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CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 1 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
Chapter 1: Packing your Suitcase Lesson 1.1.1 1-1. a. Independent variable = distance from end of tube to the wall. Dependent variable = width of field of view. e. The equation depends on the length and diameter of the tubes used. The students should
have a slope between 0.12 and 0.14 with a y-intercept around 3.5 cm if they use a paper towel core.
1-2. Answers will depend on the students’ tube and models. 1-3. Answers will depend on the students’ tube and models. Review and Preview 1.1.1 1-5. a. parabola y = x2 b. cubic y = x3 c. hyperbola, inverse variation, d. exponential y = 2x
reciprocal function y = 1x
e. absolute value y = x f. square root y = x
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 2 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-6. Examples of non-functions are a circle, x2 + y2 = r2 , and a “sleeping” parabola, x = y2 .
Other answers are acceptable. 1-7. a. slope = 17!8
7!4 = 94
point ! slope form" y ! 8 = 94 (x ! 4)
slope ! intercept form" y ! 8 = 94 x ! 9
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!y = 94 x !1
b. slope = 17!87!4 = 9
4
point ! slope form"
y ! 20 = 94 (x ! (!12))
slope ! intercept form"
y ! 20 = 94 x + 27!or !y =
94 x + 47
1-8. a. 22 = 2 !2
23 = 2 !2 !224 = 2 !2 !2 !2
b. 25 = 2 !2 !2 !2 !2 = 3226 = 2 !2 !2 !2 !2 !2 = 64
c. They are half as large each time. Divided by 2, or multiplied by ½ is also acceptable. d. 20 = 2 ! 1
2 = 1,!2"1 = 1 ! 12 = 1
2 , 2"2 = 12 !
12 = 1
2 ,!2"3 = 14 !
12 = 1
8 ,!2"4 = 18 !
12 = 1
16
2"n = 12n"1 !
121 = 1
2n"1+1 = 12n
1-9. a. 2!4 "22 = 2!2 !!!Check :! 1
16 " 4 = 14 b. 2!1 "2!2 = 2!3 Check :! 12 "
14 =
18
c. 20 !2"3 = 2"3 !!!!!Check :!1 ! 18 =18
1-10. a. x(2x + 5) b. 3xy3(xy2 ! 3) c. 17x3y(1! 2xy) 1-11. a. (2x)3 = 23 ! x3 = 8x3 b. (3x ! 2)2
= (3x ! 2)(3x ! 2)= 9x2 ! 6x ! 6x + 4= 9x2 !12x + 4
c. (3x)4 = 34 ! x4 = 81x4 d. (3x)!3 = 1
(3x)3= 133 x3
= 127x3
1-12. a. a
b b. cb c. a
c
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 3 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
Lesson 1.1.2 1-14.
a. b. y = 1.5x looks like the others, but would graph to the right of y = 2x .
c. 0 < b < 1 Example: 1-15. This is the graph of y = x shifted up five units. 1-16. y = x2 ! 4 1-17. This is the graph of y = x3 shifted left three units. 1-18.
y = x ! 2 1-19. Parent graph: y = 1
x
Shifted right four units: y = 1x!4
Shifted down three units: y = 1x!4 ! 3
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 4 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-20. a.
A vertical stretch occurs with each of the y-values doubling.
b. A vertical stretch with stretch factor 2. 1-21. a. y = x3 b. See graph at right. c. Stretched vertically by 12 , some may
prefer to call this a “compression.” 1-22. y = !2x2
Review and Preview 1.1.2 1-23. a. x + 2 b. 2x !1 c. x2 + 4 d. 5x 1-24. a. f (4) = 2 ! 42 " 3 = 32 " 3 = 29
b. f (!5) = 2 " (!5)2 ! 3 = 50 ! 3 = 47
c. f (3b) = 2 ! (3b)2 " 3 = 2 !9b2 " 3 = 18b2 " 3
d. f (a +1) = 2 ! (a +1)2 " 3 = 2a2 + 4a + 2 " 3 = 2a2 + 4a "1
x y = x2 y = 2x2 –4 16 32 –3 9 18 –2 4 8 –1 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 4 8 3 9 18 4 16 32
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 5 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-25. (3x + 2)2 = (3x + 2)(3x + 2) = 9x2 + 6x + 6x + 4
= 9x2 +12x + 4 ! 9x2 + 4 The middle terms must be included.
