CHAPTER 1 Sentence · Every complete sentence must contain both a subject and predicate. Example: Yosef studied for the science test. Yosef is the subject of this sentence, because

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Sentence Structure

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2 CHAPTER 1: SENTENCE STRUCTURE

1 Introduction to Chapter 1

Great writing skills begin with properly constructed

sentences. When sentences are poorly

constructed, they are hard to understand and can

confuse the reader. Well-written sentences are easy

to understand and enjoyable to read. After mastering

proper sentence structure, we can then go on to

connecting sentences together to form paragraphs.

In this chapter, we will learn how to build each

sentence in a way that follows the rules of grammar

and is clear to the reader. We will study the parts

of a sentence, proper punctuation, quotations, and

avoiding run-on sentences. We will practice splitting

up long sentences, editing fragmented sentences, and

using quotation marks.

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3CHAPTER 1: SENTENCE STRUCTURE

1.1 Sentences and Fragments

What is a sentence?A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.

Examples:1. The cat is black.2. Shlomo studied for his history test after supper.3. Yosef went to the store to buy Purim paraphernalia.

What is a fragment?A fragment is a group of words that is incomplete or missing words.

Examples:1. The black cat2. Shlomo studied test3. Went to the store to buy Purim paraphernalia

What is a subject and a predicate?The subject of a sentence is who or what the sentence is about. It is a noun, which can be a person, place, thing, or idea. The predicate contains a verb, which is an action word, and tells what the subject is doing.Every complete sentence must contain both a subject and predicate.

Example:Yosef studied for the science test.

Yosef is the subject of this sentence, because he is the person that this sentence is about. Studied for the science test is the predicate, because it tells what the subject (Yosef) did.

Always make sure your sentences contain a subject and predicate, and are not missing any key words. When your sentences are complete and flow nicely, they will be easier for the reader to understand.

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Practice 1.1

A. Read the following statements. Write (S) for sentence or (F) for fragment.

1. ___ You don’t want to get lost in the desert

2. ___ The length of my couch

3. ___ I bought new table

4. ___ The red book sits on the shelf

5. ___ The principal walked into a noisy classroom

6. ___ After the walk home from school

7. ___ For the fifth time

8. ___ On the dusty shelf in the basement

9. ___ Couldn’t find the hidden treasure

B. Circle the subject of each sentence, and underline the predicate.

1. I bought apple juice and cups at the store.

2. Our class went on a field trip.

3. Mrs. Goldberg went to her daughter’s play.

4. The weather in Florida is usually hot for most of the year.

5. This old chess game was given to me by my grandfather.

6. The shiny blue fish splashed happily down the river.

7. My brother won second place in the science fair.

8. Chaim and Yehuda dressed up as soldiers for Purim.

9. Five boys in my class stayed up late for a pajama party.

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C. Fill in a subject for each sentence.

1. _____________ came home late yesterday.

2. _____________ was punished for making my parents worry.

3. _____________ felt bad for him.

4. _____________ was barking loudly and tugging at his leash.

5. _____________ baked fresh chocolate chip cookies.

6. _____________ clapped her hands to get our attention.

D. Fill in a predicate for each sentence.

1. Moshe _____________________________________________ .

2. His older brother _____________________________________________ .

3. Their uncle Shmuel ___________________________________________ .

4. The black, hairy gorilla ________________________________________ .

5. The bright yellow banana ______________________________________ .

6. The shiny, red fire truck ________________________________________ .

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Extra Practice 1.1

Write a sentence to respond to each question. (Answers can be imaginary.) Be sure to include a subject and predicate in each sentence.

1. When did you eat your snack today?

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2. What is your favorite sport?

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3. Why did you race home so quickly?

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4. What is your pet’s name?

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5. How did you get to the airport?

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6. What did you have for supper last night?

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1.2 Types of Sentences

A sentence must end with the correct punctuation. Punctuation varies depending on the type of sentence.

There are four types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, and imperative. Below is a description of the four types of sentences and how they are punctuated.

Declarative sentence:A declarative sentence declares or states a fact. It is the most common type of sentence. Declarative sentences end with a period.

