Chap 6Chap 6

World War IWorld War I

1. Causes of the War1. Causes of the War

-DURING THE LATE 1800S AND EARLY 1900S, -DURING THE LATE 1800S AND EARLY 1900S, INTENSE RIVALRIES AMONG EUROPEAN INTENSE RIVALRIES AMONG EUROPEAN NATIONS LED TO MISTRUST AND HATRED. NATIONS LED TO MISTRUST AND HATRED.

A) FOUR CAUSESA) FOUR CAUSES

NIMSNIMS

1) 1) NNATIONALISMATIONALISM

2) 2) IIMPERIALISMMPERIALISM

3) 3) MMILITARISMILITARISM

4) 4) SSTRATEGIC ALLIANCESTRATEGIC ALLIANCES

A. NATIONALISMA. NATIONALISM-BROUGHT UNITY TO SOME NATIONS WHILE IT -BROUGHT UNITY TO SOME NATIONS WHILE IT

TORE OTHER NATIONS APARTTORE OTHER NATIONS APART-GREAT BRITIAN AND FRANCE BECAME -GREAT BRITIAN AND FRANCE BECAME

INCREASINGLY STRONGER DURING THIS TIMEINCREASINGLY STRONGER DURING THIS TIME-AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE -AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

HAD VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS PULLING THEM HAD VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS PULLING THEM APARTAPART

-THESE ETHNIC GROUPS WANTED THEIR -THESE ETHNIC GROUPS WANTED THEIR INDEPENDENCE AND FORM THEIR OWN INDEPENDENCE AND FORM THEIR OWN COUNTRIESCOUNTRIES

-DURING THE TIME, FRANCE AND GERMANY -DURING THE TIME, FRANCE AND GERMANY BECAME BITTER RIVALS DUE TO FIGHTING OVER BECAME BITTER RIVALS DUE TO FIGHTING OVER TERRITORY IN EUROPETERRITORY IN EUROPE

-ITALY AND AUSTRIA WERE ALSO ENEMIES DUE TO -ITALY AND AUSTRIA WERE ALSO ENEMIES DUE TO FIGHT OVER LANDS IN NORTHERN ITALYFIGHT OVER LANDS IN NORTHERN ITALY

B. IMPERIALISMB. IMPERIALISM

-SCRAMBLE FOR COLONIES IN AFRICA AND ASIA -SCRAMBLE FOR COLONIES IN AFRICA AND ASIA CONTRIBUTED TO THE GROWING TENSIONS CONTRIBUTED TO THE GROWING TENSIONS BETWEEN EUROPEAN COUNTRIESBETWEEN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

C. MILITARISMC. MILITARISM

-IN THIS TENSE CLIMATE, EUROPEAN NATIONS -IN THIS TENSE CLIMATE, EUROPEAN NATIONS TOOK STEPS IN PREPARATION FOR WAR TOOK STEPS IN PREPARATION FOR WAR

-EUROPEAN NATIONS COMPETED FOR POWER -EUROPEAN NATIONS COMPETED FOR POWER AND PRESTIGE BY BUILDING UP THEIR AND PRESTIGE BY BUILDING UP THEIR ARMIESARMIES

-GERMANY AND BRITAIN BEGAN A RIVALRY -GERMANY AND BRITAIN BEGAN A RIVALRY FOCUSED ON STRENGTH OF THEIR NAVIESFOCUSED ON STRENGTH OF THEIR NAVIES

-BRITIAN HAD THE STRONGEST NAVY AT THE -BRITIAN HAD THE STRONGEST NAVY AT THE TIME HOWEVER, GERMANY BEGAN TO SPEND TIME HOWEVER, GERMANY BEGAN TO SPEND HEAVILY ON THE BUILDING OF NEW HEAVILY ON THE BUILDING OF NEW WARSHIPSWARSHIPS

-BRITAIN SEEING THIS AS A THREAT BEGAN TO -BRITAIN SEEING THIS AS A THREAT BEGAN TO INCREASE THEIR NAVAL FLEETINCREASE THEIR NAVAL FLEET

