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Chapter 3Processing Technology11Objectives OverviewDiscovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 422Objectives Overview33The System UnitThe system unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data4

4The System UnitThe inside of the system unit on a desktop personal computer includes:5

5The System UnitThe motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unitA computer chip contains integrated circuits6

6ProcessorThe processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computerContain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU)77Processor

88ProcessorThe control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computerThe arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations99ProcessorFor every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle10

10ProcessorMost current personal computers support pipeliningProcessor begins fetching a second instruction before it completes the machine cycle for the first instruction

1111Processor1212ProcessorThe leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD13

13ProcessorDetermine how you plan to use a new computer before selecting a processor14

14ProcessorA processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to burn upRequire additional coolingHeat sinksLiquid cooling technology

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15ProcessorParallel processing uses multiple processors simultaneously to execute a single program or taskMassively parallel processing involves hundreds or thousands of processors16

16Data Representation1717Data RepresentationA computer circuit represents the 0 or the 1 electronically by the presence or absence of an electrical charge

Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte. A byte represents a single character in the computer

1818Data RepresentationASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most widely used coding scheme to represent data

1919Data Representation20

20MemoryMemory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the dataStores three basic categories of items:2121MemoryEach location in memory has an addressMemory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB)22

22MemoryThe system unit contains two types of memory:2323Memory24

24MemoryThree basic types of RAM chips exist:25

25MemoryRAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots26

26MemoryThe amount of RAM necessary in a computer often depends on the types of software you plan to use27

27MemoryMemory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data28

28Memory2929MemoryFlash memory can be erased electronically and rewrittenCMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes little power30

30MemoryAccess time is the amount of time it takes the processor to read from memoryMeasured in nanoseconds31

31Expansion Slots and Adapter CardsAn expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter cardAn adapter card enhances functions of a component of the system unit and/or provides connections to peripheralsSound card and video card32

32Expansion Slots and Adapter CardsWith Plug and Play, the computer automatically can configure adapter cards and other peripherals as you install them33

33Expansion Slots and Adapter CardsRemovable flash memory includes:Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC Cards/ExpressCard modules34

34Ports and Connectors3535Ports and Connectors36

36Ports and ConnectorsOn a notebook computer, the ports are on the back, front, and/or sides37

37Ports and Connectors38

38Ports and ConnectorsA USB port can connect up to 127 different peripherals together with a single connectorYou can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB port with a USB hub39

39Ports and ConnectorsOther types of ports include:4040Ports and ConnectorsA Bluetooth wireless port adapter converts a USB port into a Bluetooth port

A smart phone might communicate with a notebook computer using an IrDA port

4141Ports and ConnectorsA port replicator is an external device that provides connections to peripherals through ports built into the deviceA docking station is an external device that attaches to a mobile computer or device

4242BusesA bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each otherData busAddress busWord size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at a given time43

43BusesExpansion slots connect to expansion busesCommon types of expansion buses include:4444BaysA bay is an opening inside the system unit in which you can install additional equipmentA drive bay typically holds disk drives

4545Power Supply4646Putting It All Together4747Putting It All Together4848Keeping Your Computer or Mobile Device Clean4949System SoftwareSystem software consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices5050Operating SystemsAn operating system (OS) is a set of programs containing instructions that work together to coordinate all the activities among computer hardware resources5151Operating Systems52

52Operating System FunctionsThe process of starting or restarting a computer is called booting53

53Operating System Functions54

54Operating System Functions5555Operating System FunctionsAn operating system includes various shut down options5656Operating System FunctionsA user interface controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screenWith a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and visual images57

57Operating System FunctionsWith a command-line interface, a user uses the keyboard to enter data and instructions58

58Operating System FunctionsHow an operating system handles programs directly affects your productivity5959Operating System Functions60

60Operating System FunctionsMemory management optimizes the use of RAMVirtual memory is a portion of a storage medium functioning as additional RAM61

61Operating System FunctionsThe operating system determines the order in which tasks are processed62

62Operating System Functions6363Operating System FunctionsOperating systems typically provide a means to establish Internet connections64

64Operating System FunctionsA performance monitor is a program that assesses and reports information about various computer resources and devices65

65Operating System FunctionsOperating systems often provide users with the capability of:6666Operating System FunctionsAutomatic update automatically provides updates to the program67

67Operating System FunctionsSome operating systems are designed to work with a server on a networkA server operating system organizes and coordinates how multiple users access and share resources on a networkA network administrator uses the server operating system to:Add and remove users, computers, and other devicesInstall software and administer network security6868Operating System FunctionsEach user has a user accountA user name, or user ID, identifies a specific userA password is a private combination of characters associated with the user name69

69Types of Operating Systems70

70Stand-Alone Operating SystemsA stand-alone operating system is a complete operating system that works on a desktop computer, notebook computer, or mobile computing device7171Stand-Alone Operating SystemsWindows 7 is Microsofts fastest, most efficient operating system to date and is available in multiple editions:7272Stand-Alone Operating SystemsWindows 7 provides programs such as:7373Stand-Alone Operating Systems74

74Stand-Alone Operating Systems75

75Stand-Alone Operating SystemsThe Macintosh operating system has set the standard for operating system ease of useLatest version is Mac OS X76

76Stand-Alone Operating Systems7777Server Operating Systems7878Server Operating SystemsWindows Server 2008 is an upgrade to Windows Server 2003Part of the Windows Server 2008 familyMultiple editionsMost editions include Hyper-V, a virtualization technologyVirtualization is the practice of sharing or pooling computing resources7979Embedded Operating SystemsAn embedded operating system resides on a ROM chip on a mobile device or consumer electronic device8080Embedded Operating Systems

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81Utility ProgramsA utility program is a type of system software that allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks82

82Utility ProgramsA file manager is a utility that performs functions related to file managementDisplaying a list of filesOrganizing files in foldersCopying, renaming, deleting, moving, and sorting files and foldersCreating shortcuts83

83Utility ProgramsA search utility is a program that attempts to locate a file on your computer based on criteria you specify84

84Utility ProgramsAn image viewer allows users to display, copy, and print the contents of a graphics fileAn uninstaller removes a program, as well as any associated entries in the system files85

85Utility ProgramsA disk cleanup utility searches for and removes unnecessary filesDownloaded programfilesTemporary InternetfilesDeleted filesUnused programfiles86

86Utility ProgramsA disk defragmenter reorganizes the files and unused space on a computers hard disk so that the operating system accesses data more quickly and programs run fasterDefragmenting

8787Utility ProgramsA backup utility allows users to copy files to another storage mediumA restore utility reverses the process and returns backed up files to their original form88

88Utility ProgramsA screen saver causes a display devices screen to show a moving image or blank screen if no activity occurs for a specified timeA personal firewall detects and protects a personal computer from unauthorized intrusions89

89Utility Programs9090Utility Programs91

91Utility Programs9292Utility ProgramsFilters are programs that remove or block certain items from being displayed9393Utility ProgramsA file compression utility shrinks the size of a file(s)Compressing files frees up room on the storage mediaTwo types of compressionLossyLosslessCompressed files sometimes are called zipped filesCan be uncompressed9494Utility ProgramsA media player allows you to view images and animation, listen to audio, and watch video files on your computer95

95Utility ProgramsDisc burning software writes text, graphics, audio, and video files on a recordable or rewritable optical disc

9696Utility ProgramsA personal computer maintenance utility identifies and fixes operating system problems, detects and repairs disk problems, and includes the capability of improving a computers performance

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