Change by Design: Building Communities Through Participatory Design

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5'0'5\fpdsbf~ eais egm f`kjc}avjs

j f`kjc}avj fo }bj |fpdsbf~ |es }fsz~~fp} }bj êifke ]pzs}s‑ |fpd ag shzisj}}hjijg}s ag Geapfà egm mjvjhf~ }bjag}jlpe}jm cfiizga}q)hjm z~lpemaglij}bfmfhflq ps} mjvjhf~jm egm }js}jm ag}bj ESO @pe{ah |fpdsbf~'

j |fpdsbf~ bem }bj ofhhf|agl eais;

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egm ec}ava}ajs

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j mpjeiagl jrjpcasj |a}b pjsamjg}s

pjvjehjm e s}pfgl mjsapj }f zsj }bj pavjpsamjes e cfiizga}q epje }be} ceg sjpvj }bj |bfhj gjalb`fzpbffm' Szcb e cfiizga}q epje |fzhm amjehhq bevj z~lpemjm iepdj}oecaha}ajs eccfi~egajm `q gegcaehijcbegasis }be} ceg jge`hj f}bjps }f s}ep}`zsagjssjs ag }bj epje'

Hadj|asj( pjsamjg}s jr~pjssjm }bjap |asb

}f bevj ehhf}ijg}s }be} ceg `j iegeljmcfhhjc}avjhq egm ~pf~jphq mjsalge}jm lpjjgepjes }be} emzh}s egm cbahmpjg cfzhm zsj ofphjaszpj ec}ava}ajs' jq ehsf ijg}afgjm }bjgjjm ofp eg j jc}avj èppajp ijcbegasi }fs}f~ fp pjmzcj }bj ffmagl opfi }bj pavjp'

Pjsamjg}s ehsf agmace}jm }bjq |eg}cfiizga}q oecaha}ajs ag }bj epje( ofp

jrei~hj e cfiizga}q behh }be} }bjgjalb`fzpbffm ceg zsj ofp ma jpjg}ec}ava}ajs( js~jcaehhq cbahmpjg egm qfz}b'

as ag }bjap f~agafg( |fzhm e}}pec} ifpj~jf~hj }f }bj pavjpsamj egm }bjpjofpje}}pec} czs}fijps }f }bj iepdj}' Fvjpehh(ehh pjsamjg}s jr~pjssjm }bjap mjsapj }f iedj}bj pavjpsamj e }bpavagl epje |a}b ma jpjg}

cfiizga}q oecaha}ajs egm ec}ava}ajs( egmag }bas |eq }f ehsf }ecdhj }bj gjle}avj~jpcj~}afgs }be} czppjg}hq ~pjveah e`fz}}bj pavjpsamj'

jalb}q)}|f egm jalb}q)ofzp

Pjsamjg}s |asb }f scehj)z~ }bj jras}agl zpègelpaczh}zpj aga}ae}avjs `q cpje}agl ifpj ehhf})ijg}s }be} ceg `j iegeljm cfhhjc}avjhq egm

sjpvj }bj |bfhj cfiizga}q

jalb}q)}bpjj

j iepdj} |es ijg}afgjm es eg f~~fp}zga}q ofp mavjpsaoqagl havjhabffm s}pe}jlajs |a}bag}bj sj}}hjijg}( ~pfvamjm }be} }bj oecaha}ajs epjz~lpemjm egm gegcaeh ijcbegasis epj ~z} ag

~hecj }f s}ep} `zsagjssjs ag }bj epje'



25

jalb}q)}|f

jalb}q)ofzp

jalb}q)}bpjj



20

@FR OA_J Jha{e`j}b ) cfiizga}q gj}|fpds egm agljgza}q

Jha{e`j}b |es fgj fo }bj ps} |fijg |j ij} ag Iesbaifga egm a}‑s gf} szp~pasagl }be}

sbj as e |jhh)dgf|g iji`jp fo }bj cfiizga}q( cfgsamjpagl bjp ec}avj agvfhvjijg} agcfiizga}q lpfz~s egm }bj agljgza}q sbj ji`jms ag bjp iegq jgmjevfzps' Jha{e`j}bifvjm }f Iesbaifga ag 511=' Sbj as eg ec}avj iji`jp fo sjvjpeh cfiizga}q lpfz~s(agchzmagl }bj Izzglegf sevagls lpfz~( }bj Iepdj} lpfz~( }bj Cbegmega Lpfz~ "zpègelpaczh}zpj! egm }bj Cfiizga}q Chjegagl Sjpvacjs "CCS!'

Sbj bes bem e iepdj} s}ehh }bj jg}apj }aij sbj bes havjm ag }bj epje `z} ~jpbe~s sbj asifpj |jhh dgf|g ofp bjp pjiepde`hj |fpd ag }bj ehhf}ijg}s e} }bj pavjpsamj' Sbj |es}peagjm `q }bj GLF Sfhamepa}j( }be} }ezlb} bjp elpaczh}zpeh }jcbgauzjs( s~jcacehhq fg

bf| }f lpf| vjlj}e`hjs ag secds egm mapjc}hq ag}f }bj sfah' Sbj }bjg }pegsojppjm bjp sdahhsegm dgf|hjmlj }f f}bjp iji`jps fo }bj cfiizga}q( agchzmagl }bj Cbegmega Lpfz~( |bacb gf| bes a}s f|g cfiizga}q lepmjg'

Jha{e`j}b ~pfzmhq jr~heagjm }bj }jcbgauzjs sbj zsjs }f appale}j( lpf|( egm bepvjs} bjpai~pjssavj vepaj}q fo cpf~s( |bacb agchzmj fgafgs( szlep cegj( cfpg( |e}jpijhfgs(~zi~dags( ~heg}eags egm e |amj peglj fo hjlzijs }q~acehhq zsjm ag Djgqeg offm' Sbjbes `jjg lpf|agl vjlj}e`hjs ofp }|f qjeps gf|( |bacb sbj zszehhq zsjs ofp bjp f|gcfgszi~}afg' \bjg }bjpj as eg jrcjss( sbj ehsf sjhhs }f f}bjps }f bevj eg eh}jpge}avjagcfij'

Jha{e`j}b as ehsf agvfhvjm ag }bj iegeljijg} fo }bj cfiizga}q }fahj}s ag }bj pavjpsamj'Fgj fo bjp s}pe}jlajs }f ai~pfvj }bj }fahj}s bes jjg }f ~hecj ~hes}ac pjsjpvfaps |a}b |e}jpag eg emkecjg} }pjj ag fpmjp }f jgcfzpelj `j}}jp bqlajgac ~pec}acjs eifgl }bj zsjps'

Mjs~a}j bjp szccjss( Jha{e`j}b ehsf oecjs iegq cbehhjgljs' Ofp jrei~hj( sbj gf}jm bf| }bj cfg}eiage}afg pfzlb} q }bj sj|elj egm lepèlj mzi~agl ag }bj pavjpsamj sjpafzshq }bpje}jgs bjp ehhf}ijg}s' Hadj|asj( |bjgjvjp }bj pavjp ffms }bj epje( sbj hfsjs ehh bjp

cpf~s egm bes }f s}ep} }bj ~pfcjss ehh fvjp eleag'Ag }bj mpjeiagl jrjpcasj( sbj jr~pjssjm bjp mjsapj }f bevj e ~pf~jp mzi~sa}j( hfce}jme|eq opfi }bj pavjpsamj egm }bj bfzsjs( |bjpj ~jf~hj cfzhm mas~fsj ~pf~jphq fo }bjaplepèlj' Sbj ehsf |asbjm }bj pavjp |es chjeg sf sbj cfzhm zsj a} }f appale}j bjp cpf~s'Oagehhq( sbj jgvasafgjm }bj pavjpsamj es lpjjg s~ecj |a}b e ~pf~jp èppajp ofp }bj pavjp( |bjpj }bj cbahmpjg cfzhm ~heq egm pjem seojhq egm ag ~jecj'

Jha{e`j}b as eg jrei~hj fo }bj agljgza}q egm mavjpsj havjhabffm s}pe}jlajs iegq fo }bjpjsamjg}s zsj ag fpmjp }f ai~pfvj }bjap haoj' @q `jagl agvfhvjm ag iegq cfiizga}q lpfz~s

sbj bes ai~pfvjm egm mavjpsajm bjp sdahhs( es |jhh es jr~egmjm bjp gj}|fpds egm sz~~fp}èsj |a}bag }bj cfiizga}q'pfzlb bjp ec}ava}ajs sbj bes ehsf jjg ec}avj ag sbepagl bjpdgf|hjmlj eifgl bjp gj}|fpds bevagl e àlljp ai~ec} fg bjp f|g cfiizga}q'



23

jalb}q)sjvjgjalb}q) vj

jalb}q)jalb}

jalb}q)sar



2=

3'3'= Djq asszj ) Sega}e}afg egm lepèlj

Sj|elj

j ifijg} qfz eppavj ag Iesbaifga(}bj hecd fp ~ffp cfgma}afg fo sega}e}afgagopes}pzc}zpj as jvamjg} egm iegaojs}jmag ehifs} jvjpq s~ecj fo }bj sj}}hjijg}(bevagl e sz`s}eg}aeh ai~ec} fg }bjjvjpqmeq ec}ava}ajs fo a}s pjsamjg}s'

Ag Iesbaifga ehh fo }bj sj|elj as mpeagjm`q }pjgcbjs( |bacb ag ifs} cesjs epj mzlegm ieag}eagjm `q cfiizga}q iji`jps'j }pjgcbjs pzg ljgjpehhq f~jg( `paglaglsj|elj egm lepèlj opfi es oep es }bj Eap Ofpcj lpfzgms ecpfss Kzke Pfem' jsj|elj pzgs mf|gbahh opfi }bj }f~ fo }bjepje }f }bj cha oecj egm }bjg mf|g }f }bjpavjp( ~fhhz}agl }bj siehh cfppamfps ag opfg}

fo }bj bfzsjs egm }bj pavjpsamj'

pfzlb fzp jrjpcasjs a} `jceij chjep}be} |fijg epj ~ep}aczhephq e jc}jm`q }bj sj|elj( es }bjq opjuzjg}hq zsjegm e~~pf~pae}j }bj ag}jpgeh cfppamfps)}bpfzlb |bacb }bj sj|elj zszehhq pzgs}bpfzlb) ofp vepafzs bfij egm sfcaehec}ava}ajs( agchzmagl |esbagl chf}bjs(

cffdagl egm cbe}}agl |a}b gjalb`fzps'Ofp jrei~hj( mzj }f }bj hecd fo s~ecjagsamj }bjap bfzsjs( |fijg epj ofpcjm }f`zahm siehh ~he}ofpis iemj fz} fo }ai`jpmapjc}hq e`fvj }bj sj|elj es e |eq }fjr}jgm }bjap havagl s~ecj' A} as bjpj |bjpjoffm ~pj~epe}afg( cffdagl egm |esbagl

zszehhq }edjs ~hecj( bjgcj }bjsj peglj fo meahq ec}ava}ajs epj eh|eqs eccfi~egajm

`q

ajs( pzggagl sj|elj egm }bj fmfzpcfiagl opfi }bj f~jg }pjgcbjs' as~pjcepafzs sa}ze}afg ~fsjs e sjpafzs }bpje}}f }bj bjeh}b fo }bj |fijg zsagl }bjsjs~ecjs egm }bjap oeiahajs( salgaceg}hq pjmzcagl }bjap uzeha}q fo haoj' j asszjs |a}b f~jg sj|elj ehsf vepajs eccfpmagl }fsjesfgs' \bahj ag }bj mpq sjesfg( |fijgseam }f `j e jc}jm `q ajs egm fmfzps

cfiagl opfi }bj sj|elj4 }bj |j} sjesfg`pagls }bj pasd fo ffmagl( |bacb zszehhq fcczps |bjg }pjgcbjs lj}s chflljm `q |e}jp s}pjeis egm lepèlj egm }bj sj|eljs~ahhs ag}f }bj gjalb`fzpagl bfzsjs'

Gfgj}bjhjss( |a}bag }bas cfg}jr}( sfijfo }bj pjsamjg}s iegelj }f ai~pfvj }bjap`zah} jgvapfgijg} egm pjmzcj sfij fo }bj bjeh}b ai~ec}s `q zsagl ma jpjg}cf~agl s}pe}jlajs' jsj agchzmj }bj zsj fo }ai`jp }f cfvjp }bj }pjgcbjs egm `zahmaglcfgcpj}j ma}cbjs }f j jc}avjhq cbeggjh}bj sj|elj egm evfam ffmagl' Bf|jvjp(}bjsj s}pe}jlajs( s~jcaehhq }bj he}}jp( mfai~hq e sz`s}eg}aeh agvjs}ijg} }be} iegq oeiahajs ceggf} e fpm'

jalb}q)gagj ” gagj}q)}bpjj j hecd fo( egm ~ffp cfgma}afg fo sega}e}afgagopes}pzc}zpj as chjephq jvamjg} ag Iesbaifga'Sj|jpelj as mpeagjm `q }pjgcbjs hjemagl mf|g}f }bj pavjp' Mzj }f e hecd fo s~ecj pjsamjg}s epjofpcjm }f e~~pf~pae}j }bjsj s~ecjs }f zgmjp}edj

}bjap meahq mfijs}ac ec}ava}ajs



2:

jalb}q)gagj

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gagj}q

gagj}q)fgj gagj}q)}bpjj



2?

