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Chapter 2 1896-1945: Nationalisms and the Autonomy of Canada
Section 10: Challenging Capitalism, the Union Nationale government, Clerico-Nationalism and Francophones in the Economy
Pages that correspond to this presentation
Challenging Capitalism: Page 172
Union Nationale: Page 173
Clerico Nationalism: Pages 174-176
Francophones in the economy: Pages 176-177
Colonization movement during the Great Depression: Page 171
Capitalism as a problem • During the Great Depression (1930s) large scale socio-
economic problems unemployment, homelessness, etc.
• People stopped trusting the system of capitalism large companies seeking profit
• People also stopped trusting the governments that allowed capitalism to lead to the Great Depression Liberal party of Canada & Conservative Party of Canada
• These same people questioned the systems in place and challenged the systems by creating new political parties
• New political/social ideas emerged:
– Communism
– Socialism
– Fascism
Communism • The idea that private property and a profit based
economy (capitalism) is replaced with ‘communal control’ of means of production (mines, mills, factories, etc.)
• ‘Everyone’ is paid based on abilities and needs
• Against the involvement of the church in government affairs
• There are not many communist countries left in 2017
• The Communist Party of Canada was established in 1921
• Only a handful of Communist Party of Canada members made it to Federal politics in the 1920s/1930s
Communism British Columbia branch of the Communist Party of Canada – early 1930s
Emblem for the Communist Part of Canada
Source: The Canadian Encyclopedia Online. <http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/communist-party-of-canada/>
Source: Wikipedia. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada>
Communism Election poster for Fred Rose- Communist Party of Canada member
Source: Wikipedia. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Rose_(politician)#Federal>
• Fred Rose was elected to the House of Commons in 1943
• However- Rose was convicted of spying for the Soviet Union in 1946
Socialism • An IDEOLOGY that will defend the ‘Greater Good’
• Interests of the greater number of people takes priority over smaller groups (Example: middle class VS wealthy/upper class)
• An idea eventually defended/promoted by the government
• Governments should intervene by implementing laws/programs to support/protect the general population
• In favor of unions
• Healthcare, employment insurance, etc.
• New political parties promoted this ideology during /after the Great Depression
• Cooperative Commonwealth Federation established in 1933
Socialism CFF billboard in the early 1930s
Emblem for the Canadian Commonwealth Federation
Source: The Canadian Encyclopedia Online. <http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/co-operative-commonwealth-federation/
Source: Wikipedia. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation#Party_leaders>
Socialism
Source: University of Alberta Peel Library. <http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/10186/1.html>
Saskatchewan Commonwealth Organization Poster - 1945
• The poster’s message is that under a capitalist system workers in Canada are no earning enough money to have a decent standard of living for their families
Socialism
Source: Archives Society of Alberta. <https://albertaonrecord.ca/iw-paa-112>
CCF election poster – date unknown
• What is the common theme of the message from each drawing?
Socialism • The idea of ‘social credit’
• The idea that people should receive a monthly allowance (on top of what they earn) in order to help them gain more PURCHASHING POWER where would this money come from? The Government supposedly
• Social credit party in Canada Popular mainly in Alberta and British Columbia
• Established in 1935 a populist political party
• Populist political party = a political party that supposedly defends the interests of the people and criticizes the elites
Socialism
• How was socialism expressed?
–Political party posters
–Strikes/protests
–Literature (magazine, pamphlets, etc.)
Fascism • An Ideology that promotes tradition,
military force, totalitarianism and extreme ETHNIC nationalism
• Ethnic Nationalism a single race represents a nation
• Single government leader/single political party
• Resemblance to a cult
Fascism • People/groups who
represent Fascism:
–Hitler, Mussolini,
– ‘blueshirts’
–Adrian Arcand & the National Social Christian Party Canadian Fascist Party in 1930s
Source: Le Québec: Une Histoire du Famille. <http://lequebecunehistoiredefamille.com/capsule/arcand/photo/adrien-arcand>
Adrien Arcand
Fascism • How was fascism
expressed?
– Propaganda
• Literature (newspapers, ect.)