D. STRATEGIC ALLIANCESD. STRATEGIC ALLIANCES

-IN THE LATE 1800S, EUROPEAN COUNTRIES BEGAN TO FORM ALLIANCES FOR SUPPORT IF WAR WERE TO BREAK OUT

- TWO MAJOR ALLIANCES IN EUROPE WERE FORMED

1. TRIPLE ALLIANCE - GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

AND ITALY 2. TRIPLE ENTENTE - FRANCE, BRITAIN AND RUSSIA

2. Beginning of the War2. Beginning of the War-BY THE LATE 1800S, THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE -BY THE LATE 1800S, THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

WAS FALLING APARTWAS FALLING APART

-THE BALKAN REGION ONCE CONTROLLED BY -THE BALKAN REGION ONCE CONTROLLED BY THE EMPIRE BECAME AN AREA UNDER FIRETHE EMPIRE BECAME AN AREA UNDER FIRE

-IN 1878, SERBIA RECEIVED ITS INDEPENDENCE -IN 1878, SERBIA RECEIVED ITS INDEPENDENCE FROM THE EMPIREFROM THE EMPIRE

-NATIONALIST LEADERS IN SERBIA WANTED TO -NATIONALIST LEADERS IN SERBIA WANTED TO GAIN CONTROL OF BOSNIA AND GAIN CONTROL OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN ORDER TO CREATE THEIR HERZEGOVINA IN ORDER TO CREATE THEIR OWN EMPIRE IN EASTERN EUROPEOWN EMPIRE IN EASTERN EUROPE

-ALSO CONTROL OF THESE TWO AREAS WOULD -ALSO CONTROL OF THESE TWO AREAS WOULD GIVE THEM AN OUTLET TO THE GIVE THEM AN OUTLET TO THE MEDITERANEAN SEAMEDITERANEAN SEA

-HOWEVER, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY CONTROLLED -HOWEVER, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY CONTROLLED THESE TERRITORIES THESE TERRITORIES

2. Beginnings of the War 2. Beginnings of the War (Pg.2)(Pg.2)

-RUSSIA WANTED SERBIA TO GAIN CONTROL -RUSSIA WANTED SERBIA TO GAIN CONTROL OF THESE AREAS SO THEY COULD FORM AN OF THESE AREAS SO THEY COULD FORM AN ALLIANCE WHICH WOULD GIVE RUSSIA ALLIANCE WHICH WOULD GIVE RUSSIA ACCESS TO THE MED. SEA -ACCESS TO THE MED. SEA -

-THIS PROPOSED ALLIANCE ANGERED GREAT -THIS PROPOSED ALLIANCE ANGERED GREAT BRITAIN THAT DID NOT WANT RUSSIA BRITAIN THAT DID NOT WANT RUSSIA GAINING ACCESS TO A WARM-WEATHER GAINING ACCESS TO A WARM-WEATHER PORTPORT

-GERMANY WANTED TO GAIN CONTROL OF -GERMANY WANTED TO GAIN CONTROL OF THE CRUMBLING OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE CRUMBLING OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND NEEDED THE BALKANS AS A LINK FROM NEEDED THE BALKANS AS A LINK FROM THEIR COUNTRY TO THE EMPIRETHEIR COUNTRY TO THE EMPIRE

-BOTH GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA DID NOT -BOTH GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA DID NOT WANT GERMANY GAINING THESE AREAS WANT GERMANY GAINING THESE AREAS BECAUSE THEY DID NOT WANT GERMANY TO BECAUSE THEY DID NOT WANT GERMANY TO EXPAND THEIR POWEREXPAND THEIR POWER