]fahj}s

j iekfpa}q fo bfzsjbfhms ag Iesbaifga

hecd ag)bfzsj }fahj}s( ofpcagl oeiahajs }fzsj cfiizga}q oecaha}ajs egm ag sfijcesjs f~jg mjojce}afg fp ‒qagl }fahj}s‑'j hfce}afg egm zsj fo }bjsj oecaha}ajsegm }bjap s~e}aeh ai~ec} ag }bj sj}}hjijg}bes `jjg }bfpfzlbhq ie~~jm `q }bj }jeifo Ie~ Ie}bepj( bjgcj |j |eg}jm }fjr~hfpj |be} |jpj }bj ai~hace}afgs ofp }bj

jvjpqmeq haoj fo pjsamjg}s ag Iesbaifga'jpj epj sjvjpeh cfiizga}q }fahj}s ag}bj sj}}hjijg}( |bacb epj pzg `q ma jpjg}}q~js fo fplegase}afgs fp agmavamzehs(agchzmagl cbzpcbjs( scbffhs( qfz}b lpfz~segm cfiizga}q)èsjm fplegase}afgs' Agfpmjp }f zsj }bjsj }fahj}s( e ~jpsfg gjjms}f ~eq e} hjes} }bpjj sbahhagls ~jp vasa}(

iedagl a} zge fpme`hj ofp iegq pjsamjg}s(js~jcaehhq heplj oeiahajs' Ag emma}afg( }bjves} iekfpa}q fo }bjsj }fahj}s epj chfsjm e}galb}( opfi 1~i }f ?ei( ofpcagl ~jf~hj}f zsj qagl }fahj}s fp f~jg mjojce}afgsa}js e} he}j bfzps fo }bj galb}' as bessjvjpeh gjle}avj cfggf}e}afgs( agchzmaglbjeh}b pasds egm seoj}q asszjs' \fijg egmcbahmpjg epj ~ep}aczhephq e jc}jm( es }bjq jr~pjssjm }bjap cfgcjpg fg }bj megljps}bjq oecj |bjg zsagl }bjsj sa}js mzpagl }bjgalb}( s~jcaehhq ag ~ffphq)ha} epjes'

jpj epj }bpjj }q~js fo cfiizga}q }fahj}s ag Iesbaifga agchzmagl hfglmpf~s mapjc}hq fvjp }bj sj|elj }pjgcbjs(

~a} he}pagjs egm àfles' j ves} iekfpa}q fo }bjsj }fahj}s epj ~ffphq mjsalgjm( |a}b

gf emjuze}j ~pfvasafg ofp cbahmpjg( gfsj~epe}afg `j}|jjg ijg egm |fijg egmgf begm)|esbagl oecaha}ajs' as sa}ze}afge jc}s }bj ~pavecq egm seoj}q fo }bj zsjps(js~jcaehhq |fijg egm cbahmpjg' A} ehsfagcpjesjs }bj pasd fo ahhgjssjs pjhe}jm }f~ffp bqlajgac ~pec}acjs'

Bf|jvjp( }bjpj epj jrcj~}afgs |bjpj

}fahj}s bevj `jagl mjsalgjm ag e ifpjzsjp)opajgmhq |eq( f jpagl sj~epe}jjg}pegcjs egm |esbagl oecaha}ajs' Ag f}bjpcesjs( }bj pjsamjg}s‑ agljgza}q bes ~heqjmeg ai~fp}eg} pfhj ag ai~pfvagl sfij fo }bjsj oecaha}ajs' Ofp jrei~hj( }bj ~jf~hjiegelagl }bj pavjpsamj }fahj}s bevj ~hecjm~hes}ac cfg}eagjps |a}b |e}jp beglaglopfi emkecjg} }pjjs( |bjpj ~jf~hj ceg |esb }bjap begms ~pf~jphq eo}jp zsagl }bj}fahj}s' "lzpj gagj}q)ofzp!

^ffp ieag}jgegcj fo }bj cfiizga}q }fahj}s as ehsf e djq asszj' Ag fzp vasa}}f sjvjpeh oecaha}ajs |j ofzgm fz} }be}ieag}jgegcj s}pe}jlajs vepq |amjhq'Sfij fo }bj }fahj}s epj ieag}eagjm`q agmavamzehs( cfiizga}q)èsjmfplegase}afgs fp jg}jp~pasjs( egm ag sfijcesjs( }bj ieag}jgegcj as hjo} }f }bj seijzsjps' E gzi`jp fo }bjsj ~pec}acjs pjieagzgpjlzhe}jm "js~jcaehhq ag }bj }fahj}s}be} epj pzg `q agmavamzehs!' jpjofpj(eh}bfzlb zsagl }bjsj }fahj}s cfijs e} elpje} cfs} }f oeiahajs( }bas mfjsg‑} lzepeg}jj



2<

emjuze}j bqlajgac cfgma}afgs' Egf}bjpf`s}echj ofp }bj emjuze}j ieag}jgegcj

fo }bjsj oecaha}ajs as }bj hecd fp s~fpemac~pfvasafg fo |e}jp( |bacb lpje}hq ai~jmjse pjlzhep chjegagl egm }bjpjofpj jr~fsjsa}s zsjps egm }bj gjalb`fzpagl bfzsjs }fbzieg |es}j( ajs egm fmfzp' as e jc}sifs}hq }bj }fahj}s pzg q agmavamzehs( es }bjcbzpcbjs( scbffhs egm qfz}b fplegase}afgs}jgm }f bevj e |e}jp }egd }be} lzepeg}jjs eoeaphq pjlzhep ~pfvasafg ofp chjegagl'

gagj}q)ofzp E gj| cfiizga}q }fahj} `zah} ag }bj pavjpsamj

}be} as iegeljm `q }bj zsjps'

gagj}q) vj j ]|e|j{e cfiizga}q }fahj} as egm jrei~hjfo e szccjssozh cfiizga}q)pzg oecaha}q' Es |jhhes `jagl |jhh)mjsalgjm egm z}ahasagl àf)lesoecaha}ajs j jc}avjhq( a} f~jpe}js ehhf}ijg}s egme izh}a)~zp~fsj s~ecj }be} ceg `j zsjm `q }bjcfiizga}q es |jhh' A} chjephq cfg}pes}s f}bjp

zg)ai~pfvjm }fahj}s "lzpj gagj}q)sar!

gagj}q)ofzp

gagj}q)sar gagj}q) vj



22

@FR SAR Ege egm }bj j jc}s fo ~ffp agopes}pzc}zpj ag bjp meahq haoj

Ege bes `jjg e pjsamjg} fo Iesbaifga ofp sjvjpeh qjeps' Sbj czppjg}hq pjg}s e s}pzc}zpjag fgj fo }bj ag}jpafp cfppamfps egm z~~jp sjc}afgs fo }bj sj}}hjijg}( dgf|g `q sfijes chzs}jp ‒@‑' Sbj ehsf pjg}s e siehh dafsd ag opfg} fo bjp bfzsj |bjpj sbj sjhhs bfijsz~~hajs' Ege‑s jr~jpajgcj fo Iesbaifga bes eh|eqs `jjg iepdjm `q }bj ~ffp cfgma}afgfo sega}e}afg' Sbj zsjm }f havj ag }bj hf|jp sjc}afg fo }bj sj}}hjijg}( `z} }bj cfgs}eg}ffmagl fo bjp bfzsj( cezsjm q chflljm sj|eljs( ofpcjm bjp }f ifvj }f eg z~~jp sjc}afgfo }bj gjalb`fzpbffm'

Czppjg}hq( bjp bfzsj s}egms palb} ag opfg} fo fgj fo }bj ieag sj|eljs pzggagl mf|g }bj

bahh egm emkecjg} }f e cfiizga}q }fahj} egm e |e}jp ~fag}' Ag e |eq( sbj cfgsamjps bjpsjho hzcdq }f gf} `j sz`kjc}jm }f pjlzhep ffmagl egm }f bevj e }fahj} sf chfsj }f bjp bfzsj'Bf|jvjp sbj cfg}agzjs }f oecj sjvjpeh cbehhjgljs |a}b }bj oecaha}ajs sbj bes eccjss }f egm}bj s~jcac hfce}afg sbj iegeljm }f sjczpj ofp bjp bfzsj'

Sbj czppjg}hq ~eqs DSB 3 jvjpq }aij sbj zsjs }bj }fahj}s( |bacb epj peg `q e ~pave}jf|gjp' j }fahj}s epj gf} |jhh)ieag}eagjm egm }bj chajg}s bevj }bj pjs~fgsaàha}q }fchjeg }bji eo}jp jvjpq zsj `q zsagl }bj |e}jp ~fag} hfce}jm gjep`q' Ag iegq fccesafgs}bas mfjs gf} be~~jg egm }bj }fahj}s pjieag zgdj~}' Ifpjfvjp( }bj |e}jp ~fag} mfjs gf}

f

jp e pjlzhep ~pfvasafg( egm ag sfij cesjs |e}jp scepca}q jr}jgms }f sjvjpeh meqs( |bacbpjszh}s ag ~ffphq ieag}eagjm }fahj}s }be} cfg}eiage}j }bj vacaga}q( agchzmagl Ege‑s bfzsj( |a}b ajs egm fmfzps'

j f~jg }pjgcb ag opfg} fo bjp bfzsj egm dafsd ehsf ~fsjs e sjpafzs }bpje} }f bjp egm bjpoeiahq‑s bjeh}b es a} ceppajs sj|elj opfi z~ }bj bahh egm bzieg |es}j opfi }bj hfgl)mpf~}fahj}s gjep`q' Sbj s~jgms ifs} fo bjp }aij ag bjp dafsd sjhhagl }f chajg}s fp ag bjp bfzsjmfagl bfzsj cbfpjs' Bjgcj sbj as cfgs}eg}hq sz`kjc}jm }f }bj fmfzp egm ajs cfiaglofpi }bj sj|elj' Sbj jr~pjssjm bf| }bj sa}ze}afg |fpsjgs mzpagl }bj mpq sjesfg( es ajs

~pfhaojpe}j egm agojs} bjp bfzsj' Sbj as ehsf ag cfgs}eg} ojep ofp bjp cbahmpjg( es }bjq cegoehh ag}f }bj }pjgcbjs egm bzp} }bjisjhvjs'

\a}bag }bas cfg}jr}( as gf} szp~pasagl }be} Ege cfgsamjps }bj hecd fo ~pf~jp }fahj}oecaha}ajs( }bj ~ffp sega}e}afg agopes}pzc}zpj( egm }bj maczh}q }f lj} pam fo lepèlj es }bjdjq asszjs e jc}agl Iesbaifga egm bjp meahq haoj' Sbj as vjpq zgbe~~q |a}b }fahj}s `jaglchfsjm mzpagl }bj galb}( es }bas ofpcjs ~jf~hj }f zsj qagl }fahj}s opfi 1~i }f ?ei' Sbjehsf essjp}s }be} }fahj}s cfzhm `j dj~} ag izcb `j}}jp cfgma}afgs `q }bj zsjps'

Ege jr~pjssjm bjp mjsapj }f pzg e }fahj} oecaha}q ofp e havagl( ao a} |es cfhhjc}avjhq f|gjm

`q }bj cfiizga}q' Sbj `jhajvjs }be} czppjg} ~pf`hjis pjhe}jm }f }fahj}s epj cezsjm `q ~pave}j( `zsagjss)pjhe}jm f|gjpsba~' Sbj s}e}js }be} cfiizga}q iji`jps sbfzhm lj}}flj}bjp }f f~jg egm pzg gj| }fahj}s( es |jhh es }f djj~ }bj sj|elj }pjgcbjs chjeg'