• Propaganda posters
– Public displays of fascism (mural in Madonna Della Difesa Chruch in Montreal)
Source: The Canadian Fuhrer: The Life of Adrien Arcand. Google Books. <https://books.google.ca/books?id=D630umvXNKoC&pg=PA181&lpg=PA181&dq=faciste+canadien+newspaper&source=bl&ots=xWbEqQ3Wy_&sig=0M7eG1DTvGcZjiNFPtzpJ6L12Ek&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGydzJ8bnYAhXL54MKHZFJAPYQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=faciste%20canadien%20newspaper&f=false>
Man printing fascist propaganda in a basement
Fascism
Source: Radio Canada.< http://ici.radio-canada.ca/emissions/le_15_18/2016-2017/chronique.asp?idChronique=422046>
Source: The Canadian Fuhrer: The Life of Adrien Arcand. Google Books. <https://books.google.ca/books?id=D630umvXNKoC&pg=PA181&lpg=PA181&dq=faciste+canadien+newspaper&source=bl&ots=xWbEqQ3Wy_&sig=0M7eG1DTvGcZjiNFPtzpJ6L12Ek&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGydzJ8bnYAhXL54MKHZFJAPYQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=faciste%20canadien%20newspaper&f=false>
Young men working for the PNSC- preparing propaganda pamphlets in Montreal- 1938
Young women being trained for the PNSC- 1938
Fascism
Source: Ricochet Media. <https://ricochet.media/fr/2040/cinquante-nuances-de-brun>
Le Faciste Canadien: The official newspaper of the National Social Christian Party
• Party members were required to sell the newspaper each month
• Very few news stands in Montreal sold this publication
Vault Mural of Benito Mussolini- Italian fascist Madonna Della Difesa Church in Montreal
Fascism
Source: Untapped cities.<https://untappedcities.com/2013/10/21/why-is-benito-mussolini-featured-church-fresco-montreal/>
Source: Accent I newspaper. <http://www.accenti.ca/news-archives-issue-1/community-of-churches-frescos-and-historic-sites-by-filippo-salvatore>
New political parties gain popularity in Quebec?
• No None of these parties made a significant impact on Quebec’s political landscape
• However, one political party emerged in Quebec that claimed to defend traditional values of Quebec The Union Nationale
• Lead by a man named Maurice Duplessis
• This political party claimed to defend a promote Catholicism, rural life (farming) and family values
• This political party gained a lot of support right before 1936 and after the Union Nationale was elected as Quebec’s majority party in 1936
Election of the Union Nationale party in Quebec
• The leader of the Union Nationale party in 1936 = Maurice Duplessis
• Duplessis was a strong politician
• In order to win the Quebec provincial election in 1936:
– He found corruption in the provincial Liberal Party and exploited it
– He worked out a merger between his old political party (Conservative party of Quebec) AND the Action Libérale Nationale party
• By doing this Duplessis was able to form a party that won the 1936 Quebec provincial election
Election of the Union Nationale party in Quebec
Source: Virtual Museum. <http://larevolutiontranquille.ca/en/the-long-reign-of-the-national-union.php>
Maurice Duplessis in 1936
Source: Wikipedia.< https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_nationale_(Qu%C3%A9bec)>
Logo used by the Union Nationale Party in Quebec
Union Nationale in Quebec from 1936-1940
• Duplessis and the Union Nationale government were believers in 4 things:
– Minimal government intervention in the economy and social issues
– Support for the Catholic Church in Quebec
– Support for a rural way of life
– Anti-communism/Anti-union
Source: Wikipedia.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis>
Maurice Duplessis in 1936
Union Nationale in Quebec from 1936-1940
• Duplessis and the Union Nationale government did not believe in government intervention in the economy
• They did not try to ‘NATIONALIZE’ hydroelectricity
• Nationalize = government controls/own all of something = Hydro Quebec in 2017
• Duplessis though letting the market decide was the way to go
Union Nationale in Quebec from 1936-1940
• Duplessis was also a strong supporter of the Catholic Church:
– He allowed the church to control social services like hospitals
– He created laws that the Catholic Church had been asking for in Quebec for some time
– He installed a crucifix in the National Assembly (where the government of Quebec meets and debates)
Union Nationale in Quebec from 1936-1940
• Duplessis believed in the rural way of life:
– The Union Nationale Party established an agricultural credit for farmers to help them pay off debt and find agricultural land for their children to start farms
– The National Electricity Syndicate: although the Union Nationale part did not nationalize electricity they did make sure to provide electricity to rural areas (farms) in many outlying regions in Quebec
– An power plant was built in Abitibi to provide electricity to farms this is called the ‘electrification of farms’
Union Nationale in Quebec from 1936-1940
• During the first 4 years of the Union Nationale government anti-union laws
• Duplessis used local police forces to protect strike breakers what were strike breakers?
• 1937 Sorel shipyard strike provincial police used to protect the strikebreakers
• 1937 “Padlock Law”
• This law gave the power to the Union Nationale government to padlock any building associated with ‘Communism’
• Duplessis sometimes used this law to crackdown on organizations that spoke out against him and the Union Nationale government infringement on democracy
Union Nationale in Quebec from 1936-1940 Government workers sifting through newspapers in the Clarité office as part of the Padlock Law
Political cartoon commenting on the Padlock Law being linked to fascist ideology
Source: Canadian Primary Sources in the Classroom. <http://www.begbiecontestsociety.org/quebec.htm>
Source: Wikipedia. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padlock_Law#/media/File:News._Communistic_Literature_BAnQ_P48S1P02676.jpg>
End of the Union Nationale era in 1940
• Duplessis and the Union Nationale were voted out of provincial government in 1940
• However, due to another conscription crisis and other issues The Union Nationale party was voted back in the mid 1940s
• We will discuss the Union Nationale in the 1940 more in chapter 3
Keynesianism • John Maynard Keynes
• Mid 1930s during the Great Depression wrote a book called “General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”
• His theory included the idea that during rough economic times: – The government should spend money to invest in
infrastructure to help businesses which will then hire more workers
– The government should lower taxes so businesses can spend more and people have more money to spend on goods
Clerico-Nationalism… what is it?