1-26. a. ab !ac = a(b+c) b. a!b "ac = a(!b+c) = a(c!b)
c. Cannot be simplified. d. a !ab = a1 !ab = a(1+b) e. a0 !ab = a(0+b) = ab f. a(b+c) !a2c = a(b+c+2c) = a(b+3c) 1-27. a. 3x2y ! (27x " 4)
b. (2x +1) 3+ x + 5[ ] = (2x +1)(x + 8) c. (3x ! 7) 2(3x ! 7) + (x ! 2)[ ] = (3x ! 7) 6x !14 + x ! 2[ ] = (3x ! 7)(7x !16) d. (x + y)(m + x + y) 1-28. a. (5a!2 )2 = 52 "a!2"2 = 25a!4 b. (m!1n!2 )3 = m!1"3n!2"3 = m!3n!6
c. (2x!1)2(2x0 ) = 22 " x!1"2 "2 = 8x!2 1-29. a. 22!x = 22x b. 2!5"4 = 2!20
c. 23( )!1 = 3
2( )1 = 32 d. 2
3( )!2 = 32( )2 = 32
22= 94
1-30. a.
cos 26! = x18
0.899 = x18
x = 16.18
b.
cos 70! = 8x
x !0.342 = 8x = 23.39
c. 222 = x2 +102
484 = x2 +100384 = x2
x = 384 = 19.60
d.
sin 41! = x12
0.656 = x12
x = 7.87
Lesson 1.1.3 1-31. a. It multiplies the input by two and then adds 1. b. We hope that they will think that 3 would come out the top and if that is true, then the
machine must “undo” itself—working backwards in a sense.
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 6 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
c. Subtract one and then divide by two. 1-32. a. Subtract 6, then multiply by 2. b. f !1(x) = 2(x ! 6) 1-33. a. f (x) + g(x) = 3x ! 5 + x2 + 2 = x2 + 3x ! 3 b. f (x)g(x) = (3x ! 5)(x2 + 2) = 3x3 ! 5x2 + 6x !10 c. f (g(x)) = 3(x2 + 2) ! 5 = 3x2 + 6 ! 5 = 3x2 +1 d. g( f (x)) = (3x ! 5)2 + 2 = 9x2 ! 30x + 25 + 2 = 9x2 ! 30x + 27 1-34. a. f (x) = x3 ! 4x
f (x) = x(x2 ! 4) = x(x + 2)(x ! 2)0 = x(x + 2)(x ! 2)Either x = 0, x + 2 = 0, x ! 2 = 0x = !2, 0, 2
b.
c. Shifted left two units d. e. g(x) = (x + 2)3 ! 4(x + 2) 1-35. a. 2 hours ! 3 miles
hour = 6 miles b. c. d. miles
hr !hr = miles Review and Preview 1.1.3 1-36. a. 3x3 + 7 ! (x2 !1) = 3x3 + 7 ! x2 +1
= 3x3 ! x2 + 8 b. 3x2 +7
x2 !1, x " ±1
c. (3x3 + 7)(x2 !1) = 3x5 ! 3x3 + 7x2 ! 7
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 7 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-37. a. y = 3x3 ! 5
x = 3y3 ! 5x + 5 = 3y3x+53 = y3
x+53
3 = y"
x+53
3 = f !1(x)
b. y = (2x + 4)1/2
x = (2y + 4)1/2
x2 = 2y + 4x2 !42 = y"
x2 !42 = g!1(x)
c. y = 12 x
2 ! 2
x = 12 y
2 ! 2
x + 2 = 12 y
2
2x + 4 = y2
2x + 4 = y"2x + 4 = h!1(x)
1-38. a. g(h(4)) = g 1
2 !16 " 2( ) = g(6) = 2 !6 + 4 = 16 = 4
b. h(g(-1)) = h 2 ! (-1) + 4( ) = h 2( ) = 12 ! 2( )2 " 2 = 1" 2 = "1
c. g(h(!2)) = g 12 " 4 ! 2( ) = g(0) = 2 "0 + 4 = 2
d. Part (c) does not have the same output as input. e. A function has one output (y) for every input (x), but y = ± 2x + 4 has two outputs for
every input. 1-39. a.
sin x = 712
sin!1(sin(x)) = sin!1 0.583( )x = 35.7!
b.
cos y = 515
cos!1(cos(y)) = cos!1 0.333( )y = 70.5!