21

gagj}q)sjvjg

gagj}q)jalb}



Lepèlj

Czppjg}hq }bjpj as gf fcaeh mzi~agl sa}j

ofp lepèlj ag Iesbaifga' jpj as ehsfgf pjlzhep lepèlj cfhhjc}afg `q }bj Ca}q Cfzgcah' Ifs} ~jf~hj }bpf| }bjap |es}jja}bjp ag}f }bj sj|elj }pjgcbjs fp }edj a}mf|g }f }bj pavjp fp }f }bj mzi~sa}j ag}bj pavjpsamj'

jpj epj iegq cfiizga}q)èsjmfplegase}afgs egm qfz}b lpfz~s |bacb

cfhhjc} agmavamzeh bfzsjbfhm‑s |es}j ofpDSB 5> ~jp |jjd' jq ehsf pjifvj }bj |es}j opfi }bj sj|elj }pjgcbjs egm opfisfij fo }bj agofpieh mzi~sa}js epfzgm}bj gjalb`fzpbffm' jq cfhhjc}( sfp} egmpjcqchj |be} }bjq ceg' Aga}aehhq( }bj |es}j |fzhm `j cfhhjc}jm egm mas~fsjm ag KzkePfem' Bf|jvjp( }bas ~pec}acj as czppjg}hq

~jgehasjm `q }bj Ca}q Cfzgcah'

as ofpcjs}bj chjegagl lpfz~s }f mzi~ }bj |es}jag}f }bj pavjp'

j Ca}q Cfzgcah‑s lepèlj }pzcd cegcfhhjc} }bj |es}j `z} }bas cfijs e} e~pacj "`j}|jjg DSB 5(>>>)3(>>> ~jphfem! }be} as zszehhq zge fpme`hj ofp`f}b }bj pjsamjg}s egm }bj fplegasjm

chjegagl lpfz~s' Es mfczijg}jm ag }bj~pjvafzs sjc}afg fg cbahmpjg‑s jr~jpajgcjfo }bj gjalb`fzpbffm( lepèlj sjpafzshq e jc}s }bj uzeha}q fo haoj egm }bj jvjpqmeq ec}ava}ajs fo }bj pjsamjg}s'

Ifpjfvjp( }bj asszj |a}b lepèlj asmjj~hq)cfggjc}jm }f }bj hecd fo ~pf~jp

gagj}q)gagj

fgj)bzgmpjm



j qfz}b lpfz~s epj e chjep jrei~hj fo cfhhjc}avjec}afg egm jg}pj~pjgjzpsba~ ofp }bj `jgj} fo }bj cfiizga}q' Egm eh}bfzlb }bjq oecj iegq

cbehhjgljs( }bjq epj |jhh fplegasjm egm pjlzhephq cfhhe`fpe}j |a}b f}bjp lpfz~s |a}bag Ie}bepj

sega}e}afg agopes}pzc}zpj es a} cezsjssj|elj }f chfl egm ffm gjalb`fzpagl

bfzsjs egm cfiizgeh s~ecjs' Sfijpjsamjg}s egm pj~pjsjg}e}avjs fo }bjchjegagl lpfz~s ehsf jr~pjssjm bf| }bjhecd fo e|epjgjss |a}bag }bj cfiizga}q sjpafzshq bagmjps }bj aga}ae}avjs }be} }pq }fmjeh |a}b }bas asszj' jq ehsf gf}jm bf| }bj asszj as balbhq cfi~hjr egm ag fpmjp }f`j }ecdhjm a} pjuzapjs }bj ec}avj maehflzjegm ~ep}aca~e}afg fo }bj pjsamjg}s( }bj

cfiizga}q lpfz~s egm }bj Ca}q Cfzgcah'

Gfgj}bjhjss( }bjpj jras}s iegq f~~fp}zga}ajs ofp cbeglj |a}b pjs~jc}}f lepèlj' j qfz}b lpfz~s epj echjep jrei~hj fo cfhhjc}avj ec}afg egmjg}pj~pjgjzpsba~ ofp }bj `jgj} fo }bjcfiizga}q' Egm eh}bfzlb }bjq oecj iegq cbehhjgljs( }bjq epj |jhh fplegasjm egmpjlzhephq cfhhe`fpe}j |a}b f}bjp lpfz~s |a}bag Ie}bepj' Sfij fo }bji ehsf e}}jgmpjlzhep ijj}agls |a}b }bj Ca}q Cfzgcahag fpmjp }f gjlf}ae}j e ojesa`hj lepèljcfhhjc}afg ijcbegasi' jq ehsf fplegasj}bjisjhvjs ofp }bj ‘Chjegagl Meq’( egec}ava}q }be} as fplegasjm jvjpq ifg}b(`paglagl }flj}bjp sjvjpeh qfz}b lpfz~s }f

chjeg }bj mzi~sa}js egm sj|elj }pjgcbjsag Ie}bepj( agchzmagl Iesbaifga "sjj@fr <!'

\e}jp as egf}bjp djq asszj e jc}agl }bjgjalb`fzpbffm( bf|jvjp èsjm fg fzpmaelgfsas ~pfcjss( a} |es mjcamjm }f ~z}ifpj ji~besas fg }bj asszjs jr~heagjm



10

e`fvj pjhe}agl }f lepèlj' Gfgj}bjhjss(}bj ofhhf|agl oec}s gjjm }f `j ijg}afgjm |a}b pjlepms }f |e}jp ~pfvasafg egmagopes}pzc}zpj'jpj as gf fcaeh ~pfvasafgfo |e}jp ag Iesbaifga' \e}jp as ifs}hq ~pfvamjm `q e heplj gzi`jp fo ~pave}j

vjgmfps }bpfzlbfz} }bj cfiizga}q' A}cfs}s e~~pfraie}jhq }|f sbahhagls ofp 0>ha}pjs ag }aijs fo emjuze}j |e}jp sz~~hq'as ceg agcpjesj sz`s}eg}aehhq |bjg }bjpjepj |e}jp sbfp}eljs'

jpj epj ehsf siehh `zsagjssjs |bacbcfhhjc} }bj |e}jp opfi }bj sjhhagl ~fag}segm mas}pa`z}j a} mffp }f mffp ofp eg

emma}afgeh cfs}' Mzpagl fzp agvjs}ale}afg |j gf}acjm e gzi`jp fo gj| |e}jp ~a~js`jagl ags}ehhjm `q Geapfà \e}jp egm}bjpj epj }|f |e}jp dafsds `jagl ags}ehhjmehfgl Iez Iez pfem |bacb |ahh bf~jozhhq s}eàhasj |e}jp sz~~hq egm iagaiasjcfi~j}a}afg `j}|jjg vjgmfps es }bjsz~~hq |ahh bf~jozhhq `j ifpj cfgsas}jg}'

A} |ahh cfs} jecb bfzsjbfhm e DSB 0:>>sbahhagls mj~fsa} ofp cfggjc}agl }f }bassz~~hq ~hzs e ozp}bjp DSB 0:>> sbahhaglsofp e |e}jp ij}jp' Eccfpmagl }f fzpcfgvjpse}afgs |a}b }bj pjsamjg}s( }bas ~pacjas balbhq zge fpme`hj ofp }bj iekfpa}q fo

}bj oeiahajs( bjgcj ~jf~hj s}ahh pjsfp} }f`zq |e}jp opfi }bj ~pave}j vjgmfps'

as ~pec}acj ehsf pjuzapjs e sz`s}eg}aehagvjs}ijg} fo }aij ag fpmjp }f oj}cb }bj |e}jp opfi }bj sjhhagl ~fag}' @esjm fg fzpgmagls( a} as ifs}hq |fijg egm cbahmpjg}be} zgmjp}edj }bas }esd' as agvfhvjsceppqagl |e}jp sjvjpeh }aijs e meq egm ag

sfij cesjs opfi e cfgsamjpe`hj mas}egcj'Ag }aijs fo scepca}q( |fijg egm cbahmpjggjjm }f }pevjh }f gjalb`fzpagl sj}}hjijg}sag fpmjp }f eccjss ~f}e`hj |e}jp' Ifpjfvjp(}aij as gf} fghq agvjs}jm ag ceppqagl }bj |e}jp `z} ehsf uzjzagl es a} }bj sjhhagl~fag} epj ljgjpehhq vjpq cpf|mjm'

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)fgj



13

@FR SJ_JG Jm|epm egm Seizjh ) Qfz}b jg}pj~pjgjzpsba~ egm cfiizga}q s~apa}

Jm|epm as 0= qjeps fhm egm bj as ofzgmjp iji`jp fo e pjlas}jpjm qfz}b fplegase}afg

cehhjm Jghalb}jps Lpfz~( czppjg}hq iemj z~ fo 5? iji`jps egm agvfhvjm ag lepèljcfhhjc}afg ag }bj epje fo Iesbaifga' \j ij} bai |a}b Seizjh "0: qjeps fhm!( egf}bjpiji`jp fo }bj lpfz~( |bf jr~heagjm }f zs }bj |fpd }bjq mf ag }bj epje' Jvjpq Szgmeq }bjq cfhhjc} lepèlj opfi epfzgm ?3> bfzsjbfhms ag Iesbaifga ofp 5> DSB jecb' jq `zq ~hes}ac èls }f `j mas}pa`z}jm }f oeiahajs egm ehsf lhfvjs ofp lpfz~ iji`jps }f `jzsjm ofp |es}j sfp}agl( szcb zs sj~epe}agl ~hes}ac( ~e~jp( ij}eh egm fplegac |es}j'

jq sjhh }bjsj ie}jpaehs }f pjcqchj cjg}pjs fp }f f}bjp lpfz~s epfzgm Ie}bepj egm }bjg}bjq mas~fsj ag }bj pavjp }bj |es}j }be} ceggf} `j pjcqchjm' jq bevj }pajm }f pjecb egelpjjijg} ofp }bj lepèlj }f `j cfhhjc}jm `q }bj Ca}q Cfzgcah( `z} }bas |fzhm cfs} }bji`j}|jjg DSB 5(>>>)3(>>> jecb }aij'

Fgcj e ifg}b }bjq ehsf }edj ~ep} fo }bj Chjegagl Meq ofp chjepagl }bj mzi~ sa}js fo Iesbaifga( agchzmagl }bj pavjpsamj' Ag }bas meq }bjq lj} }flj}bjp |a}b f}bjp lpfz~sjgleljm ag cfiizga}q chjegagl ag fpmjp }f ~eq }bj Ca}q Cfzgcah‑s lepèlj }pzcd ofp emeq' Jvjpq }|f |jjds }bjq epj ehsf ag cbeplj fo pjifvagl }bj sfham |es}j opfi }bj f~jgsj|elj'

j lpfz~ as jgleljm ag |es}j cfhhjc}afg fghq mzpagl |jjdjgms es mzpagl }bj |jjd }bjq iedj hauzam sfe~ ag }bjap bfzsjs egm sjhh a} epfzgm Ie}bepj' jq }edj emveg}elj fo }bjcfgs}eg} cfg}ec} |a}b bfzsjbfhms }f ~pfif}j }bjap sfe~ ofp chjegagl' Ifpjfvjp }bjq mf}e`hj ègdagl }f jge`hj }bjap iji`jps }f eccjss siehh hfegs ofp }bjap oeiahajs'

Jghalb}jps Lpfz~ bes `jjg ~ep} fo }bj Jgvapfgijg}eh Meq( fplegasjm `q Shzi Cfmj(DIZG egm Djgqe Qfz}b Jgvapfgijg} Lpfz~( |bf lpeg}jm }bji e cjp}ace}j fo pjcflga}afg ofp }bjap ec}ava}ajs' Pjcjg}hq }bjq ehsf f`}eagjm e ozgm opfi }bj lfvjpgijg}ofp qfz}b lpfz~s |bacb }bjq |ahh zsj ofp ai~pfvagl }bjap ec}ava}ajs `f}b fo sfe~

~pfmzc}afg egm |es}j cfhhjc}afg' Jm|epm egm Seizjh }bagd }be} ‘`zahmagl e|epjgjss’as }bj ifs} ai~fp}eg} }bagl }be} sbfzhm `j mfgj ag }bj sj}}hjijg} ag fpmjp }f oecj }bj~pf`hji fo |es}j iegeljijg}' @epèpe Mfvepcb



