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Chapter 1Chapter 1
Human Body Orientation
Human Body Orientation
AnatomyAnatomy
• Study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another
• Gross Anatomy – studying large body structures – easy to see
• Microscopic anatomy – studying small parts of the body – microscopic
Ex. Cells and tissues
• Study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another
• Gross Anatomy – studying large body structures – easy to see
• Microscopic anatomy – studying small parts of the body – microscopic
Ex. Cells and tissues
PhysiologyPhysiology
• The study of how the body and its parts work or function
• Neurophysiology – explain how the nervous system works
• Cardiac physiology – studies the function of the heart
• The study of how the body and its parts work or function
• Neurophysiology – explain how the nervous system works
• Cardiac physiology – studies the function of the heart
• Anatomy and physiology are always related. The parts form a well organized unit.
• Structure determines function.
• Anatomy and physiology are always related. The parts form a well organized unit.
• Structure determines function.
Levels of Structural Oranization
Levels of Structural Oranization
• Atoms molecules cells Tissue organ organ system organism
• Molecules – water• Cell – smallest unit of living things• Tissue – groups of cells with similar
functions• Organ – structure composed of 2+
tissues
• Atoms molecules cells Tissue organ organ system organism
• Molecules – water• Cell – smallest unit of living things• Tissue – groups of cells with similar
functions• Organ – structure composed of 2+
tissues
Figure 1.1
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Body TissuesBody
Tissues
Four Types:Four Types:
• Epithelium – covering• Connective – support• Nervous – control• Muscle - movement
• Epithelium – covering• Connective – support• Nervous – control• Muscle - movement
Epithelial tissueEpithelial tissue
• Lines and covers all free body surfaces
• Lines and covers all free body surfaces
FunctionsFunctions
• Protection• Absorption• Filtration• secretion
• Protection• Absorption• Filtration• secretion
Special Characteristics of Epithelium
Special Characteristics of Epithelium
• Fit closely together to form sheets• One surface or edge is free and the
other attaches to a basement membrane
• No blood supply• Regenerate easily
• Fit closely together to form sheets• One surface or edge is free and the
other attaches to a basement membrane
• No blood supply• Regenerate easily
Classification of EpitheliumClassification of Epithelium
Two Names1. Number of cell layers
a. Simple – oneb. Stratified – 1+
Two Names1. Number of cell layers
a. Simple – oneb. Stratified – 1+
2. Shapea. Squamous – flattened like fish scalesb. Cuboidal – cube shapec. Columnar – shaped like columns
2. Shapea. Squamous – flattened like fish scalesb. Cuboidal – cube shapec. Columnar – shaped like columns
Simple SquamousSimple Squamous
Connective TissueConnective Tissue
• Connects body parts• Found everywhere
Functions – protection, support, binding together
• Connects body parts• Found everywhere
Functions – protection, support, binding together
Special Characteristics of Connective Tissue
Special Characteristics of Connective Tissue
• Variations in blood supply• Extra-cellular matrix
Matrix – secreted by the cells - non-living substances
Ex. – blood, fat, bone
• Variations in blood supply• Extra-cellular matrix
Matrix – secreted by the cells - non-living substances
Ex. – blood, fat, bone
Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue
• Highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement
Types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth
• Highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement
Types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth
Nervous TissueNervous Tissue
• Neurons• Highly specialized to receive and
transmit impulses
• Neurons• Highly specialized to receive and
transmit impulses
The Eleven Organ
Systems
The Eleven Organ
Systems
1. Integumentary System – Skin – Covers the body
1. Integumentary System – Skin – Covers the body
Functions – a. Waterproofsb. Cushions and protectsc. Perspiration – excretes salts and uread. Regulates body temperaturee. Temperature, pressure, pain receptors
Functions – a. Waterproofsb. Cushions and protectsc. Perspiration – excretes salts and uread. Regulates body temperaturee. Temperature, pressure, pain receptors
Organs – hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (oil)
Organs – hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (oil)
2. Skeletal System2. Skeletal System
Functions – a. Support – store mineralsb. Framework for muscles – aids movementc. Protective – ex. Skulld. Hematopoiesis – formation of blood cells
Functions – a. Support – store mineralsb. Framework for muscles – aids movementc. Protective – ex. Skulld. Hematopoiesis – formation of blood cells
Organs – bones, ligaments, joints and cartilage
Organs – bones, ligaments, joints and cartilage
3. Muscular System3. Muscular System
Functions– Muscles contract
and cause movement
– Primary source of body heat
Organs – Skeletal muscles
Functions– Muscles contract
and cause movement
– Primary source of body heat
Organs – Skeletal muscles
4. Nervous System4. Nervous System
• Fast acting control system
Functions – allows the body to respond to irritants and stimuli
Organs – brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs
• Fast acting control system
Functions – allows the body to respond to irritants and stimuli
Organs – brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs
5. Endocrine System5. Endocrine System
Functionsa. Controls body activities –
slowb. Produces chemical
molecules – Hormonesc. Hormones released in
blood and travel to distant organs
d. Hormones control growth, reproduction and food
Functionsa. Controls body activities –
slowb. Produces chemical
molecules – Hormonesc. Hormones released in
blood and travel to distant organs
d. Hormones control growth, reproduction and food
6. Cardiovascular System6. Cardiovascular System
Functionsa. Blood vessels,
transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste
Organs – heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood
Blood vessels are in red
Functionsa. Blood vessels,
transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste
Organs – heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood
Blood vessels are in red
7. Lymphatic System (Immune System)
7. Lymphatic System (Immune System)
• Complements the cardiovascular system
Functions – returns fluid leaked from the blood to the blood vessels
Organs – lymph fluids, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
• Complements the cardiovascular system
Functions – returns fluid leaked from the blood to the blood vessels
Organs – lymph fluids, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
Lymph nodes Lymph nodes
• Cleanses blood• Houses cells involved in immunity
• Cleanses blood• Houses cells involved in immunity
8. Respiratory System8. Respiratory System
Functions a. Keeps body supplied with
oxygen b. Removes carbon dioxide
Organs: nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Lungs- tiny air sacs where gas exchange with the blood occurs
Functions a. Keeps body supplied with
oxygen b. Removes carbon dioxide
Organs: nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Lungs- tiny air sacs where gas exchange with the blood occurs
9. Digestive System9. Digestive System
• Tube from mouth to anus
Functions:a. Breaks down foodb. Products to the blood for dispersal
• Tube from mouth to anus
Functions:a. Breaks down foodb. Products to the blood for dispersal
OrgansOrgans
• Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Intestines (small and large), rectum
• Liver – produces bile to break down fats
• Pancreas – digestive enzymes for small intestines
• Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Intestines (small and large), rectum
• Liver – produces bile to break down fats
• Pancreas – digestive enzymes for small intestines
10. Urinary System10. Urinary System
Functions – a. Removes nitrogen wastes from the blood, exits body through urineb. Maintains the balance of water, salt, acid-base
Organs – kidneys, ureters, bladder
urethra
Functions – a. Removes nitrogen wastes from the blood, exits body through urineb. Maintains the balance of water, salt, acid-base
Organs – kidneys, ureters, bladder
urethra
11. Reproductive System11. Reproductive System
Male – sperm – testes
Organs – scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system
Male – sperm – testes
Organs – scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system
Female – eggs – ovary
Organs – uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
Female – eggs – ovary
Organs – uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
Maintaining Life
Maintaining Life
The highly organized human body does:
The highly organized human body does:
1. Maintains boundaries2. Responds to environmental
changes – Irritability3. Takes in and digests nutrients4. Carry out metabolism5. Dispose of wastes6. Reproduce7. Grow
1. Maintains boundaries2. Responds to environmental
changes – Irritability3. Takes in and digests nutrients4. Carry out metabolism5. Dispose of wastes6. Reproduce7. Grow
• The highly organized human body is able to carry out the 7 characteristics.
• The highly organized human body is able to carry out the 7 characteristics.
The Seven Characteristics of Life
The Seven Characteristics of Life
1. Maintaining Boundaries – cell membrane
Body System - Integumentary
1. Maintaining Boundaries – cell membrane
Body System - Integumentary
2. Movement
Body System – muscular system
2. Movement
Body System – muscular system
3. Responsiveness or Irritability(sense changes and respond)
Body System – Nervous System
3. Responsiveness or Irritability(sense changes and respond)
Body System – Nervous System
4. A. Digestion
Body system - Digestive
4. A. Digestion
Body system - Digestive
B. Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
Body Systems – Digestive, Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Endocrine
B. Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
Body Systems – Digestive, Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Endocrine
5. Excretion
Body System – Digestive and Urinary
5. Excretion
Body System – Digestive and Urinary
6. Reproduction
Body System – Reproductive
7. Growth
6. Reproduction
Body System – Reproductive
7. Growth
Survival Needs of the Human Body
Survival Needs of the Human Body
• Goal of the body systems – Maintain Life1. Nutrients (food)2. Oxygen3. Water4. Appropriate Temperature5. Atmospheric Pressure
• Goal of the body systems – Maintain Life1. Nutrients (food)2. Oxygen3. Water4. Appropriate Temperature5. Atmospheric Pressure
HomeostasisHomeostasis
• The ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions
• Homeo – same• Statis – standing still
• Happens when the body has its needs meet and is functioning smoothly
• The ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions
• Homeo – same• Statis – standing still
• Happens when the body has its needs meet and is functioning smoothly
The Language of
Anatomy
The Language of
Anatomy
• A set of terms that allows body structures to be located and identified clearly with a few words
• A set of terms that allows body structures to be located and identified clearly with a few words
Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position
• Standard reference point
• Standard reference point
Regional TermsRegional Terms
• The many visible landmarks on the surface of the body
• The many visible landmarks on the surface of the body
Figure 1.6a
Figure 1.6b
Figure 1.6c
Figure 1.7
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
• Used to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another
• Used to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another
•The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
•The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ between the ________ and _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ between the ________ and _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
• The ________ is ___________ to the _____________.
Body PlanesBody Planes
The EndThe End