1-40. a. cubic function y = x3
flipped over y-axis y = !x3
shifted down 3 units y = !x3 ! 3
shifted right 2 units y = ! x ! 2( )3 ! 3
b. exponential function y = 2x
shifted down 3 units y = 2x ! 3
shifted right 2 units y = 2x!2 ! 3
1-41. a. g(x ! 2) = x ! 2 +1 = x !1 b. f (g(8)) = f ( 8 +1) = f (3) = 32 + 2(3) = 15 c. g( f (8)) = g(82 + 2(8)) = g(80) = 80 +1 = 9 d. f ( f (1)) = f (12 + 2(1)) = f (3) = 32 + 2(3) = 15 e. f (x +1) = (x +1)2 + 2(x +1) = x2 + 2x +1+ 2x + 2 = x2 + 4x + 3
f. g( f (x)) = x2 + 2x +1 = (x +1)2 = x +1
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 8 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-42. h( j(x)) = 3(ax + b) ! 2 = 3ax + 3b ! 2
j(h(x)) = a(3x ! 2) + b = 3ax ! 2a + b3b ! 2 = !2a + b2a + 2b = 2a + b = 1
Lesson 1.1.4 1-44. a. Shifts right three units and up two units. b. f (x + 4) ! 2 c. The point is on the x-axis. It does not change since –0 = 0. d. It still does not move. 1-45. Shifted left two units: g(x) = f (x + 2) Shifted down one unit: g(x) = f (x + 2) !1 1-46. a. It is stretched then shifted down 3. b. It is shifted down 3 and then stretched. c. k(x) = 2 f (x) ! 3 , m(x) = 2( f (x) ! 3) = 2 f (x) ! 6. These two functions are not equivalent. 1-48. a. They are the same. b. 2 ! x ! 4 c. Yes, replace x with x – 2 in the inequalities and solve. d. 0 ! x + 3 ! 2 ! 3 ! 3 ! 3
! 3 " x " !1
0 ! x " 2 ! 2+2 + 2 + 2
2 ! x ! 4
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 9 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
Review and Preview 1.1.4 1-49. a. f (x + 2) +1 Shifted left two units and up
one unit.
b. 2 f (x) + 2 Vertical stretch by a factor of two, up two.
c. ! f (x + 4) Flipped over x-axis, and shifted left four units. 1-50.
!A = 180! " 90! " 38! = 52!
cos 38! = 15c
0.788 = 15c
c = 150.788 = 19.04 cm
sin 38! = b19.04
b = 0.6157 #19.04 = 11.72 cm
1-51. a. 50(1.5) + 75(0.5) = 75 + 37.5 = 112.5 miles b. two rectangles c. 50(1.5) + 75(0.5) = 75 + 37.5 = 112.5 miles d. miles
hour !hours = miles 1-52. a. f (g(!2)) = f ((!2)2 !1) = f (3) = 2(3) + 5 = 11 b. g f h(2)( )( ) = g f 2 + 2( )( ) = g f (2)( ) = g 2(2) + 5( ) = g(9) = 92 !1 = 81!1 = 80
c. y = 2x + 5x = 2y + 5x ! 5 = 2yx!52 = y12 x ! 5( ) = f !1(x)
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 10 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
d. f g h(x)( )( ) = f x + 2( )2 !1"#
$% = f (x +1) = 2(x +1) + 5 = 2x + 2 + 5 = 2x + 7
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 11 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-53. The graph does not give a full line. The line starts at (!2 , 3) and then follows the line
y = 2x + 7 . Since h(x) is defined for only values of x ! "2 , the composite function is only defined for x ! "2 .
1-54. a. Opposite = !54
Reciprocal = 5!4 = 154
b. Opposite = !3!5
Reciprocal = 35
c. Opposite = 11!6
Reciprocal = !116 d. Opposite = ! 2
7Reciprocal = 7
2
e. Opposite = ! 119( )2
Reciprocal = 119( )!2 = 9
11( )2 f. Opposite = ! 7
13( )!5 = ! 713( )!5
Reciprocal = 713( )5
1-55.
xm
xn= xm ! x"n = xm+("n) = xm"n
Lesson 1.2.1 1-57. a. (7, 2) b. m = 5!2
7!1 =36 =
12 c. (x, 2) d. m = y!2
x!1
e. 12 =
y!2x!1
12 (x !1) = y ! 2
y ! 2 = 12 (x !1)
f. (x, y1) g. y ! y1, x ! x1 h. y!y1x!x1
1-58. Yes, the point (0, 0) is on the line because f (0) = 2
3 !0" 0 = 0 .
y = 23 (x ! 2) + 5
y ! 5 = 23 (x ! 2)
This is the same as point-slope form. 1-59. original function ! y = mx
right shift h units ! y = m(x " h)shifted up k units ! y = m(x " h) + k
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 12 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-60. The point-slope form requires a point on the line and the slope of the line. bThe slope-
intercept form requires the slope and the y-intercept. 1-61. a. y = 3
5 (x !10) ! 3 b. y ! 7.3 = 2.85(x ! 6.1) c. m = 21!8
15!4 =1311 Point-slope form: y ! 8 = 13
11 (x ! 4) or y ! 21 = 1311 (x !15)
d. m = 9.78!6.245.1-4.3 = 4.425
Point-slope form: y ! 6.24 = 4.425(x ! 5.1) or y ! 6.24 = 4.425(x ! 4.3) 1-62. The negative reciprocal. slope =
! 2
5
1-63. The negative reciprocal. The product of a slope and the perpendicular slope should be –1. 1-64. When the slope is zero. 1-65. a. m = 3
y ! 7 = 3(x + 2) b. m1 = 3
4
! m1 = m! = " 43
y " 20 = " 43 (x "12)
1-66. a. AB = (15 ! 3)2 + (12 ! 3)2 = 144 + 81 = 225 = 15
b. midpoint of AB = 3+152 , 3+12
2( ) = 182 , 15
2( ) = 9, 7.5( ) Review and Preview 1.2.1 1-67. a. Parent Graph: y = 1
x
Shifted left 2 units: y = 1x+2
Shifted down 3 units: y = 1x+2 ! 3
b. Parent Graph: y = x2
Shifted right 2 units: y = (x ! 2)2
Shifted up 1 unit: y = !(x ! 2)2 +1
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 13 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-68. a. 50mph ! 3hours = 150 miles b. It is a rectangle. c. height = 50 mph, base = 3 hours,
50 mileshr( ) ! (3hrs) = 150 miles
1-69. a. 1
275= 1(33)5
= 1315
= 3!15
b. 18( )x = 1
23( )x = 2!3( )x = 2!3x
c. 16x ! 132( ) 2"x( )
= 24( )x ! 125( ) 2"x( )
= 24x ! 2"5( ) 2"x( )= 24x !2"10+5x = 24x"10+5x = 29x"10
1-70. f (x +1) = x+1+1
x+1!2 =x+2x!1 =
12
" 2(x + 2) = 1(x !1)2x + 4 = x !1x + 4 = !1x = !5
1-71.