Examples:1. This is an example of a declarative sentence.2. I didn’t take a cookie from the cookie jar.

Interrogative sentence:An interrogative sentence asks a question. Every interrogative sentence ends in a question mark. Many interrogative sentences start with one of these question words: who, what, when, where, why, or how.

Example:1. What time is it?2. How are you doing today?

Exclamatory sentence:An exclamatory sentence is a sentence with a lot of feeling and strong emotion. Exclamatory sentences end with an exclamation point.

Example:1. This soup is so hot!2. The drive to the mountains is taking so long!

Imperative sentence:An imperative sentence gives a command. A command asks or tells people to do things. Imperative sentences end with a period.

Example:1. Please raise your hand if you have a question.2. Do not take the train tonight.

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Practice 1.2

A. Identify the sentence type (declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, or imperative).

1. Where do you play on Sundays? ______________________

2. I play around the corner in the park. ______________________

3. What time is the game scheduled to begin? ______________________

4. The game started already! ______________________

5. Save me a seat near you so we can sit together. ______________________

6. That game was great! ______________________

7. When is the barbeque? ______________________

8. The barbeque is in two hours. ______________________

9. Can you pick me up on your way there? ______________________

10. I will be at your house at around 5:00 p.m. ______________________

B. Practice writing the four types of sentences:

Write a declarative sentence about winter.

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Write an interrogative sentence about spring.

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Write an exclamatory sentence about summer.

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Write an imperative sentence about fall.

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1.3 Punctuation

When writing a sentence, it is important to use the correct punctuation at the end of the sentence. As mentioned in the previous lesson, the first step for choosing the correct punctuation is to identify which of the four sentence types it is.

Punctuation marks tell the reader how your sentences should be read, and add meaning.

Errors in punctuation, including omissions (things left out) or using the wrong punctuation mark, will cause the meaning of your sentence to change, and will make it difficult for the reader to understand what you have written.

For example:School will be closed tomorrow!School will be closed tomorrow?School will be closed tomorrow.

Explain how the punctuation of each sentence changes the meaning.

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Practice 1.3

A. Fill in the missing punctuation marks to complete each sentence.

1. When there is a hockey game, I get to be goalie ___

2. Wasn’t this supposed to be kept cold ___

3. That flight was so bumpy ___

4. What day does summer camp start ___

5. Finish the assignment before you start the extra credit questions ___

B. On the first line, fill in the missing punctuation. On the second line, identify the sentence type (declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, or imperative).

1. What team is playing this Sunday ___ _____________________

2. Meir scored the winning shot at the game ___ _____________________

3. Please come on time to class ___ _____________________

4. Rochel is the tallest student in her class ___ _____________________

5. This is the best class ever ___ _____________________

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1.4 Review 1-3

Let us review the skills we have learned so far in this chapter. Once you have mastered writing complete sentences, you will be one step closer to becoming a great writer.

Circle the subject, and underline the predicate.

1. Eli, Tzvi, and I ran to the park before it closed.

2. My family went to the zoo during the winter break.

3. Both teams had to shake hands when color war ended.

4. My cousins live in Melbourne, Australia.

5. Chaim did not sing or dance at the celebration.

Fill in the blanks.

1. An imperative sentence ends with a ___

2. An interrogative sentence ends with a ___

3. An exclamatory sentence ends with a ___

4. A declarative sentence ends with a ___

Fill in the missing punctuation marks to complete each sentence.

1. The spelling test is today __

2. Leah had to stop and ask for directions __

3. That fried chicken was so good __

4. Why isn’t your room cleaned yet __

5. When you finish clearing the table, please wash the dishes __

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1.5 Run-on Sentences

A run-on sentence is two or more statements that are put together into one sentence, and are not broken up into smaller sentences or connected using proper connecting words.

When sentences are not broken up properly, they become very difficult to read and confuse the reader.

Example of a run-on sentence:Yosef likes to draw he drew a picture of his house.

This is really two statements. One is “Yosef likes to draw,” and the other is “he drew a picture of his house”.

Practice 1.5

Write “run-on” or “correct” after each sentence.

