Chapter 1 - s3.amazonaws.com€¦ · Chapter 1 Orientation to the Human Body . Understanding Anatomy & Physiology A Visual, Interactive Approach Anatomy: The study of the structures

Understanding Anatomy & Physiology A Visual, Interactive Approach

Chapter 1

Orientation to the Human Body


Anatomy: The study of the structures of the body Physiology: The study of how the body functions


Organization of the body

Arranged in a hierarchy

Ranges from the very simple to the very

complex


Atoms Molecule Organelle

Organ Cell Tissue


Organ Systems

The Human Organism


The smallest living units that make

up the body’s structure are:

A. molecules.

B. organelles.

C. atoms.

D. cells.


Correct answer: D

Rationale:

Molecules and atoms come together

to form cells, which are the

smallest living units.

Organelles are metabolic units

within cells but are not living units

on their own.


Organ systems

The body consists of 11 organ systems.

The organs of each system contribute to

a particular function.

Some organs belong to more than one

system.


Integumentary system Skin, hair, nails


Skeletal system Bones, cartilage, and ligaments


Muscular system Primarily skeletal muscles


Lymphatic system Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, thymus, spleen and tonsils


Respiratory system Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs


Urinary system Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra


Nervous system Brain, spinal cord, and sense organs


Endocrine system Pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid,

parathyroids, and other organs


Circulatory system Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries


Digestive system Stomach, small and large intestines, esophagus,

liver, mouth, and pancreas


Male reproductive system Testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, and penis


Female reproductive system Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and breasts


Which organ system supplies the

body with immune cells?

A. Integumentary system

B. Lymphatic system

C. Endocrine system

D. Nervous system


Correct answer: B

Rationale:

The integumentary system offers the body

protection but does not supply immune cells.

The endocrine system consists of a variety of

organs that secrete hormones.

The nervous system consists of the brain,

spinal cord, and nerves. Both the endocrine

and nervous systems influence other systems,

but they do not supply immune cells.


Anatomic terms

Directional terms: Grouped in pairs of opposites

Midline

Medial

Lateral

Proximal

Distal


Superior

Inferior

Posterior (Dorsal) Anterior (Ventral)

Superficial

Deep


Body planes Sagittal plane


Transverse plane


Frontal plane


Body regions



Rachel has a cut on her leg just

above her ankle. The injured area is:

A. distal to her knee.

B. proximal to her knee.

C. anterior to her knee.

D. medial to her knee.


Correct answer: A

Rationale:

A cut proximal to the knee would be on the

upper portion of the leg.

A cut anterior to the knee would be on the

front of the knee.

A cut medial to the knee would be on the

inside portion of the knee.


Body cavities



The heart is located in the:

A. ventral cavity.

B. mediastinum.

C. pleural cavity.

D. dorsal cavity.


Correct answer: B

Rationale:

The ventral cavity is a more general

location that includes the mediastinum.

The pleural cavities contain the lungs.

The dorsal cavity is located at the back

of the body; it consists of the cranial

and vertebral cavities.


Abdominal regions


Abdominal quadrants


Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the state of dynamic

equilibrium of the internal

environment of the body.

The body operates within a narrow

range of temperature, fluids, and

chemicals.


Homeostatic regulation

Involves a:

1. Receptor: Detects change

2. Control center: An area of the body that

receives and processes information from

the receptor

3. Effector: Sends signals (feedback) that

either oppose or enhance the stimulus


Negative feedback: When the effector

opposes the stimulus and reverses the

direction of change

Positive feedback: When the effector

reinforces the stimulus and amplifies the

direction of change


Negative feedback

A falling temperature signals the

thermostat.

The thermostat (which has a “set point” of

68°) sends a message to the furnace.

The furnace generates heat, raising the

temperature.


Negative feedback in the body

Outside temperature falls.

Temperature receptors in the skin send a message

to the brain.

The hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to the

muscles.

The muscles shiver, raising body temperature.

View animation of negative feedback (homeostasis)

http://resources.fadavis.com/thompson/animations/Negative Feedback (Homeostasis).mp4


The body maintains equilibrium

through the process of:

A. homeostasis.

B. negative feedback.

C. positive feedback.

D. shivering.


Correct answer: B

Rationale:

Homeostasis is a state of being, not a

process.

Positive feedback is rarely beneficial to

the body, and therefore does not promote

homeostasis.

Shivering may be used to increase

temperature, but it is not a process for

achieving equilibrium.

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Chapter 1 - s3.amazonaws.com€¦ · Chapter 1 Orientation to the Human Body . Understanding Anatomy & Physiology A Visual, Interactive Approach Anatomy: The study of the structures