1=

3'=Cfgchzsafg

j mavjpsa}q fo }ffhs zsjm mzpagl }bj |fpdsbf~ ehhf|jm zs }f pjecb ma jpjg}lpfz~s |a}bag }bj sj}}hjijg} egm |a}b}bji( `zahm dgf|hjmlj fg }bjap czppjg}sa}ze}afg( }bjap mpjeis egm amjes ofp e`j}}jp haoj |a}bag Iesbaifga'

j czppjg} sa}ze}afg fo sega}e}afg

egm lepèlj ag Iesbaifga as cjp}eaghq fvjp|bjhiagl egm e jc}s ehh pjsamjg}s(gfgj}bjhjss ag ma jpjg} mjlpjjs'pfzlb fzp aga}aeh ie~~agl jrjpcasjsegm masczssafgs a} |es f`vafzs |fijgegm cbahmpjg‑s meahq ec}ava}ajs epj chfsjhq ag}jp|fvjg |a}b }bj s~e}aeh cfgma}afgsfo sega}e}afg egm lepèlj( egm }bjpjofpj

iedjs }bji ~ep}aczhephq vzhgjpe`hj }f a}sbe{epmfzs j jc}s' Ofp jrei~hj( ehh sj|elj}pjgcbjs epj f~jg egm ag mapjc} vacaga}q }f }bj m|jhhagls egm }bj ifs} pjhjveg}sfcaeh s~ecjs ag }bj sj}}hjijg} }be}( es}bj gmagls ahhzs}pe}j( epj ec}avjhq zsjm`q |fijg egm cbahmpjg fg e meahq èsas'j jrjpcasj ehsf pjvjehjm bf| cbahmpjg epj

ag cfgs}eg} mas}pjss fo bevagl }f sbepj }bjoj| s~ecjs eveahe`hj ofp }bji |a}b f~jgsj|elj egm mzi~sa}js' as as ag }bj cesj |a}b }bj f~jg s~ecjs( |a}b }bj pfems egmsiehh ehhjqs egm jvjg |a}bag }bjap scbffhlpfzgms'

j s}zmq fo }bj pavjpsamj es e djq s~ecj(

~pfvamjm |a}b eg fvjpvaj| fo `f}b }bjcbehhjgljs egm }bj f~~fp}zga}ajs ~pjsjg}

ag Iesbaifga' Fg }bj fgj begm( }bjpjsamjg}s jr~pjssjm }bjap mjsapj }f zsj }bjpavjpsamj ag e ifpj ~pfec}avj |eq egmofp }bj lpje}jp lffm fo }bj sj}}hjijg}'pfzlb }bj mpjeiagl jrjpcasjs( }bjpjsamjg}s ~pfvjm }f bevj s~jcac amjesfg bf| z~lpemj }bj sa}j egm e}}pec}ifpj vasa}fps }f }bj epje' Hadj|asj( sfijfo }bj }bjsj amjes epje ehpjemq `jagl

ai~hjijg}jm `q a}s zsjps' j iepdj}(}bj cfiizga}q }fahj}s egm }bj elpaczh}zpjec}ava}ajs }edagl ~hecj epj e chjep jrei~hjfo }bj jg}pj~pjgjzpsba~ fo Iesbaifgapjsamjg}s egm }bj ~f}jg}aeh fo }bj epje }fbevj e àlljp ai~ec} ag }bjap havjhabffms}pe}jlajs egm cfiizga}q haoj'

j pavjpsamj as ehsf e lffm jrei~hj fo }bj cbehhjgljs }be} }bj jg}apj sj}}hjijg}oecjs' Ofp jrei~hj( mjs~a}j }bj aga}ae}avjfo iegq cfiizga}q chjegagl lpfz~s(}bj pavjpsamj pjieags es }bj ieag s~f}ofp mzi~agl lepèlj egm ag sfij mjlpjjofp f~jg mjojce}afg' j hecd fo `f}beg e fpme`hj lepèlj cfhhjc}afg sjpvacjegm emjuze}j mzi~sa}j( ofpcjs pjsamjg}s

egm }bj chjegagl lpfz~s }f djj~ zsagl}bj epje ofp }bjsj ~zp~fsjs' Ag emma}afg(}bj ~pjcepafzs sj|elj sqs}ji ag }bjsj}}hjijg}( cfz~hjm |a}b }bj ljflpe~bacehoje}zpjs fo }bj epje( ijegs }bj pavjpsamj as}bj pjca~ajg} fo ehh sj|elj pzggagl mf|g}bj bahh }bpfzlb }bj sj}}hjijg}( iedagl



1:

A} as ozgmeijg}ehhq ai~fp}eg} }f hjepg opfi }bjszccjssozh jras}agl aga}ae}avjs egm `zahm fg }bjap

s}pjgl}bs' as as gjcjssepq }f jr~egm }bjap ai~ec}

}f }bj |amjp cfiizga}q egm iedj }bj ~bqsaceh egmsfcaeh cbegljs ag }bj sj}}hjijg} szs}eage`hj

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)}|f

}bj epje egm a}s eccjss cfppamfps balbhq ~fhhz}jm egm ehifs} ageccjssa`hj' Oagehhq(

}bj hecd fo eveahe`hj }fahj}s mzpagl }bjgalb} ofpcjs }bj gjep`q pjsamjg}s }f ehsfzsj }bj epje ofp f~jg mjojce}afg'

j mpjeiagl jrjpcasjs pjvjehjm bf| }bj pjsamjg}s jgvasafg }bjap cfiizga}q cbeglagl ofp }bj `j}}jp' j iekfpa}q fo }bjsj mpjeis ai~hajm ~bqsacehai~pfvjijg}s `z} ehsf cfiizga}q

fplega{e}afg egm iegeljijg} s}pe}jlajs' \bahj iegq fo }bji agmace}jm }bj gjjmofp lpje}jp sz~~fp} opfi }bj lfvjpgijg}egm }bj ai~fp}egcj fo sjczpagl }bj hegm}jgzpj( }bjq ehsf ecdgf|hjmljm }bj gjjm}f cfij }flj}bjp }f ecbajvj iegq fo }bjap f|g mpjeis egm amjes }f z~lpemj}bj sj}}hjijg}' as oec}( ehfgl |a}b}bj iegq jras}agl aga}ae}avjs egm }bjap~f}jg}aeh( hjm }f }bj ecdgf|hjmlijg}egm sz`sjuzjg} masczssafg fo sbfp})}jpis}pe}jlajs }be} ceg `j ai~hjijg}jm egmbevj e sz`s}eg}aeh ai~ec} fg }bj uzeha}q fo haoj fo }bj pjsamjg}s egm cfiizga}q haoj'

@esjm fg }bj gmagls( a} as e~~epjg} }be}ao e ~ep}aca~e}fpq shzi)z~lpemagl ~pfcjsseais }f }pzhq emmpjss }bj gjjms egmes~ape}afgs fo e cfiizga}q( a} gjjms }fjglelj |a}b }bj mavjpsa}q fo lpfz~s |a}bag}bj sj}}hjijg} egm `zahm dgf|hjmljfg }bjap meahq ec}ava}ajs egm bf| }bjsjepj ag}jpcfggjc}jm |a}b }bj ~bqsacehjgvapfgijg}'j oec} }be} }bas dgf|hjmljas `zah} |a}b }bj pjsamjg}s egm }bpfzlb

mavjpsj ~ep}aca~e}fpq ij}bfmfhflajsjgbegcjs }bj cbegcjs }be} `f}b }bj

~pfcjss egm ~pfmzc} fo e shzi)z~lpemagl~pfkjc} epj cfglpzjg} |a}b }bj haojs}qhjsegm mqgeiacs fo e s~jcac cfiizga}q' Agemma}afg( a} as ozgmeijg}ehhq ai~fp}eg}}f hjepg opfi }bj szccjssozh jras}aglaga}ae}avjs egm `zahm fg }bjap s}pjgl}bs'as as gjcjssepq }f jr~egm }bjap ai~ec}}f }bj |amjp cfiizga}q egm iedj}bj ~bqsaceh egm sfcaeh cbegljs ag }bj

sj}}hjijg} szs}eage`hj'





M\JHHAGL

OFZP



='5Ag}pfmzc}afg

j m|jhhagl lpfz~ sfzlb} }f zgmjps}egmczppjg} m|jhhagl cfgma}afgs agIesbaifga( egm sz`sjuzjg}hq ‒mpjei‑ |a}b pjsamjg}s e`fz} |be} z~lpemjmm|jhhagls cfzhm `j hadj' j eai fo }bjlpfz~ |es }f jr~hfpj e mjga}afg fo }bj}jpi ‒m|jhhagl‑ "es e `pfemjp cfgcj~} }beg kzs} ‒bfzsagl‑! egm }f ce~}zpj pjsamjg}

vehzjs fg }bas ai~fp}eg} cfi~fgjg} fo }bjap `zah} jgvapfgijg}'

]f }bas jgm( }bj }jei fo |fpdsbf~~ep}aca~eg}s jgleljm pjsamjg}s }bpfzlb evepaj}q fo ~ep}aca~e}fpq }ffhs opfi ag}aie}j |fpdsbf~ sjssafgs agsamj pjsamjg}s‑ bfijs}f ~z`hac ofczs lpfz~ sjssafgs ag }bj s}pjj}'

j lpfz~‑s jr~hfpe}afg ag}f m|jhhagl |es

s~ha} ag}f }bpjj ~ep}aehhq mas}agc} ~besjs'Oaps} |es }bj maelgfsas ~besj( |bacb se| |fpdsbf~ ~ep}aca~eg}s jg}jpagl bfzsjs }fmasczss( mpe|( egm ie~ jras}agl m|jhhaglcfgma}afgs'

Ofhhf|agl }bj maelgfsas ~besj |fpdsbf~~ep}aca~eg}s jgleljm pjsamjg}s ag mpjeiagljrjpcasjs |bacb pjvjehjm pjsamjg} vehzjs

egm es~ape}afgs'

j }bapm ~besj fo }bj |fpdsbf~ |es }fcfgsfhame}j gmagls opfi }bj maelgfsasegm mpjeiagl ~besjs egm mjvjhf~ e sj} fo ~fssa`hj z~lpemjm m|jhhagl }q~fhflajs ofppjvaj| `q }bj cfiizga}q'

‒M|jhhagl; ifpj }beg kzs} e bfzsj‑

as ~bpesj bes `jjg }bj lpfz~‑s mpavagl

if}}f }bpfzlbfz} }bj |fpdsbf~' jlpfz~ bes jjg lzamjm q Eifs Pe~f~fp}‑scfgcj~}zehase}afg fo m|jhhagl( |bacbszlljs}s }be} |bjpj e bfzsj ceg j mjgjmes }bj ag}jpgeh vfhzij egm szppfzgmagl~bqsaceh jhjijg}s }be} jgchfsj a} "}q~acehhq }bj |ehhs( ffp( egm pffo!( e m|jhhagl asmjgjm es e ‒sqs}ji fo sj}}agls‑'

E m|jhhagl as }bjpjofpj gf} mjgjmjrchzsavjhq `q }bj ~bqsaceh ag}jpgeh s~ecj`z} `q pjsamjg}s‑ ec}ava}ajs ag ~ep}aczhepsj}}agls "Pe~f~fp}( E' "0>>3! Czh}zpj( Epcba}jc}zpj egm Mjsalg' @epcjhfge(Jmacafgjs J^C!' Iegq ec}ava}ajs }be}}edj ~hecj |a}bag }bj bfzsj ag fgj cesjieq fcczp ag e |amjhq mas~jpsjm sqs}ji

fo sj}}agls ag egf}bjp cesj "

lzpj fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)}bpjj!'

Pe~f~fp}‑s cfgcj~}zeha{e}afg fo m|jhhaglas e zsjozh }bjfpj}aceh èsas }f agvjs}ale}j}bj ~pjmfiageg}hq pjsamjg}aeh epjefo Iesbaifga' @q |eq fo sai~hajmahhzs}pe}afg( }bas ijegs sj}}agls szcb ese sjia)~pave}j hegj|eq( f~jg s}pjj}( egm

hfceh ~heqlpfzgm cfzhm ofpi ~ep} fo fgj‑s m|jhhagl jgvapfgijg}( jvjg }bfzlb}bjsj s~ecjs epj gf} hfce}jm agsamj }bjbfzsj' Pe~f~fp} "0>>3;31! gf}js }be}}bas cfgcj~}afg fo m|jhhagl as salgaceg}`jcezsj;

as }q~j fo cfgcj~}zeha{e}afg iedjs e 12

ÊP] OFZPM\JHHAGL



iekfp ma jpjgcj gf} fghq }f }bj zsj fo }bj m|jhhagl egm }bzs }bj ge}zpj fo bfzsagl'

A} ehsf ag zjgcjs }bj zsj fo s}pjj}s(s~jcaeha{jm sj}}agls egm gjalb`fpbffms'A} ehsf bes ai~hace}afgs ofp e~~peasehs fo mjgsa}q egm bjgcj cpf|magl4 }bas( ag}zpg( ag zjgcjs }bj jvehze}afg fo }bj uzeha}q fo bfzsagl |a}b iekfp j jc} fgmjcasafgs e`fz} pjmjvjhf~ijg}( ‒shzi‑ chjepegcj( j}c'

Ehfgl |a}b }bj cfgcj~} fo m|jhhagl(}bj lpfz~ |es lzamjm `q Pe~f~fp}‑scfgcj~}zehase}afg fo }bj zah} jgvapfgijg}es e czh}zpeh hegmsce~j "Pe~f~fp}(0>>3;==!' A} as ‒czh}zpeh‑ `jcezsj ~jf~hjifmaoq }bj ge}zpeh egm `zah} hegmsce~jofhhf|agl sbepjm scbjie}e "0>>3;:=!;

Szcb hegmsce~js epj gf} ‒mjsalgjm‑ ag

}bj zszeh sjgsj fo }bj |fpm' jq epj }bj fz}cfij fo iegq agmavamzeh mjcasafgs fo gzijpfzs ~jf~hj fvjp hfgl ~jpafms

fo }aij szcb hegmsce~js jr~pjss }bj ~pjojpjgcjs sbepjm `q lpfz~s( èsjm

fg sbepjm amjehs( aieljs egm }bj hadj(jr~pjssjm ag scbjie}e' jsj }bjg lzamj }bj cbfacjs }be} epj iemj sf }be} }bj e~~epjg}hq agmj~jgmjg} ec}afgs fo iegq ~jf~hj fvjp hfgl }aij ~jpafms emm z~ }f epjcflga{e`hj |bfhj‑ "0>>3;21)1>!'