1. I had a dream it was about dancing horses. ________________

2. We went to the grocery store on the corner. ________________

3. His paintings hang in museums I’m going to see them. _______________

4. My cousins are coming for the weekend. ________________

5. My computer stopped working I think it is broken. ________________

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There are two ways of correcting a run-on sentence.

Correction method #1:Split the sentence into two independent sentences, and fill in the correct punctuation.

Run-on sentence: Yosef likes to draw he drew a picture of his house.Correct sentence: Yosef likes to draw. He drew a picture of his house.

Practice 1.6

Repair the following run-on sentences by making them into two independent sentences. Make sure to fill in the correct punctuation.

1. Rochel, can I borrow your book it looks interesting

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2. Can we get a cat I love pets

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3. I want to go to the park today what do you want to do

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4. I am hungry I will make a sandwich

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In the previous lesson, we covered one method of correcting a run-on sentence: splitting it into two sentences. Here is another method to use:

Correction method #2:Insert a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction (and, or, but).

A coordinating conjunction can connect two independent clauses (complete statements) into one sentence. (This is called a compound sentence.)

Three very useful conjunctions are and, or, and but. Look at the examples below to see how these conjunctions are used to combine two complete thoughts (independent clauses). Remember to put a comma before the added conjunction.

And adds information.1. On the first day of summer vacation we’ll go boating, and on the second

day we’ll go bike riding.2. On Monday we’ll have a review, and on Tuesday we’ll take the test.3. I like football, and I like hockey.

Or presents a choice.1. You can get a doll house, or you can get a scooter.2. You can have fish sticks for supper, or you can have leftover chicken.3. You can take the test first thing in the morning, or you can take it right after

lunch.

But shows a contrast (difference).1. He liked the meal, but he didn’t like the desert.2. The beach is a lot of fun, but the mountains are even better.3. I went to the grocery store, but I forgot to get milk.

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Coordinating conjunctions may only be used to combine two statements that are related. Do not combine two unrelated statements into one sentence.

Example 1:I like chocolate cake, and I like cheese cake. CorrectExample 2:I like chocolate cake, and my fish died. Incorrect

The two statements in the first sentence can be combined because they are related. The second sentence is incorrect because those two statements are not related.

Keep in mind that conjunctions can also join together words and phrases. In these cases, we don’t use a comma.

Examples:1. I eat oatmeal and eggs for breakfast.2. We can go bike riding at the park or by the lake.

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Practice 1.7

A. Rewrite and correct the following run-on sentences by inserting a comma plus a coordinating conjunction (and, or, but).

1. For my Chanukah present I got a basketball hoop I really wanted a new bike.

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2. Let’s make compound sentences let’s use conjunctions.

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3. You can stay by your Aunt Rochel you can stay with the neighbors.

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4. It was cold outside it started to snow.

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5. At the wedding there was no meat there was chicken.

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B. Write a sentence for each coordinating conjunction.

1. And ___________________________________________________________________

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2. Or ___________________________________________________________________

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3. But ___________________________________________________________________

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C. Rewrite the following run-on sentences, using one of the two correction methods we learned.

1. I do not want to do my homework I want to go out and play now.

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2. I am not hungry I will eat my sandwich anyway.

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3. He did not study for his test he did not complete his chores.

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Extra Practice 1.7A

The following paragraph is one long run-on sentence. Using our two methods, rewrite the paragraph, breaking it up into many smaller sentences to make them easier to read. Use coordinating conjunctions where necessary. Do not forget to add proper punctuation and to capitalize where necessary.

I woke up in the morning and was about to go back to sleep when I suddenly remembered it’s my birthday I quickly jumped out of bed and got dressed and raced down the stairs my mother was in the kitchen and a delicious smell was floating toward me it was pancakes next thing I knew my father entered the room wheeling a shiny new bike I couldn’t believe my eyes this was definitely starting out as the best birthday ever.

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Extra Practice 1.7B

Rewrite the paragraph, and fix all run-on sentences.

Last summer my family went camping in Vermont we packed everything we might need into suitcases we loaded up the car when we arrived in the camp grounds it was already getting dark we quickly set up the tents while my father started a fire the hot dogs were tasty the marshmallows got burnt then we unrolled our sleeping bags and fell into an exhausted sleep camping is so much fun!

