 10.
In Ethiopia, 20%-30% of the rebel group arewomen.
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Profile of Child Soldiers Orphans Broken families Separated from parents
Poor and marginalized Come from conflict zones
Q6: Why Do Children Join Wars?
A. SurvivalB. To prove manhoodC. To avenge a deathD. All of the above
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The high cost of war on civilians stresses the needto advance international humanitarian law as astepping stone to decrease violence and build
lasting peace.
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Q7: IHL refers to international humanitarian rulesthat:
A. Protect people and property who are, or may
be, affected by the armed conflictB. Limit the methods and means of warfareemployed
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
law or armed conflict/rules of war
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Protection
Distinction
Limitation
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Q8: The ff are are protected except:
A. Non-combatants
B. Protected objects and places
C. Protective emblem
D. Military installations
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Q9: Who among the ff are non-combatants?
A. Civilian population (including journalists)
B. Persons/entities engaged in humanitarian work-medical and religious personnel
-medical units and transport
-relief societies and relief action
C. Incapacitated combatants (out of combat)-wounded and sick
-surrendered, detained, arrested, POWs
-shipwrecked/falling from aircrafts in distress
D. All of the above
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Fundamental Guarantees to Non-combatants
Humane treatment (collective punishment,forced movement, starvation, slavery not
allowed) Minimum standards during detention (right
to food and well-being, unnecessary exposureto danger, receive relief, practice religion)
Judicial guarantees (presumed innocent, rightto due process)
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What objects are protected?
Medical objects and infrastructure
Objects essential to life (farms, water, food)
Cultural and religious objects (monuments, artworks, places of worship)
Dangerous installations (dams, chemical andnuclear plants, electricity towers)
Demilitarized zones Protective emblems (e.g. red cross)
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Q10 What method or means of warfare isnot considered taboo?
A. Banned or restricted weapons
B. Attacks on non-military targets
C. Other acts or means that will lead tounnecessary suffering and grave destruction of
the environmentD. Small arms and light weapons
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Limitation on weapons considered indiscriminate
Banned:
Biological and chemical weapons
Anti-personnel landmines
Laser weapons causing blindness
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Limitations on indiscriminate attacks
Legitimate military targets:
Armed forces/combatants Military installations (camps, detachments,
checkpoints)
Objects that support specific military objectives
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While billions of dollars are spent
annually for military purposes, 2
million people die each yearbecause of poverty-related causes(Sivard).
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WORKSHOP
What can we do to challenge the war system onthe global, national and community levels?
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Sa inyong inimbak na mga balaAng mga uhaw bay makakainomSa inyong palagay, sa inyong akalaMabubusog ba ng punglo ang mga gutom
Mayron bang nagawa ang mga sandataUpang hanguin ang mga napinsala
Para saan ang pagsasanay at panataUpang takutin ang mga maralita
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Ang kailangay kalusugan, pagkain at pabahay
Suweldong makatarungan, marangal nahanapbuhay
Hindi isang digmaan at hindi dislokasyonAng sagot nila sa tao, militarisasyon
Itigil na, itigil na, militarisasyon
Tama na, tama na, militarisasyon.