a. (23)(x+3) = 25
23x+9 = 25
! 3x + 9 = 53x = "4
x = " 43
b. (33)2x = 132( )(x!1)
36x = (3!2 )(x!1)
36x = 3!2x+2
" 6x = !2x + 28x = 2
x = 14
c. 153( )(2x!3) = 1
52
(5!3)(2x!3) = 5!2
" 5!6x+9 = 5!2
!6x + 9 = !2!6x = !11
x = 116
1-72. a. 3x ! 6 ! 2x !14 = 2x +17
x ! 20 = 2x +17!x ! 20 = 17!x = 37" x = !37
b. (x + 5)(x ! 2) = 0Either x + 5 = 0 or x ! 2 = 0x = !5, 2
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 14 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
c. x2 ! 7x +12 = 0(x ! 4)(x ! 3) = 0Either x ! 4 = 0 or x ! 3 = 0x = 3, 4
d. x3 + x2 ! 6x = 0
x(x2 + x ! 6) = 0x(x + 3)(x ! 2) = 0x = 0, x + 3 = 0!or x ! 2 = 0x = !3, 0, 2
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 15 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-73. a. g( f (x)) = x2 + x +1 b. f (g(x)) = (x +1)2 + x
= x2 + 2x +1+ x= x2 + 3x + 2
c. (x +1)2 + (x +1) = 2
x2 + 2x +1+ x +1 = 2
x2 + 3x = 0x(x + 3) = 0x = 0 or x = !3
1-74.
sin!P = 816 =
12
sin"1 sin!P( ) = sin"1 12( )
!P = 30!
!R = 180! " 90! " 30! = 60!
sin 60! = r16
32 #16 = r
r = 8 3 $ 13.86 cm
Lesson 1.2.2 1-75. a. The coefficients a, b and c.
b. !b + D
2a= R and
!b ! D
2a= S
c. R and S; the Quadratic Formula has two solutions because of the ± in the formula. 1-78. Sierpinski’s Triangle
a. By choosing a random integer: 0, 1, or 2. b. T = 0 chooses A, T = 2 chooses B.
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 16 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
c. :(X+T)/2, :(Y+T)/2Y, and Y/2Y. Review and Preview 1.2.2 1-79. The program will “crash” since the program tries to take the square root of a negative
number. 1-80. a. Flip over y-axis: ! f (x)
Shifted up 3 units: ! f (x) + 3 b. Shifted up 1 unit: f (x) +1
Shifted left 1 unit: f (x +1) +1Doubled: 2(f (x +1) +1) = 2 f (x +1) + 2h(x) = 2 f (x +1) + 2
1-81. Slope of line m = 9!(!3)
8!2 = 126 = 2
Midpoint of line = 8+22 , 9+(!3)2( ) = 10
2 ,62( ) = 5, 3( )
Slope of perpendicular line = ! 12
Equation of line y ! 3 = ! 12 x ! 5( )
1-82. a. p = 6, q = 2 b. not in pq form c. p = x + 3y, q = 2 ! r d. not in pq form 1-83. a. 62 ! (62 )"3 !1 = 62 !6"6 = 6"4
b. (52 )2 !5"3
(53)"2= 5
4 !5"3
5"6= 51
5"6= 51"("6) = 57
c. 3 !1997
8 !1994= 38!1997"94 = 3
8!193
d. 3 !19-97
8 !19"94= 3 !19
94
8 !1997= 38!1994"97 = 3
8!19"3
1-84. a. Example: x = 2, y = 3
! (2 + 3)2 " 4 + 925 " 13
b. Example: p = 2, q = 3
! 22 + 32 " 2 + 313 " 5
Solution continues on next page. →
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 17 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-84. Solution continued from previous page.