@q cfgcj~}zeha{agl egm sjjdagl }fzgmjps}egm Iesbaifga ag }bas |eq ) es e

czh}zpeh hegmsce~j ) Iesbaifga as izcbifpj }beg kzs} a}s ~bqsaceh s~ecj; }bjpfems egm }bj `zahmagls' jpjofpj( |bjgmjsalgagl egm e~~peasagl }bj szccjss fo `zah} jgvapfgijg}s egm }bj }q~j fo `zah}jgvapfgijg}s ~jf~hj es~apj }f havj ag(zgmjps}egmagl czh}zpj as ozgmeijg}eh'

@z} |be} as ijeg} `q ‒czh}zpj‑6 Ag a}s

`pfemjs} sjgsj( czh}zpj as e cfgcj~} }be}jr~heags ‒}bj iegq }bagls ~jf~hj }bagd(`jhajvj( mf”egm bf| }bjq mf }bji ' TA}

11 fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)}bpjj

"e!M|jhhagl |a}b ehh ec}ava}ajs}edagl ~hecj |a}bag }bj bfzsj "`!M|jhhagl es e sqs}ji fo sj}}agls



5>>

s~jcac jr~pjssafgs fo czh}zpj; a'j' gfpis(ijegagls( pzhjs( haojs}qhjs( ec}ava}ajs( j}c'

Ag sziiepq( }bjg( }bj lpfz~ e~~pfecbjmIesbaifga lzamjm `q Eifs Pe~f~fp}‑scfgcj~}zeha{e}afg fo m|jhhagl egm }bj`zah} jgvapfgijg} es e czh}zpeh hegmsce~j' Eccfpmaglhq( }bj }esd |es gf} }f sai~hq kzmlj }bj jras}agl jgvapfgijg} es ‒lffm‑fp ‒èm‑( fp ‒`j}}jp‑ fp ‒|fpsj‑ }beg f}bjpjgvapfgijg}s' Pe}bjp kzmlijg} fg }bjap

uzeha}q mj~jgms fg }bjap cfglpzjgcj |a}bhfceh czh}zpj "vehzjs( gfpis( amjehs( egm~pjojpjgcjs( j}c'!'

Ifs} ai~fp}eg}hq( bf|jvjp( }bpfzlbemf~}agl m|jhhagl egm }bj czh}zpehhegmsce~j e~~pfecb( }bj lpfz~ cfzhm`jlag }f zgmjps}egm ao”egm ao sf( bf|”hfceh czh}zpj sbe~js ec}ava}q egm jbevafzp

"egm vacj vjpse!( egm }bj ~pfvasafg egmemkzs}ijg} fo rjm( sjia)rjm( egm gfg)rjm jhjijg}s( egm( ag }zpg( bf| }bjsjieq sbe~j bfzsagl ~pjojpjgcjs( vehzjsegm gjjms ag }bj m|jhhagls fo Iesbaifga'

Fghq |a}b eg zgmjps}egmagl fo hfceh m|jhhagl vehzjs "amjehs( aieljs(haojs}qhjs( ec}ava}q sqs}jis( j}c'! ceg e

`zah} jgvapfgijg} `j ~pfmzcjm }be} aspjs~fgsavj }f pjsamjg}s‑ czh}zpj ) }bjapgjjms( |eg}s( egm es~ape}afgs( es |jhh escfg}pa`z}agl }bj }esd fo ji~f|jpagl }bjvzhgjpe`hj ieplagehasjm egm `zahmaglcfiizga}ajs ag }bj shzi z~lpemagl~pfcjss' 5>>

asY }bj |eq fo haoj fo e ~jf~hj( agchzmagl}bjap amjehs( gfpis( pzhjs( pfz}aga{jm

`jbevafps( j}c‑ "0>>3;535)530!' Zsagl }bjjrei~hj fo mjgsa}q( Pe~f~fp} "0>>3;25!~fsa}s }be} czh}zpeh amjes ofpi }bj èsasfg |bacb kzmlijg}s fo `zah} jgvapfgijg}cbepec}jpas}acs epj iemj;

‒balb mjgsa}q‑ ag fgj czh}zpeh cfg}jr} cegijeg sfij}bagl cfi~hj}jhq ma jpjg} agegf}bjp' Sagcj ‒cpf|magl‑ as }bj gjle}avj

jvehze}afg fo ~ep}aczhep mjgsa}ajs "egm sfij mjgsa}ajs ieq `j jvehze}jm es }ffhf|! `f}b e} }bj sa}j hjvjh egm |a}bagm|jhhagls( ‒czh}zpj‑ ~heqs e salga ceg} pfhj ag }bj mj ga}afg fo mjgsa}q egm s~ecj s}egmepms'

@z} czh}zpj as e vjpq ljgjpeh cfgcj~}' ]fiedj a} ‒zsje`hj‑ Pe~f~fp} "51124 0>>3!

‒masieg}hjs‑ }bj }jpi `q ahhzs}pe}agl }bjs~jcac jr~pjssafgs fo czh}zpj "lzpj fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)ofzp!'

Czh}zpj agzjgcjs( egm as s}pzc}zpjm `q( |fphmvaj|s”bf| ~jf~hj sjj }bj |fphm” |bacb ag }zpg sbe~j ~jf~hj‑s zgmjphqaglvehzjs' _ehzjs sbe~j amjehs( aieljs( egmscbjie}e }be} epj iegaojs}jm ag |pa}}jg

egm zg|pa}}jg gfpis( s}egmepms egm pzhjs'Haojs}qhjs epj e ~pfmzc} fo }bjsj amjehs egmgfpis( ifs} chjephq jr~pjssjm }bpfzlb~jf~hjs‑ ec}ava}ajs egm `jbevafzp'

Zsagl }bas cfgcj~}zeha{e}afg( fgj ceg`jlag }f zgmjps}egm }bj czh}zpj ag e cjp}eag~hecj egm }aij }bpfzlb agvjs}ale}agl }bj

E m|jhhagl as gf} mjgjm jrchzsavjhq `q }bj ~bqsacehag}jpgeh s~ecj `z} `q pjsamjg}s‑ ec}ava}ajs ag ~ep}aczhepsj}}agls' Iegq ec}ava}ajs }be} }edj ~hecj |a}bag }bj

bfzsj ag fgj cesj ieq fcczp ag e |amjhq mas~jpsjmsqs}ji fo sj}}agls ag egf}bjp cesj



fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)}bpjj M|jhhagl as cfgcj~}zeha{jm es e sqs}ji fo sj}}agls' Ag sfij cesjs( ec}ava}ajs egm sj}}aglsieq ehh }edj ~hecj |a}bag }bj bfzsj "e!4 ag f}bjpcesjs( }bj sj}}agls ieq `j mas~jpsjm egm gf} ehh`j hfce}jm agsamj }bj ~bqsaceh `fzgmepajs fo

}bj bfzsj "`! "Eme~}jm opfi Pe~f~fp}( 0>>3!fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)ofzp

‒Masieg}hagl‑ }bj cfgcj~} fo czh}zpj }f iedja} zse`hj

5>5

Jrcjssavj `pjem}b egm ljgjpeha}q

Jvjp ifpj s~jca c jr~pjssafgs

Czh}zpj

\fphmvaj|s

_ehzjs

Amjehs(Aieljs(

Scbjie}e(Ijegagls(

j}c'

Gfpis(S}egmepms(

Pzhjs(Jr~jc}e}afgs(

j}c'

Haojs}qhjs

Ec}ava}q sqs}jis

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)ofzp



fgj)bzgmpjm)egm) vj

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)sar 5>0

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)sjvjg



5>3

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm) vj j s}pjj} as e sj}}agl |bjpj iegq mfijs}acec}ava}ajs epj zgmjp}edjg( egm }bzs ofpi ~ep}

fo pjsamjg}s‑ m|jhhagl jgvapfgijg}

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)sar j ag}jpafp fo bfzsjs bevj iegq ozgc}afgs

egm sj}}agls' jq epj ~hecjs fo pjs} egmpjhere}afg es |jhh es ~hecjs }f s}fpj ~fssjssafgs

egm mas~heq ~jpsfgeh ecbajvjijg}s

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)sjvjg ” )jalb} M|jhhagl sj}}agls eccfiifme}j szcb ec}ava}ajses offm ~pj~epe}afg( cbahmpjg‑s ~heq( egm bfij)`zsagjss egm iacpf)jg}jp~pasj' Iegq fo }bjsjec}ava}ajs fcczp fz}samj }bj ‒ofzp |ehhs‑ fo }bjbfij( qj} izs} `j pjcflgasjm es ai~fp}eg}

jhjijg}s ag zgmjps}egmagl m|jhhagl gjjms egmhaojs}qhjs

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)gagj j }bpjsbfhm `j}|jjg }bj ‒~z`hac egm ~pave}js~bjpjs‑ as eg ai~fp}eg} `fzgmepq `j}|jjgm|jhhagl sj}}agls( `z} sbfzhm gf} `j juze}jm}f e s}pac} `fzgmepq `j}|jjg }bj ~z`hac s~bjpj

egm e ~pave}j m|jhhagl

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)jalb} fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)gagj



5>=

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)jhjvjg

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)}jg

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)}bap}jjg

='0 E~~pfecb

j ieag f`kjc}avj |es }f |fpd |a}b }bjpjsamjg}s( |a}bag }bjap jgvapfgijg} agfpmjp }f agvjs}ale}j }bjap ~pjsjg} havagl

cfgma}afgs egm zgcfvjp }bjap es~ape}afgsofp ai~pfvagl }bjap havagl s}egmepms'

j ij}bfm |es s~ha} ag}f ofzp s}eljs'Jecb s}elj |es e hagd ag }bj ~pfcjss }fofpi ~fssa`hj szlljs}afgs fo ma jpjg}}q~fhflajs egm agopes}pzc}zpj sqs}jisofp eg z~lpemjm Iesbaifga' Eh}bfzlbsfij|be} mas}agc}( }bj s}eljs |jpj gf}

zgmjp}edjg cfi~hj}jhq agmj~jgmjg}hq4pe}bjp }bj jgm fo jecb s}elj `hjgmjm |a}b}bj s}ep} fo }bj sz`sjuzjg} s}elj'

Meq 5 – Maelgfsas; |ehdagl egm }ehdagl

j eai fo }bj ps} meq |es }f zgmjps}egmczppjg} havagl cfgma}afgs fo Iesbaifgapjsamjg}s' j lpfz~ ~ep}aca~eg}s |jpjs~ha} ag}f siehhjp lpfz~s( |a}b jecb

bevagl e} hjes} fgj hfceh ~ep}aca~eg} |bf}pegshe}jm }bj ag}jpvaj|s opfi S|ebahaa'j hfceh ~ep}aca~eg}s ag}pfmzcjm jecblpfz~ }f ma jpjg} epjes fo }bj sj}}hjijg}(jge`hagl }bj lpfz~ }f cegves }bj |bfhjsj}}hjijg}'

pfzlbfz} }bj meq( }bj ~ep}aca~eg}s |jpjagvjs}ale}agl }bj s~e}aeh eppegljijg}

fo Iesbaifga( a}s ~bqsaceh cfgma}afgs(egm }bj ec}ava}q sqs}jis egm pjcfpmjm}bjsj }bpfzlb sdj}cbjs( ie~~agl egm~bf}flpe~bs' Mzpagl }bj meq( }bj lpfz~svasa}jm vepafzs bfzsjbfhms }f leag e `pfemzgmjps}egmagl fo }bj bfzsjbfhm s}pzc}zpjegm has}jgjm }f }bjap s}fpajs'

j djq ie}}jps masczssjm ag }bj ag}jpvaj|s

|jpj }bj gzi`jp fo agbeà}eg}s "mjgsa}q egm fvjpcpf|magl cfgcjpgs!( gegcaehsa}ze}afg "e fpmeàha}q fo havagl ag bfzsjsag Iesbaifga!( s~e}aeh heqfz} fo }bjbfzsjbfhms "pffi eppegljijg}s egm zsj~e}}jpgs!( }bj zsj fo ~pave}j&~z`hac s~ecj(ec}ava}ajs egm czppjg} ~pjssagl gjjms'



5>:

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)}jg ” )}|jhvj Ie~~agl }bj m|jhhagl sj}}agl ag Iesbaifga'

êp}aca~eg}s ‒|ehdjm egm }ehdjm‑ |a}b pjsamjg}sag egm epfzgm }bjap bfzsjs egm sbepjm

cfi~fzgms( e} |fpd( egm fg }bj s}pjj}sfgj)bzgmpjm)egm)}bap}jjg

Ehfgl |a}b }ehdagl egm f`sjpvagl e} e }bj |amjp scehj( siehhjp mj}eahs ag egm epfzgm }bjbfzsj |jpj f`sjpvjm( masczssjm( egm pjcfpmjmes }bjsj levj bag}s e} ~pjveahagl mfijs}ac

gfpis( s}egmepms( pzhjs( egm beà}s

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)}|jhvj



5>?5>?

