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Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

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The History of Mobile Radio Communication (1!"

1##$% Hert& ' Initial demonstration of practical radio communication 1#)% Marconi ' Radio transmission to a tu*boat o+er an 1# mi path 1,1% Detroit -olice Department% .. -olice car radio dispatch (, MH&

fre/uency band" 1!!% 0CC (0ederal Communications Commission" ' uthori&ed four

channels in the !$ to 2$ MH& ran*e

1!#% 0CC ' Ruled for re*ular ser+ice 123% 4ell Telephone 5aboratories ' 16, MH& (7imple8" 163% 0CC ' 26$ MH& (7imple8" 16% 4ell Telephone 5aboratories ' 7u**ested !, MH& band for hi*h

capacity mobile radio communication 132% 0CC ' 16, MH& (0ull Duple8" 132% 4ell Telephone 5aboratories ' cti+e research at #$$ MH& 13% 0CC ' 26$ MH& (0ull Duple8" 1)2% 0CC ' 2$ MH& band9idth allocation in the #$$ to $$ MH& ran*e 1#1% 0CC ' Release of cellular land mobile phone ser+ice in the 2$ MH&

band9idth in the #$$ to $$ MH& ran*e for commercial operation

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The History of Mobile Radio Communication (,!"

1#1% T:T and RCC (Radio Common Carrier" reach an a*reement to

split 2$ MH& spectrum into t9o ,$ MH& bands; 4and belon*s to

non9ireline operators (RCC"< and 4and 4 belon*s to 9ireline

operators (telephone companies"; =ach mar>et has t9o operators;

1#,% T:T is di+ested< and se+en R4OCs (Re*ional 4ell Operatin*

Companies" are formed to mana*e the cellular operations

1#,% M0? (Modified 0inal ?ud*ment" is issued by the *o+ernment DO?;ll the operators 9ere prohibited to (1" operate lon*.distance

business< (," pro+ide information ser+ices< and (!" do

manufacturin* business

1#!% meritech system in operation in Chica*o

1#2% Most R4OC mar>ets in operation

1#3% 0CC allocates 6 MH& in e8tended band

1#)% 0CC ma>es lottery on the small M7 and all R7 licenses

1##% TDM (Time Di+ision Multiple ccess" +oted as a di*ital cellular

standard in North merica

1,% @7M (@roupe 7peciale Mobile" operable in @ermany D, system

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The History of Mobile Radio Communication (!!"

1!% CDM (Code Di+ision Multiple ccess" +oted as another di*italcellular standard in North merica

12% merican TDM operable in 7eattle< Aashin*ton 12% -DC (-ersonal Di*ital Cellular" operable in To>yo< ?apan 12% T9o of si8 broadband -C7 (-ersonal Communication 7er+ice" license

bands in auction 16% CDM operable in Hon* Bon* 13% U7 Con*ress passes Telecommunication Reform ct 4ill 13% The auction money for si8 broadband -C7 licensed bands (1,$ MH&"

almost reaches ,$ billion U7 dollars 1)% 4roadband CDM considered as one of the third *eneration mobile

communication technolo*ies for UMT7 (Uni+ersal MobileTelecommunication 7ystems" durin* the UMT7 9or>shop conferenceheld in Borea

1% ITU (International Telecommunication Union" decides the ne8t*eneration mobile communication systems

(e;*;< A.CDM< cdma,$$$< etc"

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Uni+ersal Cell -hone Co+era*e

Maintainin* the telephone number across

*eo*raphical areas in a 9ireless and mobile system

Microwave

Tower

Cell

Cincinnati

Aashin*ton< DC

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0irst @eneration Cellular 7ystems and 7er+ices

1)$s De+elopments of radio and computer technolo*ies for

#$$$$ MH& mobile communications

1)3 ARC (Aorld dministrati+e Radio Conference" allocates

spectrum for cellular radio

1) NTT (Nippon Telephone : Tele*raph" introduces the firstcellular system in ?apan

1#1 NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone" $$ system introduced by

=ricsson Radio 7ystem 4 and deployed in 7candina+ia

1#2 M-7 (d+anced Mobile -hone 7er+ice" introduced by

T:T in North merica

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7/37Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 7