• 1920s-1950s
• French Canadian Nationalist idea traditional values family, Catholicism, rural way of life and the French language/culture
• The reason behind this way of thinking protect French Canadian culture/identity from being wiped away by English-Canadian/American cultural influences
• Moving ‘back to the land’/farming/agriculturalism became an important part of Clerico-Nationalism
Clerico-Nationalism… who represented it?
• Lionel Groulx
• French Canadian Nationalist
• Unlike Henri Bourassa Groulx believed Quebec was a space for French Canadians to defend their identity/culture
• French Canadians formed their OWN NATION within the territory of Quebec
• Bourassa believed that Canada was a territory for both French and English Canadians to share
• Groulx’s ideology was one step closer to Quebec Nationalism that we will see in the 1960s onwards
Clerico-Nationalism… who represented it?
Lionel Groulx in 1927
Source: Wikipedia.<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Groulx>
Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 175
Clerico-Nationalism… how was it expressed? • Lionel Groulx’s writings/magazines L’Action Francaise/
L’Action Nationale founded in 1917
• “Romans du Terroir” Novels of Rural Life
– Novels that romanticized rural life/farming in Quebec
– Traditional values (French language, Catholicism) were also promoted in these novels
– These novels painted a picture of the horrible lives of industrial workers versus the amazing lives of life in the country/ on farms
• French Canadian paintings depicting agricultural landscapes Paintings by Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté
• The colonization movement in Quebec during the Great Depression promoting agriculture
Clerico-Nationalism… how was it expressed?
L’Action Française Magazine- August 1921
• L’Action Française Magazine was founded by members of the League for French Rights (including Lionel Groulx)
• The goal of the magazine was to promote French Canadian rights and values/culture in Quebec
Source: Wikimedia Commons.< https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L%27Action_Fran%C3%A7aise.JPG>
Clerico-Nationalism… how was it expressed? Roman du Terroir: “Ne Vends Pas La Terre”
Source: Laurentiana Blog. < https://laurentiana.blogspot.ca/2014/05/la-litterature-du-terroir-au-quebec.html>
Source: Librarie O Vieux Bouquins.<http://www.ovieuxbouquins.com/siteweb/inventaire.php?pg=&pksection=40&cat=&txttitre=&txtmotcle=&txtauteur=&tri=DATEAC&page=59>
Clerico-Nationalism… how was it expressed?
Source: Queen’s University Agnes Edrithton Art Gallery.<https://agnes.queensu.ca/exhibition/key-works-unlocked-peel-and-suzor-
cote/>
Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 175
Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté, “Wet Snow”, Arthabaska, around 1919
Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté, “The Harvest”, around 1912
Clerico-Nationalism… how was it expressed?
• Promoting colonization during the Great Depression
• The Catholic Church along with French Canadian nationalists promoted the “return to the land” movement
• The RCC and FC nationalists believed that agriculture would tae people away from the poverty they faced in cities
• Farmers could grow their own food problem solved
• Regions such as Abitibi were colonized during this time
Abitibi Region of Quebec
Source: Wikipedia.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitibi-T%C3%A9miscamingue>
Programme de restauration social of the École Sociale Populaire
• École Sociale Populaire (the same organization we spoke about in notes 2.6)
• Did not always agree with capitalism:
– Their stance was that rural development was important develop farms, investment in rural areas
– Buy local/ Quebec made products
– Investment in agricultural cooperatives (notes 2.6) to help with the development of rural areas
– Rely on charity to help society NOT capitalism
Francophones in the economy
• Not all French Canadian Nationalists were involved in rural development/agriculturalism
• Some were involved in the world of business (factories/stores, etc.)
• Some believed that French Canadians NEEDED to get involved in industrialization take control away from Anglophones in the business world within Quebec
• Investment in French Canadian businesses would mean prosperity for the French Canadian people
Francophones in the economy • Rodolphe Forget
• French Canadian business owner
• Montreal Light and Power
• At the time rare for a French Canadian to own a powerful company such as Montreal Light and Power
• Forget eventually made his way into politics representing the Charlevoix region of Quebec I the federal government
Rodolphe Forget in 1910
Source: McCord Museum online.<http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/imagedownload.php?accessNumber=VIEW-8781&Lang=1&imageID=165334&format=large>
Francophones in the economy
Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 176