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)ofzp}jjg

Fgj iji`jp fo jecb bfzsjbfhm |es esdjm }f mpe| }bjap ‒mpjei bfzsj‑ egm }bjg mjscpa`j }bj mpe|agl'as ij}bfm aga}ae}jm eg ai~fp}eg} cfgvjpse}afg

e`fz} }bjap m|jhhagl gjjms( |eg}s( egm es~ape}afgs

Meq 0 – Mpjeiagl }bpfzlb mpe|agl

j mpe|agl jrjpcasj eaijm e} ce~}zpagl

egm ag}jp~pj}agl }bj ‒mpjei bfzsj‑mpe|agls fo pjsamjg}s' Kzs} hadj ag }bj~pjvafzs s}elj( }bj lpfz~s fo ESO~ep}aca~eg}s egm hfceh ~ep}aca~eg}s |jpj |fpdagl ag ma jpjg} epjes fo }bj sa}j egmag}jpvaj|agl ~jf~hj ag }bjap bfzsjbfhms'

j ag}jpvaj|s cfgsas}jm fo }|f ~ep}s;ps}hq( f`}eagagl èsac agofpie}afg e`fz}

}bj czppjg} bfzsjbfhm s}pzc}zpj egm }bjoeiahq bas}fpq( egm sjcfgmhq }bj ‒mpjeibfzsj‑ mpe|agl jrjpcasj'

Fgj iji`jp fo jecb bfzsjbfhm |es esdjm}f mpe| }bjap mpjei bfzsj egm mjscpa`j }bjmpe|agl( |bahj }bj ~ep}aca~eg}s f`sjpvjm}bj mpe|agl ~pfcjss }f zgmjps}egm }bjbajpepcbq fo ai~fp}egcj fo s~ecjs }bjq

mpj|' j mpe|agl ~ep} |es ofhhf|jm`q e sjpajs fo uzjs}afgs agvjs}ale}agl }bjif}ave}afg jbagm }bj s~e}aeh eppegljijg}fo }bj bfzsj'

j cfgvjpse}afgs e`fz} }bj mpe|agls |jpj }bj ifs} agofpie}avj ~ep} fo }bjjrjpcasj( es ifs} fo }bj pjsamjg}s bem~pf`hjis |a}b ahhzs}pe}agl }bjap mjsalg

}f }bj mjlpjj }bjq |fzhm bevj hadjm }f'j hecd fo epcba}jc}zpeh mpe|agl sdahhseifgls} }bj pjsamjg}s |es }bj ieagcbehhjglj fo }bj jrjpcasj( es |jhh es }bjmaczh}ajs ag aielagagl e haoj }be} |espemacehhq ma jpjg} }f }bj jras}agl ~bqsacehcfgma}afgs egm |eqs fo haoj'



fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)ofzp}jjg ” )sar}jjgPjsamjg}s mpe|agl }bjap mpjei bfzsjs zsagl e~jg fg e hegd ~ajcj fo ~e~jp( jgcfzpeljm q ehfceh s}zmjg} egm eg ag}jpge}afgeh ~ep}aca~eg}'

Fgcj e mpe|agl |es cfi~hj}j( e masczssafg}ffd ~hecj |bjpj }bj mjsalgjp jr~heagjm basmpjei bfzsj; }bj s~ecjs( }bjap eppegljijg}(

bf| }bjq |fzhm fccz~q a}( j}c'

5><fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)sar}jjg

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm) o}jjg



5>2

Meq 3 ) Mpjeiagl }bpfzlb ifmjhhagl

Ofhhf|agl fg opfi }bj mpe|agl jrjpcasjfo }bj ~pjvafzs meq( }bj eai bjpj |es }fofczs fg }bj s~e}aeh cfi~fsa}afg fo pffis |a}bag agmavamzeh bfzsjbfhms }bpfzlb}bpjj)maijgsafgeh ifmjhhagl( es |jhh esjr~hfpj }bj eppegljijg} fo bfzsjs egm}bjap pjhe}afgsba~ |a}b }bj szppfzgmagljgvapfgijg}' j }bpjj)maijgsafgehifmjhs fo pffis |jpj iemj es agmavamzeh~ajcjs èsjm fg }bj mpe|agl jrjpcasj' jda} fo ~ep}s cfgsas}jm fo sjvjpeh }q~js egmsa{js fo ma jpjg} pffis( |bacb e~~jepjmifs} fo}jg ag }bj mpjei bfzsjs fo }bj

pjsamjg}s'

Ag fpmjp }f cfgmzc} }bj jrjpcasj( }|f ofczslpfz~s |jpj le}bjpjm epfzgm }|f }e`hjsfg Iez Iez Pfem( }bj ieag s}pjj} fo Iesbaifga' Jecb pjsamjg} |es essas}jm `q eg ESO iji`jp( es |jhh es e hfceh s}zmjg}( |bf pjcfpmjm }bj ~pfcjss egm esdjmuzjs}afgs e`fz} }bj pjesfgagl `jbagm }bj

eppegljijg}s fo }bj pffis'

Opfi }bj da} fo ~ep}s eppegljm fg jecb}e`hj( jecb pjsamjg} cfzhm cfhhjc} }bjapmjsapjm pffis ag fpmjp }f ofpi }bjapmpjei bfzsj' Fgcj }bj eppegljijg} fo }bj ag}jpgeh s~ecjs |es sj}( }bj pjsamjg}s |jpj esdjm }f cffpmage}j }bj heqfz} fo }bjfz}mffp ~pave}j&~z`hac {fgjs ofhhf|jm `q

}bj s}pjj} agopes}pzc}zpj' j gjr} s}j~ fo }bj jrjpcasj |es }f jr~hfpj }bj pjhe}afgsba~`j}|jjg }bjap bfzsjs egm }bj bfzsjs fo }bj f}bjp ~ep}aca~eg}s ag }bj ofczs lpfz~egm( ao gjcjssepq( pjecb e cfi~pfiasj`j}|jjg }bjap mjsapjs egm }bj mjsapjs fo }bjap gjalb`fzps'

Mpjeiagl }bpfzlb }bpjj)maijgsafgehifmjhhagl ~pfvjm }f `j e ifpj eccjssa`hj}ffh }beg mpe|agl ofp }bj pjsamjg}s }fvaszehasj }bjap mpjei bfzsj' as as hepljhq `jcezsj fo }bj jraàha}q ag eppeglagl }bj~ajcjs egm }bj ~fssaàha}q }f cfgs}eg}hq cbeglj }bj mjsalg |bacb }bj ifmjhhagle~~pfecb levj'

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)sjvjg}jjg egm )jalb}jjgChfsj)z~ jrei~hjs fo }bj 5;:> scehj pffis }be}pjsamjg}s zsjm }f cfgs}pzc} }bjap mpjei bfzsjsag }bpjj maijgsafgs( egm }bjg ~fsa}afg }bjiag pjhe}afg }f s}pjj}s egm f}bjps‑ bfzsjs' as~pfcjss pjuzapjm }bj pjsamjg}s }f |fpd }flj}bjp}f ofpi e mpjei zpèg heqfz} ofp Iesbaifga(}bj `jgj}s egm masemveg}egljs fo |bacb |jpjmasczssjm egm mjè}jm e} hjgl}b

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)gagj}jjg E ‒mpjeiagl }bpfzlb ifmjhhagl‑ ofczs lpfz~

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)jalb}jjg

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)sjvjg}jjg



5>1

Zsagl }bpjj)maijgsafgeh ifmjhhagl( }bj ofczs |esfg }bj s~e}aeh cfi~fsa}afg fo pffis( es |jhh es

jr~hfpagl }bj pjhe}afgsba~ fo mpjei bfzsjs |a}b }bjapszppfzgmagl jgvapfgijg}

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)gagj}jjg



55>

Meq =) Mpjeiagl }bpfzlb }q~fhflajs

as jrjpcasj eaijm }f pjcjavj ojjmècd opfi }bj pjsamjg}s e`fz} ofzp bfzsagl}q~fhflajs( |bacb bem `jjg mjvjhf~jm `q ESO ~ep}aca~eg}s èsjm fg }bj fz}cfijsfo }bj ~pjvafzs mpjeiagl jrjpcasjs' j}q~fhflajs |jpj gf} cpje}jm es gehsfhz}afgs `z} es szlljs}afgs fo ma jpjg}~bqsaceh ai~hace}afgs szcb es ~pave}j&~z`hac s~ecj( izh}a)s}fpajm havagl( mjgsa}q(j}c' ]f ma jpjg}ae}j `j}|jjg vepafzsmjsapjs fo bfzsagl }q~js( jecb }q~fhflq pj~pjsjg}jm cfi~hj}jhq ma jpjg} amjese`fz} }bj zsj fo s~ecj( haojs}qhjs( ec}ava}q

sj}}agls( mjgsa}q( egm }bj eccfiifme}afgfo gfg)mfijs}ac ec}ava}ajs”ehh fo |bacb~heq e djq pfhj ag sbe~agl }bj hfgl)}jpiszccjss fo shzi z~lpemagl ~pfkjc}s' jofzp }q~fhflajs |jpj;

j ‒}f|jp‑; vjp}aceh eppegljijg}( balbjpmjgsa}q( sbepjm fz}mffp s~ecj( sjho cfg}eagjm zga}s( agmavamzeh èhcfgajs(

~fssaàha}q fo hfce}agl sbf~s fg }bj lpfzgmffp4

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503

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50=

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50:

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mffp f~jgagl }f }bj ècdqepm'Cfgcjpgagl è}bpffis egm }fahj}oecaha}ajs( }bj pjsamjg}s ~hecjm }bji fgjgjr} }f }bj f}bjp egm ja}bjp sj~epe}jmopfi }bj pjs} fo }bj bfzsj `q e cfppamfpfp ~hecjm e} }bj pjep fo }bj bfzsj' \bjgesdjm e`fz} }bj ie}jpaehs }bjq jr~pjssjm e 50?

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50<

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pjhe}afgs( eccjss|eqs( egm s}pjj}s



502

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)ofp}q) vj

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)ofp}q) vj ” )jalb} Jrei~hjs fo }bpjj)maijgsafgeh mpjei bfzsjs'Cfiifg jhjijg}s |jpj lpjjg s~ecj }f }bjopfg} egm pjep fo }bj bfzsj es |jhh es e cfvjpjm~e}af |bacb |fzhm ofpi e }pegsa}afgeh {fgj`j}|jjg ~z`hac egm ~pave}j s~ecj' Cfiifgs~e}aeh eppegljijg}s |jpj }bj sa}}agl pffi e}}bj cjg}pj fo }bj bfzsj f |bacb f}bjps pffis

|jpj eccjssjm( pffis eppegljm f e cjg}pehcfppamfp( egm eg f~jg cjg}peh cfzp}qepm'

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)ofp}q)sar

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501

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|bjpjes sfij}aijs pjsamjg}s ha}jpehhq |eg}jmag}jpgeh fp jr}jpgeh cfppamfps `j}|jjg pffis'A} |es }bjpjofpj ai~fp}eg} }f masczss }bjapag}jg}afgs }f zgmjps}egm he}jg} if}ave}afgs

`jbagm mjsalg mjcasafgs

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Kecuzjhagj havjs ag e 5>o} r 5>o} sbecd |a}b bjp è`q Kzhaj} egm }|f fhmjp sfgs( `f}b

epfzgm 2 qjeps fhm' Sbj f~jpe}js e sbf~ sjhhagl siehh "ieaghq ai~jpasbe`hj! lffms fz}fo bjp bfij' Bjp pjg}jm sbecd bes e siehh lpahhjm f~jgagl fg}f }bj `zsq ‒ieag s}pjj}‑ fo Iesbaifga( }bpfzlb |bacb bjp `zsagjss f~jpe}js'