3. Assassination 3. Assassination -ON JUNE 14, 1914, ARCHDUKE FRANZ -ON JUNE 14, 1914, ARCHDUKE FRANZ

FERDINAND FERDINAND

(HEIR TO THE AUSTRIA-HUNGARY THRONE) (HEIR TO THE AUSTRIA-HUNGARY THRONE) AND HIS WIFE TRAVELED TO SARAJEVO, THE AND HIS WIFE TRAVELED TO SARAJEVO, THE CAPITAL OF BOSNIA / HERZEGOVINACAPITAL OF BOSNIA / HERZEGOVINA

-THEY WERE BOTH ASSASSINATED BY SERBIAN -THEY WERE BOTH ASSASSINATED BY SERBIAN NATIONALISTSNATIONALISTS

-AUSTRIA-HUNGARY WANTED TO PUNISH -AUSTRIA-HUNGARY WANTED TO PUNISH SERBIA FOR ITS ROLE IN THE PLOTSERBIA FOR ITS ROLE IN THE PLOT

-THEY SENT SERBIA AN ULTIMATUM THAT -THEY SENT SERBIA AN ULTIMATUM THAT STATED IF SERBIA DID NOT ARREST THE STATED IF SERBIA DID NOT ARREST THE PERSONS INVOLVED THEN AUSTRIA WOULD PERSONS INVOLVED THEN AUSTRIA WOULD INVADE SERBIAINVADE SERBIA

-WHEN SERBIA DECLINED, AUSTRIA DECLARED -WHEN SERBIA DECLINED, AUSTRIA DECLARED WAR ON SERBIAWAR ON SERBIA

4. Outbreak of War4. Outbreak of War-After Austria declared war on Serbia, the -After Austria declared war on Serbia, the

Alliance system beganAlliance system began --The Russians began to mobilize to help SerbiaThe Russians began to mobilize to help Serbia

-In turn, Germany warned Russia to stop or -In turn, Germany warned Russia to stop or they would declare war against Russiathey would declare war against Russia

-After Russia refused, Germany declared war -After Russia refused, Germany declared war on Russiaon Russia

-Also, Germany invaded Belgium in an attempt -Also, Germany invaded Belgium in an attempt to mobilize their troops against France to mobilize their troops against France anticipating French involvement in the waranticipating French involvement in the war

-Great Britain declared war on Germany in -Great Britain declared war on Germany in response the German invasion of Belgiumresponse the German invasion of Belgium

5. Sides of the War5. Sides of the War

-As War broke out, the major countries of -As War broke out, the major countries of Europe formedEurope formed

two sidestwo sides

- Central Powers- Central Powers

-Germany, Austria-Hungary, -Germany, Austria-Hungary,

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

-Allied Powers-Allied Powers

-Great Britain, France and -Great Britain, France and RussiaRussia

6. Battles of WWI6. Battles of WWI- Western FrontWestern Front - Along the border of Belgium and France- Along the border of Belgium and France - Germany had invaded and taken over- Germany had invaded and taken over Belgium and began to assemble theirBelgium and began to assemble their troops ready to invade Francetroops ready to invade France -French and British troops aligned -French and British troops aligned themselves on border prepared for the themselves on border prepared for the German invasionGerman invasion -War would continue along this line with -War would continue along this line with

no no real change in position and huge real change in position and huge

amountsamounts of casualties of casualties

6. Battles of WW1 (Pg 2.)6. Battles of WW1 (Pg 2.)

- Eastern Front- Eastern Front

-War broke out in Eastern Europe where-War broke out in Eastern Europe where

the Russians and Serbs battled the Russians and Serbs battled GermanyGermany

and Austria Hungaryand Austria Hungary

-Although Russia had many soldiers, they -Although Russia had many soldiers, they

lacked supplies and leadershiplacked supplies and leadership

-The Russians were successful in taking-The Russians were successful in taking

over parts of Austria but lost over a over parts of Austria but lost over a millionmillion

soldiers in the processsoldiers in the process

7. Style of War7. Style of War-The Battles fought along the Eastern/Western -The Battles fought along the Eastern/Western

Front Front

were fought in a style known as Trench Warfarewere fought in a style known as Trench Warfare

-Soldiers from both sides dug hundreds of miles of -Soldiers from both sides dug hundreds of miles of trenchestrenches