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1.8 Commas

Commas are very important for understanding a sentence. They can help break up long sentences into smaller phrases. A long sentence that is missing commas can be very difficult to read.

Examples:• Without commas: Shmuel dragged his shiny new bike out of the

shed in the backyard unlocked the chain that was tangled around the wheels and began to pedal furiously to catch up to his friends.

• With commas: Shmuel dragged his shiny new bike out of the shed in the backyard, unlocked the chain that was tangled around the wheels, and began to pedal furiously to catch up to his friends.

Here are two important rules for commas:Rule #1: Use a comma between independent clauses joined by a conjunction, such as and, or, and but.

Remember, an independent clause is a statement that could stand on its own as a separate sentence.

Examples:• Miriam got on the bus, and she searched around for her friends.• Can I come over now, or is it not a good time?• I like summer vacation, but I’m glad to be back in school.

Do not use a comma before every “and” and “or”. First check to be sure that both phrases are independent clauses (can be a sentence by itself).If the second phrase is dependent, do not use a comma. The rule of thumb is that any statement that has a subject and predicate and could stand on its own as a sentence is an independent clause.

Remember to check the second statement to be sure that it is an independent clause before using a comma. Extra commas can confuse the reader.

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Examples:In these examples, the dependent clauses are lightly colored. They do not express a complete idea. These sentences do not need commas.

• Incorrect: He loves chocolate, and bubble gum.• Correct: He loves chocolate and bubble gum.

• Incorrect: You can have peanut butter, and jelly, or tuna fish.• Correct: You can have peanut butter and jelly or tuna fish.

• Incorrect: Freeze the dessert until it is soft, but firm.• Correct: Freeze the dessert until it is soft but firm.

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Practice 1.8

A. Add a comma to each of the following sentences.

1. The history test is today and the science test is tomorrow.

2. I love ice cream but it’s too cold today to enjoy it.

3. Can I use your bike or are you using it soon?

4. We can go to the zoo or we can have a picnic in the park.

5. They rode the roller coaster and they had a great time.

6. I wasn’t feeling so well but I went along anyway.

B. Add the missing commas. Be careful not to add extra commas. If no commas are needed, write “none”.

1. Can I use your camera or do I need to borrow Moshe’s?

2. Do you like vanilla or chocolate?

3. He can draw nicely and he plays the piano.

4. Dina and Shoshana played together all afternoon.

5. He locked the bike chain and entered the Judaica store.

6. They held hands and danced in a circle.

7. The principal spoke firmly but he was smiling as he spoke.

8. Chani’s new pin is simple but pretty.

9. The grass is green and the sky is blue.

10. Last year, we traveled to England and saw Buckingham Palace.

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1.9 Commas Continued

In the previous lesson, we learned the first rule for commas: before a coordinating conjunction (and, or, but) which is followed by an independent clause (a sentence that could stand on its own). Now we will continue with the next rule.

Rule #2: Use a comma between the items in a series.

A series is a list of three or more words, phrases, or clauses. (There is an example of a series right there!) Two items are not a series.

Examples:The items of each series are marked with light colored letters.• I went to the supermarket to pick up bread, cream cheese, and milk.

(words)• Exercising daily, eating healthy, and sleeping properly are all

important habits for children to develop. (phrases)• We ate lunch, cleared away our plates, and got up to leave.

(clauses)

As you can see in the examples, a series can be anywhere in the sentence (beginning, middle, or end).

Always be on the lookout for a series in your sentences, and add commas.

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Practice 1.9

In the following sentences, add commas between all items in a series.

1. Do you want white black or brown?

2. Soda sweets and other sugar foods are unhealthy and bad for your teeth.

3. Can you sing in the choir paint the props or play a musical instrument?

4. The horse leapt over the hurdle swam across the pond and galloped back to the farm.

5. We spent the summer break sleeping late playing sports and having barbeques.

6. My baby brother can already walk climb stairs and feed himself.

7. Simcha Reuven and Chaim met after school to get started on the book report.

8. He drove down the street turned the corner and was lost from sight.

9. Whether you are a child teenager or adult, you must wear a seatbelt.

10. The keyboard mouse and screen need to be connected to the computer.

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1.10 Review 5-9

Read the following paragraph. It was written as one long sentence. Rewrite it using all the tools we discussed above. Separate each independent clause into its own sentence or join it to another clause with a coordinating conjunction. Add commas where necessary.