7econd @eneration Cellular 7ystems and 7er+ices

1#, C=-T (Conference =uropeenne des -ost et Telecommunications" established @7Mto define future -an.=uropean cellular Radio 7tandards

1$ Interim 7tandard I7.62 (U7DC" adopted by TI (Telecommunications Industryssociation"

1$ Interim 7tandard I7.14 (NM-7" adopted by TI

11 ?apanese -DC (-ersonal Di*ital Cellular" system standardi&ed by the M-T

(Ministry of -osts and Telecommunications"

1, -hase I @7M system is operational

1! Interim 7tandard I7.6 (CDM" adopted by TI

12 Interim 7tandard I7.1!3 adopted by TI

16 -C7 5icenses issued in North merica

13 -hase II @7M operational

1) North merican -C7 deploys @7M< I7.62< I7.6

1 I7.62% North merica

I7.6% North merica< Hon* Bon*< Israel< ?apan< China< etc

@7M% 11$ countries

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Third @eneration Cellular 7ystemsand 7er+ices (1,"

IMT.,$$$ (International Mobile Telecommunications.,$$$"%. 0ulfill ones dream of any9here< anytime communications

a reality;

Bey 0eatures of IMT.,$$$ include%

. Hi*h de*ree of commonality of desi*n 9orld9ide

. Compatibility of ser+ices 9ithin IMT.,$$$ and 9ith the

fi8ed net9or>s

. Hi*h /uality

. 7mall terminal for 9orld9ide use

. Aorld9ide roamin* capability

. Capability for multimedia applications< and a 9ide

ran*e of ser+ices and terminals;

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Third @eneration Cellular 7ystemsand 7er+ices (,,"

Important Component of IMT.,$$$ is ability topro+ide hi*h bearer rate capabilities%

. , Mbps for fi8ed en+ironment

. !#2 Bbps for indooroutdoor and pedestrianen+ironment

. 122 >bps for +ehicular en+ironment; 7tandardi&ation Aor>%

. In processin* 7cheduled 7er+ice%

. 7tarted in October ,$$1 in ?apan (A.

CDM"

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7ubscriber @ro9th

!@ 7ubscribers

,@ Di*ital only 7ubscribers

1@ nalo*ue only 7ubscribers

7ubs

cribers

1(($

1((1

1((,

1((!

1((2

1((6

1((3

1(()

1((#

1(((

,$$$

,$$1

,$$,

,$$!

,$$2

,$$6

,$$3

,$$)

,$$#

,$$(

,$1$

Eear

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Macrocell

7uburban

Co+era*e spect of Ne8t @eneration Mobile

Communication 7ystems

Microcell

Urban

7atellite

@lobal

@lobal

-icocell

In.buildin*

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Transmission Capacity

road!andradio

"lo!al#ystem$or%

o!ileComm&ni'ations

$;$1 $;1 1 1$ 1$$

Transmission capacity as a function of mobility in some radio access systems

Mob

ility

(niversal

%o!ile

)ele'omm&ni'at

ions #ystem

%o!ile road!and #ystem

road!and #atellite %&ltimedia

*o'al %&ltipoint Distri!&tion #ystem

#atellite (niversal %o!ile)ele'omm&ni'ations#ystem

Data rate (Mbs"

7tationary

-edestrian

Fehicular

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Aireless Technolo*y and ssociatedCharacteristics

Cellular

Aireless 5N-N

@-77atellite 4ased @-7

Home Net9or>in*

d Hoc Net9or>s7ensor Net9or>s

4luetooth

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Medical and Healthcare Applications

TM

4ac>bone

Net9or>

TM

4ac>bone

Net9or>

-ossibility for Remote consultin*

(includin* udio Fisual communication"

TM 79itch

Aireless Remote

consultation from

mbulance

TM 79itch

RemoteDatabases

In Hospital

-hysician

7ensors on body

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0undamentals of Cellular 7ystems

Illustration of a cell 9ith a mobile station and a base station

47

M7

CellM7

lternati+e

shape of a cell

Ideal cell area

(,.1$ >m radius"