c. Example: w = 4! 3 " 4#2 $ 1
3"42316 $
148
d.
e. Example: x = 5
! 3 "25 # 65
3 " 32 # 777696 # 7776
1-85. a. Impossible, different bases. b. Impossible, bases are being added.
c. 22+3 = 25 d. d. 22!3 = 26
e. 22!3 = 2!1 f. Impossible, bases are being subtracted. 1-86. y = 5
2 x ! 3
x = 52 y ! 3
x + 3 = 52 y
2(x+3)5 = y
2(x+3)5 = f !1(x)
1-87. a. x(x + 8) b. 6x(x + 8) 1-88. Circumference of circle = 2! "1 = 2! Length of AB
! = 14 !2" = "
2 1-89.
Area = base !height30 = 1
2 !12 !h30 = 6 !h5 inches = hsin 36! = 5
KLKL = 5
0.5878 = 8.51 inches
Example: a = 2, b = 3! (2"1 + 3"1)"1 # 2 + 3
12 +
13( )"1 # 5
56( )"1 # 565 # 5
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 18 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
Lesson 1.3.1 1-90. a. 1
2K ah= b. sinC = hb ! h = b sinC
c. K = 12 ah ! K = 1
2 ab sinC 1-91. Area =
12 (6)(4) sin 76
! = 12 !0.970 = 11.644 cm2 1-92. K = 1
2 bh
sin A = hc ! h = c sin A
K = 12 bc sin A
1-93.
SA of one side = 12 (10)(10) sin 40!
= 50 !0.643 = 32.139 ft2
Total surface area of sides = 4(32.139) = 128.558 ft2
1-94. a. sin A = h
b ! h = b sin A b. sin B = ha ! h = a sin B
c. h = b sin A, h = a sin Bb sin A = a sin Bsin Aa = sin B
b
d. h = b sinC, h = c sin Bb sinC = c sin Bsin Bb = sin C
c
e. sin Aa = sin B
b = sin Cc
1-95. 1-96. a. !NAT = 180! "100! " 38! = 42! b.
sin 42!200 = sin 100!
y
sin Pp = sinQ
q = sin Rr
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 19 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
sin 42!200 = sin 38!
x
0.0033x = 0.6157x = 184.018 ft
0.0033x = 0.985x = 294.354 ft
1-97. Cannot in (a) and (b) because you will get two unknowns in any form of the equation.
Cannot in (d) for the same reason, and also because the triangle is not determined. Note that (c) is the only diagram in which you’re given exactly one side.
Review and Preview 1.3.1 1-98. a. b.
!G = 180! " 64! " 38! = 78!8
sin 78!= OGsin 64!
8 #0.8988 = OG #0.97817.19040.9781 = OG7.351 in = OG
8sin 78!
= DGsin 38!
8 !0.6157 = DG !0.97814.92560.9781 = DG5.035 in = DG
c. Area of !DOG = 8"5.036"sin 64!2 == 40.288"0.8988
2 = 18.102 sq. in. 1-99. f (x + 2) = (x + 2)2 + 2(x + 2)
= x2 + 4x + 4 + 2x + 4
0 = x2 + 6x + 80 = (x + 2)(x + 4)
Either x + 2 = 0 or x + 4 = 0! x = "2 or x = "4
1-100. x6 = 90
x = 906
1-101.
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 20 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
yn = x
y = xn
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 21 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-102. a. 641/3( )2 = 42 = 16 b. 1251/3( )4 = 54 = 625
c. 813/4 = 811/4( )3 = 33 = 27 d. 278( )1/3!
"#$%2
= 32( )%2 = 2
3( )2 = 49
1-103. a. y = 2x !13
x = 2y !13
x3 = 2y !1x3+12 = y
12 (x
3 +1) = f !1(x)
b. y = 12 (x ! 3) +1
x = 12 (y ! 3) +1
2(x !1) = y ! 32(x !1) + 3 = y2(x !1) + 3 = g!1(x)
c. y = 2x3/2
x = 2y3/2x2 = y
3/2
x2( )2/3 = yx2( )2/3 = h!1(x)
1-104. a. Distance for one revolution = Circumference of circle = 2 !" ! r = 2 !" !1 = 2" feet b. 10 = 2 !" ! r
102" = r # r = 5
" = 1.592 feet
1-105. a. n2 + n2 = d2
2n2 = d2
2n2 = d
n 2 = d
b. 12 !90
! = 45!
c. (2n)2 = n2 + k2
4n2 = n2 + k2
3n2 = k2
3n2 = k
n 3 = k
d. y = 60! (equilateral triangle)
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 22 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
Lesson 1.3.2 1-106. a. e = b ! d b. h2 + e2 = c2 ! h2 = c2 " e2
c. h2 + d2 = a2 ! h2 = a2 " d2 d. a2 ! d2 = c2 ! e2
a2 ! d2 + e2 = c2
e. c2 = a2 ! d2 + (b ! d)2
c2 = a2 ! d2 + b2 ! 2bd + d2
c2 = a2 + b2 ! 2bd
f. cosC = da ! d = a cosC
g. c2 = a2 + b2 ! 2b(a cosC) 1-107. a.
