Chap 1(Introduction to Science)

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CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE.



1. Science is the1. Science is the knowledgeknowledge (pengetahuan) of (pengetahuan) of

things that happen inthings that happen in nature.nature.

2. We call these events2. We call these events naturalnatural

phenomenaphenomena( kejadian semulajadi ).( kejadian semulajadi ).

3. Examples of natural phenomena :3. Examples of natural phenomena :

-- thethe growth of a babygrowth of a baby to an adultto an adult

-- thethe melting of icemelting of ice

-- the formation of athe formation of a rainbowrainbow

-- thethe growth of plantsgrowth of plants



The Importance of Science inThe Importance of Science in

everyday lifeeveryday life

Communication( perhubungan)

Commerce ( kewangan)

Agriculture ( pertanian ) Transportation ( pengangkutan)

Security ( keselamatan)

Medicine (perubatan)



Careers related to scienceCareers related to science

Careers Major subject requirements

Astronomer Physics

Dentist Biology

Engineer Physics and Chemistry

Pharmacist Biology and Chemistry

Science Physics, Biology

Science teacher Physics, Biology and Chemistry



Laboratory safety rulesLaboratory safety rules

Keep the laboratory clean and tidy Wash all apparatus after use

Report any injury or breakage to your

teacher immediately Do not enter the laboratory without your

teacher¶s permission

Do not play or run in the laboratory

Do not taste any chemical

Do not eat or drink in the laboratory



Hazardous substance found inHazardous substance found in

the laboratorythe laboratory

( text book- page 9)

* Poisonous

* Flammable* Corrosive

* Irritant

* Radioactive* Explosive



Laboratory apparatusLaboratory apparatus

1. Test tube 7. Measuring cylinder

2. Beaker 8. Burette

3. Conical flask 9. Test tube rack4. Retort stand 10. Test tube holder

5. Filter funnel

6. Pipette



The Bunsen burner The Bunsen burner

1. Barrel

2. Collar

3. Air-hole4. Gas inlet

5. Base



Luminous flame ( nyalaan berkilau )Luminous flame ( nyalaan berkilau )

Yellow flame ± air hole is closed Easy to see because it is luminous

Gives out a lot of soot ( jelaga )

Not so hot Not suitable for heating



NonNon± ±luminous flameluminous flame

(nyalaan tidak(nyalaan tidak berkilau)berkilau)

Blue flame when the air hole is open. Difficult to see because it is non-luminous

Does not give out soot

The flame is very hot It is suitable for heating



Process skills in scienceProcess skills in science

1. Asking question

2. Making observation

3. Taking measurement4. Recording the data

5. Analysing and interpreting data

6. Making conclusion7. Writing report



Steps in a science investigationSteps in a science investigation

Step 1 - Identifying the problem

Step 2 - Making a hypothesis

Step 3 - Planning a experiment Step 4 - Controlling the variables

Step 5 - Collecting data

Step 6 - Analysing and interpreting data

Step 7 - Making a conclusion

Step 8 - Writing a report



Units Physical QuantitiesUnits Physical Quantities

Quantity Unit Symbol of unit

Lenght metre m

Mass kilogram kg

Time second s

Temperature kelvin K

Electric current ampere A



The concept of weight

1. The weight of an object is the pull of the

Earth on that object.

2. The S.I unit for weight is the newton (N)3. To measure the weight is spring balance.



The concept of massThe concept of mass

1. The mass of an object is the amount of matter in the object.

2. The mass on object does not change.

3. The S.I unit is kilogram (kg).

4. To measure mass is

a) lever balance

b) triple beam balance

c) electronic balance



The different between weight andThe different between weight and

massmass

Weight Mass

1. The pull of the Earth 1. The amount matter

2. Not always the same 2. Always the same3. Measured by using

Spring Balance.

3. Measured by using a

triple-beam balance,a

lever balance,electronic

balance

4. Measured in newtons

(N)

4. Measured in kilogram

(kg)



Measuring lenghtMeasuring lenght

1. The S.I unit is metre (m ),centimetre(cm),

milimetre(mm), and kilometre (km).

1 cm = 10 mm

1m = 100 cm

1 km = 1000 m



The metre rule ± short straight lines

The measuring tape ± long straight lines

Thread and metre rule ± curved line External ± external diameters

Internal calipers- internal diameters



1. Estimate the area of regular or irregular shape using graph paper.

2. Counted using the following method :

a) count the number of complete square

b) an incomplete square is counted if half

or more of the square is covered

c) do not count an incomplete square if

less than half.



1. To measure the volume of liquids, for example, water.

2.To measure the volume of a liquid:

a) measuring cylinder b) burette

c) pipette

3. We usually measure the volume in liquidmililitres(ml), volume of solid centimetres(cm).





Finding the volume of a regular Finding the volume of a regular

object and an irregular object usingobject and an irregular object using

the water displacement methodthe water displacement method..

1. The volume of a regular and an irregular object

can be measured by using the water

displacement method.





The volume of water displaced =(y-x) ml

The volume of the stone = The volume of water displaced = (y-x) ml

= (y-x) cm3

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Chap 1(Introduction to Science)