One night, I woke up I heard noises coming from the hallway I was very scared I decided to investigate I got out of bed went out to the hallway I heard scratching noises coming from the back door I was very frightened I went down the stairs I opened the back door a crack I burst out laughing it was our cat Marshmallow trying to get into the house because it had started to rain.

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1.11 Quotations

Using quotation marks properly is very important for a skilled writer. When quotation marks are used properly, it is easier for readers to follow a dialogue (conversation) between two characters.

When quoting exact words that were said, quotation marks come before and after the quote. If the quote is paraphrased, which means that it is said in the writer’s own words and not exactly how the speaker worded it, do not use quotation marks.

Examples:• Yaakov asked, “Why do I always have to take out the garbage?”• Yaakov asked why he always has to take out the garbage.

In the first sentence, the exact words of Yaakov are quoted, so quotation marks are used. In the second sentence, the writer is paraphrasing the question, and there are no quotation marks.

More Examples:• Quote: “How can I possibly pass this test?” asked Yisroel.• Paraphrase: Yisroel wondered if he could possibly pass the test.• Quote: “How is your day going?” asked Avigail. “Not bad,” I replied.• Paraphrase: Avigail asked me about my day. I told her it was not bad.

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Practice 1.11

On each line, write a √ if the quotation marks were used properly, and an × if they do not belong.

1. ___ Chaim said to Tzvi that “Meir told him to save a spot”.

2. ___ “Good morning, students,” said the teacher.

3. ___ The teacher greeted the new student “with a warm welcome”.

4. ___ They told me to “come back to them tomorrow”.

5. ___ “Ouch!” said the boy when the ball hit his head.

6. ___ My grandfather loves to talk about “his years serving in the

American Army”.

7. ___ “Can I get you a drink?” asked Aunt Perel.

8. ___ “Yes, please,” answered Dovi.

9. ___ Telling your parents “how much you appreciate all they do” is so

important.

10. ___ When you told me “your name”, I remembered that we used to be

neighbors.

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1.12 Writing Quotations

When writing a direct quote, it is important to remember three things: quotation marks, commas, and capital letters. Putting quotation marks in their proper places will help the reader identify when a quote begins and ends. Commas and capital letters also help avoid confusion.Here are some rules of proper punctuation and capitalization for quotations.

Rule #1: When a quotation comes in the beginning of a sentence, make a comma at the end of the quote inside the quotation marks. Do not end the quote with a period, and do not capitalize the next word, since the sentence is not over.

Examples:• “Please give me a hand,” said the elderly lady.• “We are leaving on Sunday,” she responded.

Rule #2: We only insert a comma at the end of a quote when it would otherwise end with a period. For quotes that require a question mark or exclamation point, use these punctuation marks at the end of the quote (still inside the quotation marks), and do not add a comma. Do not forget that the next word will still not be capitalized, because the sentence isn’t over.

Examples:• “When did you arrive?” asked my uncle.• “Fire!” he yelled at the top of his voice.

Rule #3: When a quotation comes at the end of a sentence, make a comma before the quote, and capitalize the first word of the quote. The period goes inside the quotation marks.

Examples:• He hugged me and said, “We are all very proud of you.”• She took a sniff and said, “This cake smells delicious.”

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Rule #4: When a quotation comes in the middle of a sentence, you will need two commas to set off the quote, one before the quote and one at the end of the quote, and the first word of the quote is capitalized.

Examples:• She ran over to us and said, “Hello there,” with a large grin on her

face.• He threw down his glove and yelled, “Not fair!” to the referee.

Whenever you write a quote, be careful to check that the quotation marks are written properly, commas are put in the correct place, and capital letters are used where required. Improperly written dialogues can be very difficult to follow.

Practice 1.12

A. Rewrite each sentence. Do not forget to add the correct punctuation and capital letters where necessary. The words with light coloring are quotations.

1. How are you asked Gavriel.

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2. I’m fine I answered.