c2 = 1102 +1262 ! 2(110)(126) cos 74!
c2 = 12100 +15876 ! 7640.668c2 = 20335.332
c = 20335.332 = 142.6 ft
Yes, 150 feet of fencing is enough. b.
sin 74!142.6 = sin B
126
0.0067 = sin B126
0.849 = sin Bsin!1 0.849 = sin!1(sin B)
58.1! = "B
sin 74!142.6 = sin C
110
0.0067 = sin C110
0.7415 = sinCsin!1 0.7415 = sin!1(sinC)
47.9! = "C
c.
Area = 12 (110)(126) sin 74! = 6930 !0.9613 = 6661.54
2300 (area of home)6661 (area of lot)
= 0.3453
Yes, the area of the home would be more than 13 of the lot size.
1-108. It is not possible in (c) or (d) because you will get two unknowns in any form of the
equation. You can solve (c) with the Law of Sines. The triangle for (d) is not determined. 1-109.
cos C = cos90! = 0
!c2 != a2 !+ b2 !– 2ab 0( )c2 != a2 !+ b2
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 23 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-110. c2 = 102 +142 ! 2(10)(14) cos 60°
c2 = 296 ! 280 " 12c2 = 156
c = 156 = 12.490
1-111.
BE2 = 3.52 + 2.82 ! 2(2.8)(3.5) cos 43!
BE2 = 20.09 !14.3345
BE2 = 5.7555BE = 2.399 km
1-112.
c2 = 102 + 202 ! 2(10)(20) cos 30!
c2 = 500 ! 346.4102
c2 = 153.5898c = 12.393 cm
1-113.
x2 = 282 + 422 ! 2(28)(42) cos X!
x2 = 784 +1764 ! 2352 cos X!
x2 = 2548 ! 2352 cos X!
x2 + 2352 cos X! = 2548
If X = 0!
x2 + 2352 = 2548x2 = 196
x = 196 = 14
If X = 180!
x2 ! 2352 = 2548x2 = 4900
x = 4900 = 70
14 < x < 70 inches Review and Preview 1.3.2 1-114. a.
62 = 52 + 82 ! 2 "5 "8 cos A36 = 89 ! 80 cos A5380 = cos A0.6625 = cos A48.51! = #A
6sin 48.51!
= 5sin B
6 sin B = 5 !0.7491
sin B = 3.74546 = 0.6242
"B = 38.62!
"C = 180! # 38.62! # 48.51! = 92.87!
b. A = 12 8 !6 ! (sin 38.62) =
8!6!0.62422 = 29.959
2 = 14.98 square meters
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 24 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-115. a. x2 +1+ 2x ! 8 = x2 + 2x ! 7 b. (2x - 8) 1
2 x +1( ) = x2 + 2x ! 4x ! 8 = x2 ! 2x ! 8
c. 2( 12 x +1) ! 8 = x + 2 ! 8 = x ! 6 d. (x2 +1)2 +1 = x4 + 2x2 +1+1 = x4 + 2x2 + 2 1-116. a.
12 ! 360
! = 180! b. 12 !2" = " meters c. AB
! = 16 !2" = "
3 meters 1-117. a. 52 ! 52( )"3 !53 = 52+ "6( )+3 = 5"1
b. 32( )2 ! 3"333( )"2
= 34 ! 3"3
3"6= 33"6
= 31" "6( ) = 37
c. 5 !1498
8 !1495= 58!1498"95 = 5
8!143
d. 5 !14-98
8 !14"95= 58!14"98" "95( ) = 5
8!14"3
1-118. a. 81/3( )2 = 22 = 4 b. 1001/2( )3 = 103 = 1000
c. 1251/3( )2 = 52 = 25 1-119. 3x ! 7y = 42
!7y = !3x + 42
y = 37 x ! 6
perpendicular slope = ! 73
equation of line " y + 8 = ! 73 x + 3( )
1-120. a. 2x + 3y + 6 = 6x ! 30
3y = 4x ! 36
y = 43 x !12
b. 6x +1 = 6y!!!!!y ! 0
y = 66 x +
16
y = x + 16 !!x ! " 1
6
1-121. a. (2x ! 3y)(2x + 3y) b. 2x3(4 ! x4 ) = 2x3(2 + x2 )(2 ! x2 )
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 25 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-122. 3! x " 0
!x " !3x # 3
Lesson 1.4.1 1-123. d. 2π radius lengths = circumference 1-124. Length of AB! = 1 unit . 1-125. C = 2! "1 = 2! 1-126. a. 360° b. 2π radians c. 2! = 6.2832 , nearest whole number = 6 1-127.