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e}}pec} ~epjg}s }f bjp ~pf~jp}q |bf |fzhm ~zpcbesj lffms opfi bjp% Gf} fghq }be}( `z} Kecuzjhagj |eg}jm }f cbeplj qfzgls}jps ofp zsagl bjp ~heqlpfzgm'

as cfhfzpozh jrei~hj |es fgj jr~pjssafg fo }bj fvjpehh ifmjs} cbegljs pjsamjg}s |eg}}f iedj }f }bjap jgvapfgijg}s' Ao hegm |jpj ifpj pjemahq eveahe`hj( e mpjei fo e siehh~heqlpfzgm as pjesfge`hq jesahq e}}eagjm' Agmjjm( e sbfp}elj fo hegm sjjis }f j }bj ifs}s}z``fpg f`s}echj ag }bj |eq fo pjsamjg}s‑ mpjeis' as hjem }f fzp szlljs}afg fo sfijifpj mjgsj bfzsagl }q~fhflajs }f pj)bfzsj }bj seij gzi`jp fo pjsamjg}s |a}b izcbifpj cfiifg fz}mffp s~ecj hjo} fvjp( ofp eijga}ajs hadj ~heqlpfzgms' Gacd Hjcdaj



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@FR ]\JH_J Sepeb‑s mpjei; m|jhhagl es agmj~jgmjgcj

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j sjcfgm }q~fhflq( }bj ‒mj}ecbjm bfzsj‑(eh}bfzlb }bj ifs} saiahep }f }bj s}egmepm

mpjei bfzsj( |es szp~pasaglhq }bj hjes}cbfsjg fgj' as |es ~paiepahq `jcezsj fo }bj balb eifzg} fo hegm a} pjuzapjm egm}bjpjofpj }bj gjjm }f pjhfce}j ~jf~hj }fegf}bjp epje fo Geapfà' \bjg esdjm }fjs}aie}j }bj pjg}eh fp cfgs}pzc}afg cfs}spjsamjg}s cfzhm gf} ~pfvamj eg egs|jp`jcezsj }bjq mamg‑} dgf| egq}bagl saiahep}bjq cfzhm pjojp }f ag }bj epje'

j }bapm }q~j( }bj ‒pf| bfzsagl‑( |eshadjm jcezsj a} cfgsas}jm fo sjho)cfg}eagjmzga}s( jecb |a}b }bjap ~pave}j eccjss egmlepmjg' A} |es ehsf agcpjijg}eh( |bacb}bjq e~~pjcae}jm e hf}' e} seam( }bjpjhe}avjhq hf| mjgsa}q cfz~hjm |a}b }bjapcfgcjpgs e`fz} }bj scepca}q fo hegm iemj~ep}aca~eg}s cbffsj ifpj mjgsj f~}afgsfvjp }bj pf| bfzsagl }q~fhflq'

j hes} }q~j( }bj ‒lehhjpq‑( |es hadjm`jcezsj fo a}s balb mjgsa}q egm ~pave}jèhcfgajs' Bf|jvjp( }bj sbepjm oecaha}ajs"da}cbjg egm }fahj}! ~pfvjm }f `j e |amjhq zg|jhcfij f~}afg' Hf}s fo pjsamjg}spjkjc}jm }bj sbepjm da}cbjg fg }bj èsas fo }bj chjegagl "|bf |fzhm `j pjs~fgsa`hj}f chjeg a}6!( opjjmfi egm jesj fo zsj "a}ialb} gf} `j eveahe`hj |bjg qfz gjjm a}!(egm ehsf czh}zpeh asszjs szppfzgmagl offm~pj~epe}afg egm cfgszi~}afg "~paiepahq cfgcjpg epfzgm offm sijhhs egm ~jf~hj‑scfg}pes}agl czhagepq beà}s }be} cfzhmcpje}j gjalb`fzp cfgac}!'



53?

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm) o}q)sar ” )jalb} Ofczs lpfz~ sjssafgs fo bfzsagl }q~fhflajs

|jpj bjhm zgmjp e }jg} fg }bj ieag s}pjj}fo Iesbaifga' j ofzp }q~fhflajs |jpjag}pfmzcjm egm pjsamjg}s bem }aij }f jr~hfpj}bj ifmjhs }f zgmjps}egm }bji ozp}bjp'

Pjsamjg}s masczssjm e} hjgl}b }bj ~fsa}avj egmgjle}avj es~jc}s fo }bj ma jpjg} }q~fhflajs'j eàha}q fo ifmjhs "pj~pjsjg}agl ~f}jg}aeh`zah} jgvapfgijg}s! }f aga}ae}j cfiizga}q)hjmgjlf}ae}afg egm cfgsjgszs `zahmagl ~pfcjssjs

|es }bj pjeh vehzj fo }bj jrjpcasj( izcb ifpj}beg sai~hq mjcamagl |bacb bfzsagl }q~j sza}s~ep}aczhep ~jf~hj }bj ifs}' fgj)bzgmpjm)egm) o}q)sjvjg

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm) o}q)sar



53<

j ofczs lpfz~s ~pfvjm vehze`hj ofp zgmjp}edaglgjlf}ae}afgs `j}|jjg pjsamjg}s( `zahmagl }bjap

ce~eca}q }f zgmjps}egm }bj cbehhjgljs fo z~lpemagl(

egm balbhalb}agl mavjpsa}q fo pjsamjg}s‑ gjjms( |eg}segm es~ape}afgs

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm) o}q)jalb}



532

='=Cfgchzsafgs egm pj jc}afgs

Cfgchzsafgs fo gmagls

j jras}agl m|jhhagls ag Iesbaifga epjoep opfi bfifljgjfzs' Bfzsjs peglj agsa{j( pjg}eh cfs}( ie}jpaeh uzeha}q( hjvjh fo agvjs}ijg} egm hjvjh fo ieag}jgegcj( egmag }jpis fo bfzsjbfhm egm fccz~e}afg~e}}jpgs' Eccfpmagl }f ag}jpge}afgehs}egmepms jras}agl bfzsjs epj fvjpcpf|mjm'

jq epj izh}a)zsj s~ecjs( |bjpj shjj~aglegm f}bjp ec}ava}ajs }edj ~hecj ag }bj seijs~ecj'

Qj} bfzsjs epj ag}jpcfggjc}jm( `f}b~bqsacehhq egm sfcaehhq( |bjpj }bj `zah}jgvapfgijg} as e cfi~hjr sfcaf)~bqsaceh |j` }be} pjjc}s bfzsj fccz~e}afg(ec}ava}ajs egm haojs}qhjs( egm ag}jp~jpsfgeh

pjhe}afgsba~s' j s~ecjs ag `j}|jjgbfzsjs epj zsjm ofp e vepaj}q fo ec}ava}ajs(ofp jrei~hj cbahmpjg ~heqagl( |esbagl(sfcaehasagl egm }bjpjofpj pjsamjg}s‑m|jhhagls epj izcb hepljp egm ifpjcfi~hjr }beg }bjap bfzsjs'jap m|jhhaglsjr}jgm `jqfgm }bjap ie}jpaeh bfzsj }fjgcfi~ess e peglj fo ~z`hac egm ~pave}j

sj}}agls }be} epj beà}zehhq zsjm egm sbe~jhaojs}qhjs( gfpis egm |eqs fo haoj'

Iegq bfzsjs epj ifpj }beg kzs} pjsamjg}aeh~pf~jp}ajs( }bjq epj ehsf bfij `zsagjssjs'as as eg ai~fp}eg} ~ep} fo zgmjps}egmaglczppjg} m|jhhagl ~e}}jpgs ag Iesbaifga'Pjsamjg}s f~jpe}j sbf~s( dafsds( iacpf)

jg}jp~pasjs( sehfgs egm iegq f}bjp sjpvacjs(ehh opfi }bjap bfzsjs' Egq z~lpemagl ~heg

}be} mfjs gf} eccfiifme}j szcb va}ehec}ava}ajs as mjjijm }f ~hecj jgfpifzs~pjsszpj fg pjsamjg}s( ag ~ep}aczhep }bjapjcfgfiac egm sfcaeh s}eàha}q'

j czppjg} bfzsjs epj mjcajg} ag iegq pjs~jc}s' Pffos hjed( halb}agl hjvjhs epjhf| egm vjg}ahe}afg }bpfzlb pffis as~ffp( ehh fo |bacb emm cfgsamjpe`hq }f

bjeh}b pasds ofp fccz~eg}s' A} as zghadjhq }be} fghq e shalb} emkzs}ijg} }f }bjsjbfzsjs |ahh mpes}acehhq ai~pfvj }bj havjsegm havjhabffms fo Iesbaifga pjsamjg}s'Cjp}eaghq( ag }jpis fo }bj bfzsjs(pj~hecjijg} "pe}bjp }beg z~lpemagl fo }bjbfzsjs! |ahh `j }bj fghq vae`hj f~}afg ofpoz}zpj ai~pfvjijg} ~pfkjc}s'

Ag }bj mpjeiagl }bpfzlb mpe|agl jrjpcasj}bj gjjm ofp ~pavecq egm sjczpa}q ceij}bpfzlb s}pfglhq ag ehh pjsamjg}s‑ ~hegs'jsj vehzjs |jpj iegaojs}jm }bpfzlb}bj cfi~fzgm heqfz} egm }bj mjsapjofp balb ojgcjs |a}b èp`jm |apj egm&fp`pfdjg lhess fg }f~' Fz}mffp s~ecj |esehsf e cjg}peh m|jhhagl jr~pjssafg ofzgmag }bj mpe|agl jrjpcasj egm }bas pjs~fgms}f pjsamjg}s‑ es~ape}afg ofp e ~ajcj fo hegm}be} }bjq ceg cehh }bjap f|g( e s~ecj ofpcbahmpjg }f ~heq egm emzh}s }f pjher'

j fpmjp ag |bacb pjsamjg}s mpj| m|jhhagl jhjijg}s levj eg agmace}afg }f}bjap ~pafpa}ajs'



531

j sa}}agl pffi "}f bfs} egm bevj lzjs}s! |es ifs}hq mpe|g ps}( ofhhf|jm `q

}bj da}cbjg "chfsj }f }bj sa}}agl pffi!(`jmpffis "sj~epe}j ofp ~epjg}s egmcbahmpjg!( }fahj}s "sfij sj~epe}j opfi}bj bfzsj( fp }f }bj samj&ècd!( fz}mffps~ecj( }pjjs egm f|jps "}pjjs fz}samj |agmf|s }f opjsbjg }bj eap!( egm vjpegmes"}bj iegaojs}e}afg fo e sjia)~z`hac s~ecj4e s~ecj }f |jhcfij lzjs}s( }f sa} fz}samj(egm }f ec} es e h}jp `fzgmepq `j}|jjg

~z`hac egm ~pave}j s~bjpjs!' Ehsf( iegq ~jf~hj agchzmjm bfij)`zsagjssjs' Sfij |eg}jm }bji sj~epe}j opfi }bj bfzsj( z}cfggjc}jm }f }bj s}pjj}'

Ljgjpehhq( pjsamjg}s ofzgm a} jesajp }fmpjei }bpfzlb ifmjhhagl es f~~fsjm }fmpe|agl( es }bj ‒mpjei‑ |es jesahq ifmajmfgcj s}ep}jm `q emkzs}agl }bj cepm`fepmifmjhs' Jr}pe hjvjhs |jpj jesahq emmjm(pffi eppegljijg}s |jpj jesahq emkzs}jm'

Pjsamjg}s |eg}jm s}pjj}s }f ~pfvamj eccjss(`z} gf} ofp Iesbaifga }f `j mfiage}jm`q `zsq( ‒~fhhz}agl‑ vjbaczhep s}pjj}s' jq |eg} }f `j chfsj }f ieag pfems( `z} gf}bevj }bjap bfzsjs hfce}jm fg }bji' Ag`paglagl }bjap }bpjj)maijgsafgeh mpjeibfzsjs }flj}bjp fg e s}pjj}( cfi~pfiasjs |jpj |ahhaglhq iemj pjlepmagl }bj scepca}q fo hegm( egm }bjpjofpj }bj ai~fssaàha}q fo jecb bfzsj bevagl a}s f|g heplj ~hf} egm |amj s}pjj} opfg}elj |es pjehasjm'

Fvjpehh( pjsamjg}s |jpj ifmjs} egm

pjehas}ac ag }bjap mpjeiagl' jq |jpj~pj~epjm }f cfi~pfiasj egm cfgsamjp

}bjap gjalb`fzps ofp }bj |amjp cfhhjc}avjlffm( fvjp }bjap ~jpsfgeh `jgj}' Ag}jpis fo }bj ~pjojppjm }q~fhflq }bjpj |ese }jgmjgcq }f|epms }bj balbjp mjgsa}q ifmjhs( egm }bas pjjc}s }bjap pjehas}ac egmifmjs} vaj| }f z~lpemagl Iesbaifga(es |jhh es }bjap mjsapj }f bevj ehh jras}aglpjsamjg}s `j eccfiifme}jm'