-Between the front line of opposing trenches, was -Between the front line of opposing trenches, was “No Man’s Land” , a wasteland of barbed wire “No Man’s Land” , a wasteland of barbed wire and landminesand landmines

-Each side would continuously bomb the opposing -Each side would continuously bomb the opposing side then scramble across “No Mans Land” to side then scramble across “No Mans Land” to attack enemy sidesattack enemy sides

-Huge casualties and very little gains resulted-Huge casualties and very little gains resulted

-New weapons included machine guns, armored -New weapons included machine guns, armored tanks,tanks,

U-Boats or submarinesU-Boats or submarines

8. Total War Effort8. Total War Effort-Due to the style of war fought, WWI required -Due to the style of war fought, WWI required

tons of supplies to fuel both sidestons of supplies to fuel both sides-Governments struggled to meet the demands -Governments struggled to meet the demands

of theof the warwar-Due to massive amount of causalities, millions -Due to massive amount of causalities, millions

of men were drafted into battleof men were drafted into battle-Women were forced to work in the factories -Women were forced to work in the factories

producing goods for the warproducing goods for the war-Countries needed civilians to ration food and -Countries needed civilians to ration food and

supplies that were needed for the soldierssupplies that were needed for the soldiers-To encourage people to support the war effort, -To encourage people to support the war effort,

both sides used propaganda to build both sides used propaganda to build confidence and increase their hatred of the confidence and increase their hatred of the enemyenemy

9. The Russian Revolution9. The Russian Revolution-During the war, the Russian army experienced -During the war, the Russian army experienced

huge casualtieshuge casualties

-The Russian government was unable to cope -The Russian government was unable to cope with the huge amounts of supplies necessary with the huge amounts of supplies necessary to continue battleto continue battle

-Riots throughout Russia led to diminished the -Riots throughout Russia led to diminished the power of the Russian czar (leader)power of the Russian czar (leader)

-Radical revolutionaries led by Vladimir Lenin -Radical revolutionaries led by Vladimir Lenin wanted out of the war and to fix their internal wanted out of the war and to fix their internal problemsproblems

-These revolutionaries overthrew the -These revolutionaries overthrew the government and withdrew Russia from WWIgovernment and withdrew Russia from WWI

-This withdrawal collapsed the Eastern Front -This withdrawal collapsed the Eastern Front and the Central Powers could concentrate and the Central Powers could concentrate their efforts of the Western Fronttheir efforts of the Western Front

10. Others Join the War10. Others Join the War-When Russian withdrew, the Allied forces needed -When Russian withdrew, the Allied forces needed

help along the Western Fronthelp along the Western Front-As WWI broke out, the US pledged neutrality -As WWI broke out, the US pledged neutrality

believing that believing that the war was a European problem and wanted to stay the war was a European problem and wanted to stay

outout-However, German U-boats began to attack US -However, German U-boats began to attack US

merchant ships traveling to British portsmerchant ships traveling to British ports-Finally, a German U-boat sank the British passenger -Finally, a German U-boat sank the British passenger

ship, Lusitania, that killed 128 Americansship, Lusitania, that killed 128 Americans-Also, the German propaganda machine spread -Also, the German propaganda machine spread

rumors that Germany would form an alliance with rumors that Germany would form an alliance with Mexico and attack Southwest US territories Mexico and attack Southwest US territories (Zimmerman Note)(Zimmerman Note)

-With Germany not backing down, US declared war -With Germany not backing down, US declared war on Germany and entered the war on the Allied sideon Germany and entered the war on the Allied side

11. Tides Turn11. Tides Turn-The arrival of US troops energized the Allied troops-The arrival of US troops energized the Allied troops

-The Allied troops steadily began to push German -The Allied troops steadily began to push German troopstroops

Back along the Western Front and Eastern FrontBack along the Western Front and Eastern Front

-Austria-Hungary began to break apart as different -Austria-Hungary began to break apart as different regions began to leave the empireregions began to leave the empire

-Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland declared their -Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland declared their independenceindependence

-Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire surrendered to the -Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire surrendered to the AlliesAllies

-By November 1918, Germany stood as alone in -By November 1918, Germany stood as alone in fighting the Alliesfighting the Allies

-A German rebels that wanted the fighting to stop -A German rebels that wanted the fighting to stop started a revolt and took over the German started a revolt and took over the German governmentgovernment

-On November 11, 1918 Germany signed an armistice -On November 11, 1918 Germany signed an armistice with the Allied Power officially ending WWIwith the Allied Power officially ending WWI

12. Effects of the WWI12. Effects of the WWI

-Fighting lasted over 4 years (July 1914-Nov -Fighting lasted over 4 years (July 1914-Nov 1918)1918)

-8.5 million casualties-8.5 million casualties

-Male Casualties Germany (15%) A/H (17%) -Male Casualties Germany (15%) A/H (17%) France (10%)France (10%)

-European infrastructure destroyed-European infrastructure destroyed

-Widespread famine throughout Eastern -Widespread famine throughout Eastern Europe till the early 1920s (8 million dead Europe till the early 1920s (8 million dead in Russia)in Russia)

-Disease spread throughout Europe-Disease spread throughout Europe

-European economies fell into recessions-European economies fell into recessions

13. Peace Treaties13. Peace Treatiesa)a) US Fourteen Points Proposal (Woodrow US Fourteen Points Proposal (Woodrow

Wilson)Wilson) - wanted to bring democracy to Europe- wanted to bring democracy to Europe -Protect smaller countries from larger ones-Protect smaller countries from larger ones (no more large empire)(no more large empire)-Create a League of Nations, international -Create a League of Nations, international

association to maintain peace association to maintain peace -However, European countries wanted the -However, European countries wanted the

Central Powers to suffer more as a Central Powers to suffer more as a consequence of warconsequence of war

-US rejected plan due to Europeans wanting -US rejected plan due to Europeans wanting moremore

-US preferred isolationism and let Europe solve -US preferred isolationism and let Europe solve itsits

own problemsown problems-League of Nations became a weak association -League of Nations became a weak association

13. Peace Treaties (Pg.2)13. Peace Treaties (Pg.2)b) b) Versailles TreatyVersailles Treaty

-Allied Powers drew up separate peace treaties -Allied Powers drew up separate peace treaties with each Central Power Nationwith each Central Power Nation

-German peace settlement known as the Versailles -German peace settlement known as the Versailles TreatyTreaty

-Extremely severe towards Germany due to Allies-Extremely severe towards Germany due to Allies

Reasoned that Germany started the warReasoned that Germany started the war

Treaty Requirement:Treaty Requirement:

1) Admitted Responsibility for causing 1) Admitted Responsibility for causing the WWIthe WWI

2) Pay War Reparations (Total Cost of the 2) Pay War Reparations (Total Cost of the War)War)

3) Limited Size of Army3) Limited Size of Army

4) Give up their Navy to the Allies4) Give up their Navy to the Allies

5) Give up Overseas Colonies5) Give up Overseas Colonies

6) Excluded from League of Nations6) Excluded from League of Nations

14. German Response 14. German Response

-German citizens resented the government for -German citizens resented the government for agreeing on the harsh Versailles Treatyagreeing on the harsh Versailles Treaty

-Harsh sanctions of Treaty caused an -Harsh sanctions of Treaty caused an economic depression in Germanyeconomic depression in Germany

-Felt the treaty was unjust that Germany had -Felt the treaty was unjust that Germany had to be blamed for war and pay war to be blamed for war and pay war reparationsreparations

-Bitter Hatred towards the Allied Nations-Bitter Hatred towards the Allied Nations

15. Geographic Effects15. Geographic Effects

-Empires of Germany, Austria--Empires of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia and Ottoman Hungary, Russia and Ottoman broken upbroken up

-New Countries created in Eastern -New Countries created in Eastern EuropeEurope