1-128. a. Degrees in half a circle: 180! b. π radians = 180˚ Approximate radians in half a circle: 3 Exact radians in half a circle: ! c.
!3 =
180!3 = 60! d.
200! ! "
180!= 200!"
180!= 10"
9
1-129. a.
180!! = 57.296! b.
!180!
= 0.017
c. Very different. A radian is much larger, almost 60 times as large.
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 26 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-130. a.
180! ! "
180!= " b.
!36! " #
180!= !36#180
= ! #5
c. 2! ! " !
180!= 2!!!180!
= !290
1-131. a.
3!2 " 180!! = 540
2 = 270! b. !7"6 # 180!" = ! 12606 = !210!
c. 2 ! 180!" = 360
"( )! Review and Preview 1.4.1 1-132. Radians per minute = 500 !2" = 1000"
Radians per second = 1000"60 = 100"
6 = 50"3
1-133.
1-134. G R Y 16!6
x : 116!6 :
232!6
96x = 1
96
x = 9216 teaspoons
x = 92166 = 1536 ounces
x = 1536128 = 12 gallons
1-135. x2 + b = 7
x2 = 7 ! bx = ± 7 ! b , b " 7
1-136. a. 9: x2 + 6x + 9 = (x + 3)(x + 3) = (x + 3)2
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 27 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
b. 8: x2 ! 8x +16 = (x ! 4)(x ! 4) = (x ! 4)2
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 28 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-137.
a. d = !4 ! (!2)( )2 + 2 ! (!6)( )2
d = (!2)2 + 82 = 4 + 64 = 68
b. m = 2!(!6)!4!(!2) =
8!2 = !4 point slope form ! y + 2 = "4(x + 4)
point slope form ! y + 6 = "4(x + 2)slope intercept form ! y + 2 = "4x "12
y = "4x "14
1-138. a.
tan A = 47
tan!1(tan A) = tan!1 47( )
"A = 29.74!
b.
tan B = 74
tan!1(tan B) = tan!1 74( )
"B = 60.26!
1-139. a. (a ! 3)(a ! 3!1) = (a ! 3)(a ! 4) b. 5x(x ! 3) + 4(x ! 3) = (x ! 3)(5x + 4) 1-140. Slopes: a. !2 b. 2 c. 2 d. 3 e. !2 Parallel Lines (same slope) ! a and e, b and c Lesson 1.4.2 1-141. a. Radian measure for a: b. !
4 ,3!4 ,
5!4 ,
7!4
Half circle: 12 !2" = "
Quarter circle: 14 !2" = "2
Three fourths of a circle: 34 !2" = 3"2
c. !
6 ,2!6 = !
3 ,3!6 = !
2 ,4!6 = 2!
3 ,5!6 d. 7!
6 ,8!6 = 4!
3 ,9!6 = 3!
2 ,10!6 = 5!
3 ,11!6
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 29 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-142. a. In the center of each quadrant. b. y-axis c. Closest to the x-axis. 1-143. a. ! 2"
3 + 6"3 = 4"
3 b. ! 5"4 + 8"
4 = 3"4
c. ! 11"6 + 12"6 = "6
1-144. a. 10!
3 = 9! +!3 = 2! + 4!
3 = 4!3 b. 17!
4 = 16! +!4 = 4! + !
4 =!4
c. ! 25"6 = ! 24" +"
6 = !4" ! "6 = ! "
6 or 11"6
1-145. a. The speed does not change. The ratio of the distance and time is constant, or for a set time
interval, an object will travel a set distance. b. Faster on the inside. The CD must go around more times on an inside track to cover the
same distance as a point on the outside of the CD. c. 200(2! "5.25) # 6597 cm d. Distance around innermost track = 2! "2 6597
2! "2 = 524.97
525 rotations
1-146. a. 5280 feet = 5280 !12 inches = 63360 inches
63360 in902 rev = 70.2439 inches in one revolutionC = 70.2439 = "dd = 22.36 inch diameter
b. 902 !" !26 = 73676.63 inches73676.63
12 = 6140 feet61405280 = 1.163 miles
c. Linda could get a speeding ticket. 40
22.36 =x26
x = 40!2622.36 = 46.5 mph
Review and Preview 1.4.2 1-147. a.
120!1 ! "
180!= 120"
180 = 2"3 b.
!225!1 " #
180!= !225#
180 = ! 5#4
c. 80!1 ! "
180!= 80"180 = 4"
9
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 30 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-148. a.
tan x = 2012 =
53
tan-1(tan x) = tan!1 53( )
x = 59.0!
b.
10sin 35!
= xsin 80!
10 !0.9848 = x !0.57369.8480.5736 = 17.17 = x
c.
x2 = 6.52 + 7.12 ! 2 "6.5 " 7.1cos119!
x2 = 42.25 + 50.41! 92.3(!0.4848)
x2 = 92.66 + 44.75 = 137.41
x = 137.41 = 11.72
d.
