Chapter -1

THE ADVENT OF EUROPEANS TO INDIA

I) Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1) The European trade was monopolized by ______ in India in the 17th Century.

Poruguese.

2) The first Carmatic war was fought beweenBritis and __________

French

3) In the Battle of Wandiwash, British Comander _____ defeated the French

Sir Iyer Coot.

4) In the Battle of Plassey__ assumed the leadership of the English army.

Robert Clive.

5) Dual government was brought by ____ in Bengal.

II) Answer the following questions after discussing them in groups.

1) How was the European trade conducted with India in the beginning?

Ans: In the beginning, European trade with India used to take place via the

Persian culf, Red sea and through the north- western regions of India

2) “Scientific developments led to sea voyages” Justify this statement.

Ans: The new scientific instruments,. Maps etc, helped the sailors in their sea,

voyage.

3) Explain how the Carnatic wars helped the British to settle down firmly in

India.

Ans: With the defeat of the French in all the three Carnatic wars, they lost most

of their power in India.

In the subsequent agreements that were made, the French were not

permitted to build forts and pretect them.

4) What are the results of the Battle of Plassey?

Ans: The English army under Robert Clive, decisively defeated NawabSirah-ud-

daul at the Battle of Plassey. Mir Jafar, who heloped the Brisih, was nominated

as the Nawab of Bengal. The British in return got the Zamindari right over the 2

Paraganas and became all powerful.

5) Descibe the system of Dual government.

Ans: The Dual Government was introduced by Robert Clive in Bengal in 1765

According to this, the ‘Diwani’ rights of collecting land revenue were

given to the English.

Imparting of justice and other administrative functions were to be

carried out by the Nawab.

Chapter -1

Social Stratification

I) Discuss the following the group and write the answers.

1) What is meant by ‘social stratification’?

Ans: Social stratification refers to the practice of classifying people as upper

class and lower class on the basis of income, education, colour, caste, gender,

occupation etc.

2) How has coial stratification been created?

Ans: Social stratification has been created by the society. For instance,

opportunities for good intritious food, school, employment are more for

children born in rich families. Children in poor families lack such opportunities

Children are not responsible for the segregation of people as rich and poor. But

they have to reap the evil effects of stratification created by society.

3) What is meant by ‘prejudices’?

Ans: Prejudice is the opinion a person forms about another person or

community even before he gets to know them.

4) What are the constitutional and legal measures undertaken to eradicate

untouchabiliy? Explain.

Ans: *Section 17 of the Constitution prohibits the practice of untouchability.

The ‘Untouchability Crime Act’ was implemented in 1955,

* Some lacunae of this Act were rectified and the Act was amended as ‘Citizens

‘ Rights Protection Act’ in 1976. According to this Act. Practice of

untouchabilityis a punishable offence.

* Besides, universal suffrage and right to equality have been guaranteed in the

constitution to all citizens of the country.

* All people belonging to backward castes, especially the scheduled castes,

have been provided reservation in educational, political, economic and

employment opportunities.

5) What are your suggestions to stop the social evil of untouchability?

Ans: Equal opportunities to all children in the school in all ascpects- studies,

games, cultural activities, competitions etc., should be provided.

Village festivals- ‘Jathras’.Community gatherings etc.Should involve

people of all communities irrespective of caste, creed, language and religion.

Street plays, radio and T.V programmes should highlight the evils of

untouchability and segregation.

Chapter-1

INDIA –OUR MOTHERLAND

I) Answer the following aferdiscyssing them in groups.

1) In which part of the Asaincontinent is India located?

Ans: India is situated in the South- east part of the Asian continent.

2) In whichhemisphere of the earth is India located?

Ans: India is located in the northern hemisphere.

3) Which is the southern tip of mainland of India?

Ans: The southern tip of mainland of India is Kanyakumai.

4) Which is the southernmost point of main land of India.

Ans: ‘Indira Point’ is the southern most point of the mainland of India.

5) Which is the important latitude that passes through Central India?

Ans: Tropic of Cancer (23 1/20n) is the important latitude that passes through

central India.

6) In which island is Indira Point located?

Ans: ‘Indira Point’ is located in the Great Nicobar Island.

Chapter-2

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA

I) Answer the following after discussing them in groups

1) What is the other name for the foothills of the Himalayas?

Ans: The other name for the foothills of the Himalayas is Siwalik.

2) Which is the recently – formed land mass in India.

Ans: The recently formed land mass of India is the Siwalik range.

3) What are the advantages of Himalayas?

Ans: * The Himalayan mountans have unflened the life of Indians to a great

extent.

They provide protection to India. By obstructing the cold winds from the

Siberain regions.

They are the birth – place of many riuvers. They facilitate hydro- electric

power generation.

They are the home to many types of plants and animals. They are a great

treasure- house of minerals, and are also significant for tourtism and

religios centers.

4) Explain the extend of Peninsular Plateau?

Ans: The Peninsular Plateau stretches from the south of the Sutleh- Ganga

plains upto the Indian ocean in the south. Its total area is around 16 lakh sq.

km. It stretches from the Aravalli mountains in the north to Kanyakumari in the

South.

5) Write about the Shivalik range.

Ans: * The Siwalik range hills are the most recent formations and are located in

the southern part. They have lesser height.

They are also called ‘the Foothills’ of the Himalayas.

These hills have parrow strips of planis or valleys which are called

“Dunes” For example. Dehradun, Kota, Patil and

ChaukhambaUdharmpur and Kotli.

These are about 600-1500 meters above the sea level.

6) The Northern plains are called deposited plains. Why?