He8a*onal cell area

used in most models

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0DM (0re/uency Di+isionMultiple ccess"

User 1

User ,

User nG

Time

0re/uency

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0DM 4and9idth 7tructure

1 , !G

n 0re/uency

Total band9idth

2

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0DMChannel llocation

0re/uency 1User 1

0re/uency ,

User ,

4ase 7tation

0re/uency nUser n

G G

Mobile 7tations

TDM (Ti Di i i M l i l

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TDM (Time Di+ision Multipleccess"

User1

User,

Usern

G

Time

0re/uency

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TDM 0rame 7tructure

G

Time

0rame

1 , ! n2

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TDM 0rame Illustration forMultiple Users

Time 1

Time ,

Time n

GG

4ase 7tation

User 1

User ,

User n

G

Mobile 7tations

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CDM (Code Di+isionMultiple ccess"

Time

0re/uency

U

sern

Code

User1

User,

;;;

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Transmitted and Recei+ed 7i*nals in a

CDM 7ystem

Information bits

Code at

transmittin* end

Transmitted si*nal

Recei+ed si*nal

Code at

recei+in* end

Decoded si*nal

at the recei+er

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O0DM (Ortho*onal 0re/uencyDi+ision Multiple8in*"

Con+entional multicarrier modulation used in 0DM

Ortho*onal multicarrier modulation used in O0DM

0re/uency

0re/uency

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0re/uency Hoppin*

0re/uency

f6

f2

f!

f,

f1

0rame 7lot

Time

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Cellular 7ystem Infrastructure

47

7er+ice area (one"

=arly 9ireless system%Large zone

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Cellular 7ystem% 7mall one

47 47

47 47 47

47 47

7er+ice area

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-7TN

Home phone

47C

G

G G47C

G

47C

G

47C

G

47 M7 47 M7 47 M7 47 M7 47 M7 47M7 47M7 47 M7

M7C G M7C

M7< 47< 47C< M7C< and -7TN

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Control and Traffic Channels

ase #tation +#

Forw

ard(d

ownlink)

contro

lcha

nnel

%o!ile #tation

+%#

Reve

rse(u

plink)

controlc

hann

el

Forw

ard(d

ownlink)

traffic

chan

nel

Reve

rse(u

plink)

traffic

chan

nel

Call 7etup from M7

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Call 7etup from M7(Cell -hone" to 47

47 M7

1; Need to establish path

,; 0re/uencytime slotcode assi*ned

(0DMTDMCDM"

!; Control Information

c>no9led*ement

2; 7tart communication

7t f C ll 7 t f

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7teps for Call 7etup from47 to M7

47 M7

,; Ready to establish a path

!; Use fre/uencytime slotcode

(0DMTDMCDM"

2; Ready for communication

6; 7tart communication

1; Call for M7 J pendin*

7i lifi d Ai l C i ti

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7implified Aireless Communications7ystem Representation

Informationrecei+ed

(FoiceData"

Information

to be

transmitted(FoiceData"

Codin* Modulator Transmitter

Decodin* Demodulator Recei+er

ntenna

ntennaCarrier

Carrier

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7atellite 7ystems

Traditional pplications

Aeather satellite

Radio and TF broadcastin*

Military satellites

Telecommunication pplications

@lobal telephone connections

4ac>bone for *lobal net9or> @-7

N t > hit t

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Net9or> rchitecturesand -rotocols

7ystematic 7i*nalin* 7teps for Information

=8chan*e

Open 7ystems Interconnections (O7I"

Transmission Control -rotocol (TC-"

Internet -rotocol (I-"

Internet -rotocol Fersion 2 (I-+2"

Internet -rotocol Fersion 3 (I-+3" ' Aor> in

pro*ress

Mobile I-

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d Hoc Net9or>

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Aireless 7ensor Net9or>s

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Aireless 5N and -N

Aireless 5ocal rea Net9or> (5N" usin* the

I=== #$,;11

Hiper5N is a =uropean 7tandard Aireless -ersonal rea Net9or> (-N"

4luetooth

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