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3. His mother said please come home now for supper.

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4. He asked can I eat supper by Daniel’s house?

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5. Why can’t you come over to play asked Dovid.

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6. Give it back yelled Yaakov.

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7. He said I hope you have fun and watched us leave.

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8. I said good bye and hung up.

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1.12 Continued

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9. When Yossi’s father says Yosef Yehuda Schwartz, come here now he

knows that he’s in trouble.

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10. The stewardess smiled and asked can I get you anything to drink?

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B. Write three sentences that include a quote.

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1.13 Chapter Review

A (Lesson 1.1)

Next to each sentence, write “S” for sentence and “F” for fragment.

1. ___ Did you know?

2. ___ When I got home.

3. ___ Please help me move the furniture.

4. ___ Can go out now?

5. ___ It is very messy in room.

B (Lesson 1.1)

On each line, write a sentence with a subject and a predicate. Then, circle the subject and underline the predicate.

1. __________________________________________________________________________

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2. __________________________________________________________________________

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3. __________________________________________________________________________

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C (Lesson 1.2)

Next to each sentence, write the sentence type (declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, or imperative).

1. Why are you late to class ________________

2. Please finish eating your dinner ________________

3. They came home very late yesterday ________________

4. There’s a fire in the kitchen ________________

5. Get down ________________

D (Lesson 1.3)

Add the correct punctuation at the end of each sentence.

1. Why are you late to class ___

2. Please finish eating your dinner ___

3. They came home very late yesterday ___

4. There’s a fire in the kitchen ___

5. Get down ___

E (Lesson 1.5)

Write “R” for run-on and “C” for correct.

1. ___ When I left my house to join the game in the park, I didn’t realize that my younger brother was following me.

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2. ___ I finished my lunch, I came back into the classroom.

3. ___ Can you come back in a few minutes, I’m very busy.

4. ___ He climbed the stairs, found the right door, and knocked softly, while playing with his keychain.

F (Lesson 1.6)

Correct each sentence by splitting it into two sentences. Do not forget punctuation and capitalization.

1. They climbed out of the roller coaster it was so much fun.

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2. It was getting very hot and stuffy he opened the window to let in some cool air.

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3. She loved to paint using bright colors they added life to her creations.

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4. He opened the fridge a bright red apple caught his eye.

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G (Lesson 1.7)

Rewrite each sentence using the correct coordinating conjunction (and, or, but).

1. I opened the wrapper I removed the candy.

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2. You can enter the Emergency Department you must remain quiet.

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3. She can come back later she can come tomorrow.

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4. They boarded the plane soon they were off.

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H (Lesson 1.8)

Write a √ if the sentence is written correctly. Write a × if it is missing a comma.

1. ___ Each child received a deli sandwich and a pickle.

2. ___ They left to join the game and he went along with them.

3. ___ I really enjoyed the games and the food.

4. ___ You have a choice of chocolate fudge or strawberry swirl.

I (Lesson 1.9)

Fill in the missing commas in each sentence.

1. They were waiting on line to pay for their food drinks and newspapers.

2. Mordechai Baruch and Eli met up to visit the nursing home together.

3. Please choose a fruit a drink and a main dish.

4. He climbed up the ladder opened the window and snuck into the house.

SAMP

LE

SAMP

LE


J (Lesson 1.11)

After each sentence, write “quote” or “paraphrase”. The words being quoted are in light coloring.

1. Sarah asked me what time it is. _______________

2. Before he left, he told me that I should stay in touch. _______________

3. I said good bye, Yehoshua and closed the door. _______________

4. Can you open this jar asked my sister. _______________

K (Lesson 1.12)

Correct the following sentences by adding punctuation, commas, and capitals. Quotes are in light coloring.

1. Sarah asked me what time is it. _______________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

2. Before he left, he told me stay in touch. ______________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

3. I said good bye, Yehoshua and closed the door. _______________________

____________________________________________________________________________

4. Can you open this jar asked my sister. ________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Documents

CHAPTER 1 Sentence · Every complete sentence must contain both a subject and predicate. Example: Yosef studied for the science test. Yosef is the subject of this sentence, because