A} e~~jeps }be} ao }bj eai as }f ai~pfvj}bj uzeha}q fo }bj bfzsjs ag Iesbaifga(fgj izs} }pegsa}afg opfi saglhj)s}fpjq }fizh}a)s}fpjq bfzsagl `z} ag mfagl sf gf}ijplj jvjpqfgj ag}f }bj seij bfzsagl}q~j( |bacb mjgajs }bj jras}jgcj fo szcbvepae`hj bfzsjbfhm capczis}egcjs }be}jras} |a}bag Iesbaifga'

Egq z~lpemagl fo bfzsjs sbfzhm eai}f djj~ }bj mavjpsa}q fo bfzsagl f~}afgs"~bqsacehhq( s~e}aehhq( ag }jpis fo }jgzpj(j}c!( egm pj}eag ehh }bfsj pjsamjg}s agIesbaifga |bf |asb }f pjieag'

Ai~fp}eg}hq( ag mjvjhf~agl ifpj cfgcpj}jbfzsagl z~lpemagl ~hegs a} |ahh `j va}eh}f mjsalg pjsamjg}s‑ m|jhhagls( gf} fghq

}bjap bfzsjs' Cjg}peh }f lffm m|jhhaglmjsalg |ahh `j }bj cfg}agzjm agvfhvjijg}fo pjsamjg}s ag }bj mjsalg egm ~heggaglfo z~lpemagl mjcasafgs sf }be} }bjapjgvapfgijg} cfg}agzjs }f `j e }bpavagl(mavjpsj( egm ec}avj m|jhhagl sj}}agl( gf} es}e}ac( haojhjss( epje fo fghq bfzsjs'



5=>

Cfgchzsafgs fo ij}bfm

j |fpdsbf~ ~pfvamjm e lpje}

f~~fp}zga}q }f }js} egm ozp}bjp mjvjhf~e ~ep}aca~e}fpq mjsalg ij}bfmfhflq }be}~hecjs ~jf~hj e} }bj cjg}pj fo mjsalgegm ~heggagl mjcasafgs' Cjp}eaghq }bjij}bfmfhflq ceg `j ai~pfvjm( `z} eseg aggfve}avj e~~pfecb }f agvfhvaglpjsamjg}s ag mjsalg mjcasafgs egm `zahmagl}bjap ce~eca}q }f cfgvjpsj ag s~e}aeh }jpis

egm zgmjps}egm }bj hfceh cfgs}peag}s a} bes~pfvjg e vehze`hj e~~pfecb'

Z~fg pjjc}afg( sjvjpeh haia}e}afgs fo }bj ij}bfmfhflq ceg `j sjjg' Oaps}hq(~ep}aca~e}fpq mjsalg epfzgm }bj amjefo m|jhhagl bes `jjg ofzgm }f `j }aijcfgsziagl( es ~ep}aca~eg}s epj balbhq e}}ecbjm }f }bjap ‒bfij‑ egm |eg} }f

jgszpj }bjq bevj }bjap seq egm vfacj }bjapf~agafgs' jq |eg} }f `j agvfhvjm – |bacb as fo cfzpsj e ~fsa}avj }bagl( `z}}bas cpje}jm heplj mjiegm ofp fzp }aij'

Sjcfgmhq( }bj asszj fo s}pfgljp vfacjsfvjp)~f|jpagl ofczs lpfz~ sjssafgs |esjr~jpajgcjm( |bacb as e |jhh)dgf|g asszjag ~ep}aca~e}fpq |fpd' Ag Iesbaifga }bas

haia}e}afg |es fvjpcfij( }f eg jr}jg}( |a}b j jc}avj oecaha}e}afg' Es mfiageg}~ep}aca~eg}s |jpj eh|eqs ijg "|a}bfz}jrcj~}afg!( pzggagl e |fijg)fghq ofczslpfz~ |es zsjozh }f f`}eag vehze`hjagsalb}s opfi |fijg'

Fgj ozp}bjp haia}e}afg fo }bj ~pfcjss |es

}bj haia}jm gzi`jp fo pjsamjg}s }bj }jei |es e`hj }f pjecb' Jvjg |a}b :> fp sf

‒oecaha}e}fps‑ |fpdagl ofp e ozhh }|f |jjds(fghq e iagfpa}q fo Iesbaifga pjsamjg}s"~jpbe~s fghq 5:> ~jf~hj fo e }f}eh 3(:>>pjsamjg}s! |jpj ec}zehhq jgleljm ag }bjifpj ag}jgsavj cfi~fgjg}s fo }bj ~pfcjsshadj }bj bfij vasa}s egm ofczs lpfz~sjssafgs'

E ozp}bjp cbehhjglj |a}b }bas haia}jm

lpfz~ fo ~jf~hj |es }f jgszpj |j |jpjcfg}agzehhq jglelagl opjsb oecjs ag }bj~pfcjss' E siehh gzi`jp fo pjsamjg}s"e~~pfraie}jhq 5>! |fzhm sbf| z~ ofpjvjpq sjssafg |j peg( |bacb haia}jmce~eca}q ofp f}bjp ~ep}aca~eg}s'

Bevagl ijg}afgjm }bjsj haia}e}afgs(pjjc}afgs fg }bas ~ep}aca~e}fpq ~pfcjss

epj ~pjmfiageg}hq ~fsa}avj' \fpdaglag Iesbaifga ofp }|f |jjds }bpfzlbvepafzs s}eljs levj pjsamjg}s e lffm sjgsjfo agchzsafg( es }bjq |jpj e`hj }f ofhhf| fzp ~pflpjss egm sjj bf| }bjap jephajpcfg}pa`z}afgs agofpijm he}jp s}eljs'

Sjcfgmhq( |j ojh} e~~pjcae}afg opfipjsamjg}s ofp jglelagl |a}b }bji fg

szcb e ~jpsfgeh hjvjh( ~ep}aczhephq |a}bpjlepms }f ‒m|jhhagl'‑ Pjsamjg}s sjjijm~hjeseg}hq szp~pasjm |j |jpj }edagl szcbeg ag}jpjs} fg ie}}jps sf chfsj }f }bji(hadj }bjap bfzsjbfhm s}pzc}zpj egm }bjapoz}zpj es~ape}afgs' ]edagl }aij }f ~pfvamje has}jgagl jep ofp pjsamjg}s( a} sjjis( iemj



5=5

e lpje} ma jpjgcj ag bjh~agl pjsamjg}s ojjhpjs~jc}jm egm vehzjm( egm |es e |jhcfij

cfg}pes} }f |be} }bjq sjji }f bevjjr~jc}jm eg z~lpemagl ~pfcjss |fzhmjg}eah'

Fvjpehh( }bj m|jhhagl lpfz~ zgmjp}ffd egm cfi~hj}jm eg eià}afzs ofzp)meq ~pflpeiij agvjs}ale}agl f}b }bj jras}aglegm oz}zpj m|jhhagl sa}ze}afg |a}b eszccjssozh pjszh}' j m|jhhagl lpfz~

~pfvamjm djq ag~z}s ag}f }bj sz`sjuzjg}‒~fp}ofhaf fo f~}afgs‑ jrjpcasj ag }jpis fo bfzsagl egm s}pjj}s( es |jhh es amjes e`fz}}bj cfiizga}q s~ecjs egm oecaha}ajs }be}pjsamjg}s cfgsamjp ~ep} fo }bjap m|jhhagls'

\bahj |j mam gf} hjevj egq ‒amjeh ~hegs‑ fp‒bfzsagl sfhz}afgs‑ ag Iesbaifga( }bjpje~~jep }f `j }|f hes}agl cfg}pa`z}afgs'

Oaps}hq( }bj m|jhhagl lpfz~ as ~pfzm fo }bj mjlpjj }f |bacb pjsamjg}s‑ ce~eca}q |es mjvjhf~jm( }f zgmjps}egm s~ecj( }bjzsj fo s~ecj( egm bf| }f pj~pjsjg} s~ecj}bpfzlb ag)mj~}b( ~pfhfgljm( fgj)fg)fgjcfg}ec} |a}b pjsamjg}s' j sdahhs ecuzapjm`q Iesbaifga pjsamjg}s |ahh `j zsjozh |bjg pjsamjg}s egm }bjap pj~pjsjg}e}avj

fplegase}afgs epj pjemagl( pjgagl( egmgjlf}ae}agl |a}b oz}zpj "~pfojssafgehhq ~pfmzcjm! z~lpemagl ~hegs'

Sjcfgmhq( |j epj ~pfzm fo }bj |eq }bj asszjfo bfzsagl bes `jcfij e |eq ofp ag}jpgehgjlf}ae}afg egm cfiizga}q `zahmagl'Pjsamjg}s eh|eqs epj }bagdagl fo }bjap

bfzsj "zszehhq jofpj }bj ags}a}z}afgeh egmcfiizga}q es~jc}s fo z~lpemagl! egm

}bj ij}bfmfhflajs |j bevj zsjm egm hjo}ag Iesbaifga |ahh bf~jozhhq `j z}ahasjmag }bj oz}zpj }f zga}j }bj cfiizga}q(gjlf}ae}j ma jpjgcjs( egm sjepcb ofpcfgsjgszs'

pfzlb ~heggagl m|jhhagls ag ifmjhsegm mpe|agls `jofpj ai~hjijg}e}afgfo z~lpemagl ~hegs( }bj ~ep}aca~e}fpq

mjsalg ij}bfms f

jps }bj f~~fp}zga}q }f |fpd }bpfzlb ~f}jg}aeh oz}zpj ~pf`hjis"gfasj( eccjss( hjleha}q fo bfij `zsagjssjs(mjgsa}q( j}c!( `jofpj egq}bagl as `zah}' Egm( }bj ij}bfm ceg ehsf ofs}jp e sjgsjfo cfiizga}q egm f|gjpsba~ fvjp }bj~pfcjss egm agchzmj }bj ieplagehasjm egmvzhgjpe`hj( |bf epj fo}jg hjo} fz} fo }bjz~lpemagl ~pfcjssjs egm ~hegs'

M|jhhagl; ifpj }beg kzs} e bfzsj; }basas }pzj ~bqsacehhq”m|jhhagl as ifpj}beg kzs} }bj |ehhs( pffo egm ffp”egm ehsf sqi`fhacehhq”m|jhhagl `zahmscfiizga}q pe}bjp }beg kzs} agmavamzehbfzsjs'



5=0

Ag mjvjhf~agl bfzsagl z~lpemagl ~hegs a} as va}eh }fmjsalg pjsamjg}s‑ m|jhhagls( gf} fghq }bjap bfzsjs' aspjuzapjs pjsamjg} agvfhvjijg} ag ~heggagl mjcasafgs

sf }be} Iesbaifga pjieags e }bpavagl egm mavjpsjm|jhhagl sj}}agl( gf} e s}e}ac epje fo fghq bfzsjs

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm) o}q)gagj

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)sar}q

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm) o}q)gagj ” )sar}q)fgj Iesbaifga zpljg}hq pjuzapjs z~lpemagl}f ai~pfvj }bj ‒bepm|epj‑( }bj ~bqsacehjgvapfgijg}( es |jhh es }bj ‒sfo}|epj‑(

ag}egla`hj es~jc}s szcb es pjsamjg}s‑ malga}q egm sfcaf)jcfgfiac cfggjc}afg }f }bj ca}q fo Geapfà' j ~ep}aca~e}fpq mjsalg egm~heggagl ij}bfmfhflq z}ahasjm egm mjvjhf~jm`q }bj m|jhhagl lpfz~ f jps }bj ~pfiasj fo pjehasagl }bj palb} }f emjuze}j bfzsagl ofp ehh

|a}bag e palb}s)èsjm e~~pfecb |bjpj ~jf~hjepj ~hecjm e} }bj cjg}pj fo mjvjhf~ijg}



5=3

Egq z~lpemagl fo bfzsjs sbfzhm eai }f djj~ }bjmavjpsa}q fo bfzsagl f~}afgs "~bqsacehhq( s~e}aehhq(egm ag }jpis fo }jgzpj!( egm pj}eag ehh }bfsj pjsamjg}s

ag Iesbaifga |bf |asb }f pjieag

fgj)bzgmpjm)egm)sar}q)fgj





^FP]OFHAF FO

F^]AFGS

OA_J



:'5Fvjpvaj| egm eais

j }|f)|jjd |fpdsbf~ czhiage}jm ag e‒~fp}ofhaf fo f~}afgs‑ jrjpcasj'as pfzlb}}bj }bpjj s}pjeis fo |fpd "ags}a}z}afgeh(cfiizga}q( m|jhhagl! }flj}bjp egm `jleg}f jr~hfpj }bj dagm fo gjlf}ae}afg pjuzapjm`j}|jjg vepafzs ag}jpjs}s'

]edagl }bj ofpi fo e ‒leij(‑ }bj jrjpcasjjgleljm Iesbaifga pjsamjg}s fg sa}j ag

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5:3

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5:?

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5:2

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5:1

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Change by Design: Building Communities Through Participatory Design