60 = 12 !15 ! x ! sin 28
!
607.5 = 0.4695x8
0.4695 = 17.04cm = x
1-149. a. y = x + 23
x = y + 23
x3 = y + 2x3 ! 2 = yx3 ! 2 = f !1(x)
b.
c. f !1( f (6)) = f !1 6 + 23( ) = f !1 2( ) = 23 ! 2 = 6f f !1(2)( ) = f 23 ! 2( ) = f 6( ) = 6 + 23 = 83 = 2
Composing 1and !ff in either order returns the original number. 1-150. ax2 + bx + c = d(x2 ! 2ex + e2 ) + f
ax2 + bx + c = dx2 ! 2dex + (de2 + f )a = d, b = !2de, c = de2 + f
1-151. a. Parent Graph ! y = x3
Transformation
Flip over y-axis ! y = "x3
Shifted right two units ! y = " x " 2( )3
Shifted down three units ! y = " x " 2( )3 " 3
b. Parent graph ! y = xTransformationShifted left one unit ! y = x +1Shifted down two units ! y = x +1 " 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
x
y
f(x)
f -1(x)
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 31 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
1-152. f (g(x)) = (x ! 3)2 ! 2(x ! 3) + 5
f (g(x)) = x2 ! 6x + 9 ! 2x + 6 + 5
f (g(x)) = x2 ! 8x + 20
x2 ! 8x + 20 = 8
x2 ! 8x +12 = 0(x ! 2)(x ! 6) = 0x ! 2 = 0 or x ! 6 = 0 x = 2 or x = 6
1-153. a. !!! 906030 !! b.
sin 30! = PQ12
12 !12 = 6 = PQ
c.
cos 30! = QR12
32 !12 = 6 3 = QR
d. sin P = 6 312 = 3
2
1-154. a. b. c.
k(x ! 2) + 3 !k(x) ! 2
12 k(x) +1
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 32 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
Closure Problems CL 1-155. a. f (x) ! g(x) = 2x2 ! x ! 3x +1 = 2x2 ! 4x +1 b. g( f (x)) = 3(2x2 ! x) !1 = 6x2 ! 3x !1
c. g(x+2)f (x+2) =
3(x+2)!12(x+2)2 !(x+2)
= 3x+6!12(x2 +4x+4)!x!2
= 3x+52x2 +8x+8!x!2
= 3x+52x2 +7x+6
CL 1-156. a. b. y ! 4 = ! 1
2 (x ! 2) CL 1-157. a. Third angle = 180! ! 50! ! 45! = 85! b. Law of Sines
sin 85!7 = sin 50!
a
0.1423 = 0.766a
a = 0.7660.1423 = 5.383
sin 85!7 = sin 45!
b
0.1423 = 0.707b
b = 0.7070.1423 = 4.969
c. ASA
CL 1-158. a. c
2 = 42 + 72 ! 2(4)(7) cos 50! b. Law of Cosines c2 = 16 + 49 ! 36
c2 = 29
c = 29 = 5.386
c. SAS
CL 1-159.
a. 25x4 = 5 !5 ! x2 ! x2 = 5x2 b. (xy2 )3
(x2y3)1/2= x3y6
xy3/2= x3!1y6!3/2 = x2y9/2
c. x3 + (x2 )1/2 = x3 + x CL 1-160.
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 33 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
a. 3 !2" = 6" b. 262 !6" = 78" in/sec # 20.4 ft / sec
CPM Educational Program © 2012 Chapter 1: Page 34 Pre-Calculus with Trigonometry
CL 1-161. a.
sin 45! = 4hyp.
hyp = 41/ 2
= 4 2
Isosceles triangleleg = 4
b.
sin 45! = hyp.6
hyp = 12!6 = 6
2= 6 2
2 = 3 2
Isosceles triangle
leg = 3 2
c.
sin 30! = 2hyp. !!!!!!!!cos 30
! = leg4
hyp = 21 2 = 4 !!!!!!!!leg =
32 ! 4 = 2 3
CL 1-162. f (x) = 2 x ! 3 +1 Parent graph: y x= Stretched: 2y x= Shifted right three units: 2 3y x= ! Shifted up one unit: 2 3 1y x= ! + Inverse: x = 2 y ! 3 +1
x !1 = 2 y ! 3x!12 = y ! 3
x!12( )2 = y ! 3x!12( )2 + 3 = 1
4 (x !1)2 + 3 = y
f !1(x) = 14 (x !1)
2 + 3
CL 1-163. a. b. CL 1-164.
a.
Total distance = 30 !2 + 40 !1+ 50 ! 12
= 60 + 40 + 25 = 125 miles
b. 1252 +1+ 1
2= 125
3.5= 35.7 mph