Ans: The entire Northern plains are formed by the deposition of alluvial soils

brought by the rivers which rises in the Himalayas. So they are called deposited

plains.

Chapter -1

DEVELOPMENT

1) Answer the following in one sentence each.

1) What is meant by economic development?

Ans: The economic progress of the country is known as economic

development.

2) Name the indicators of income development.

Ans: Increase in per capita income and the demand for good and services is the

indicator of income development.

3) Expan HDI

AnsL Human Development Index.

4) How is per capita income arrived at?

Ans: Per capita income is arrived at by dividing the countries population by the

national income.

5) Define ‘Women Empowerment’

Ans: Encouraging women to take social, economic and political decisions like

men is called ‘Woman Empowerment’

II) Discuss the following in groups and answer the questions.

1) The facilities that are required for the people to have a good standard of

living are mutritious food, adequate clothing, shelter, qualiy education, people

health care, pure drinking water, qualiy sanitary facility, clean environment

and judicial system etc.

2) What are the features of underdeveloped countries?

Ans: The features of under developed countreis are less production and per

capita income. The majoriy of people in such a country cannot afford the basic

necessities of food, clothing and shelter. Majoritty of them are illiterates and

superstitions. They suffer from diseases due to lack of sanitation and medical

facilities. India during the British rule is an example for such and economy.

They also do not have civic amenities.

3) It is not appropriate to measure the development of a country based on its.

National invome. Why?

Ans: In order to understand the level of developments of a country and

compare the development of one country with that of another, the national

income is used as an indicator of development. According to this

interpretation, those countries which have higher national income are called

developed countries. The other countries are called backward countries.

However, economic progress cannot take place in a country when the

population increases along with the increase in national income. Therefore.

Comparison of economic development between countries which have difficult

levels of polulation will not be appropriate.

4) What are the indictors of human development?

Ans: The life expectancy of the people, educational achievements and gross

national income per capita represent the development of the people of the

country.

5) Per capita income cannot be a true measure of development. Why?

Ans: Per capita income is arrived by dividing the national income by the total

number of people in the country. It is the average income of each individual in

the country. However, the increase in per capita income does not reveal he

distribution of income among people. If the income is not distributed equality

among the people, there will be no improvement in the standard of living with

just an increase in the per capita income. Per capita income does not take into

consideration the availoability of education. Health or other similar social

factors. Therefore per capita income cannot be a true measure of

development.

6) Which are the factors responsible for enahancing man’s life expectancy?

Ans: The age till which the people of a country can expect to survive is called

life expectancy. Availability of nutritious food, ecxcellent health and hygiene

facilities, clean environment tetc. Enables man to live longer. All these factors

are represented in life expectancy.

Chapter -1

BANK TRANSACTIONS

I) Answer the following questions after discussion with your friends.

1) What is a bank?

Ans: A banking company may be defined as a company which transacts the

business with finance. It accepts deposits from the public and lends it to those

who need it in the form of loans.

2) List out the characteristics relating to bank transactions.

Ans: a) Dealing with Money: Banks are financial institutions which deal with

the money of the public.

b) Individual /Firm/ Company: Bank may be a person firm or a company.

Banking company means the institution that deals with money.

c) Acceptance of deposits : Banks accept deposits from the public. These

deposits are returned whenever the customers demand it or after a prescribed

period. Banks provide security to these deposits. Banks act as custodians of the

deposits of the public.

d) Lending loans : Banks adavance loans to industrial sector, Agricultural

sector. Education, House construction and for other purposes.

e) Payment and withdrawal: Banks facilitate the customers to withdraw their

deposits in the form of cheque or drafts.

f) Agency and utility services: Banks provide various banking facilities to its

customers. They include general utility services and agency services.

g) Profit and service orientation: A bank is a profit seeking institution having

service oriented approach.

h) Ever increasing functions: Banks continuously expand and diveraify their,

functions, services and activities.

i) Connecting link Banks act as connecting link between the depositors and

borrowers. Banks collect surplus money of the customers and lend the same to

those who are in need of money.

j) Banking Business: The main activity of the bank is banking business that is

accepting deposits from the customers and lending the same to those who

need money. It is not a subsidiary to any other business.

k) Name identity: Banks always add bank to their names ex: Canara Bank,

Vijyaya Bank, Corporation bank, State Bank of India, State Bank of Mysore etc.

It enables the customers to know in which bank, that they are dealing with

money.

3) What are the functions of a bank?

Ans: a) Accepting depostits from public and others.

b) Lending money to public (Loans) and other institutions.

c) Transferring money from one place to another (Remittances)

d) Collecting money by cheques, drafts and bills.

e) Discounting of bills.

f) Hiring safe deposit lockers.

g) Conducting foreign exchange transactions.

h) Keeping valuables in safe custody.

i) Issuing letters of credit and guarantee.

j) Cunducting government tansaction (State and Central)

4) Explain the relation between the bank and its customers.

Ans: The relation between a banker and customers falls under two broad

categories namely.

a) General relationship

b) Special relationaship

a) General relationship:* Primary relationship (Debtor and Creditor

relationship)

* Subsidiary relationship (Trustee and beneficiary relationship)

b) Special relationship: * Obligation to honourcheques

* Obligation to maintain secrecy of accounts.

5) “The number of saving bank account holders is increasing “ Give reasons.

Ans: Saving bank account is generally opned in banks by salaried persons or by

the persons who have a fixed regular income. This facility is also given to the

students, senior citizens, persioners etc. Savings accounts are opned to

encourage people to save money and pool their savings. There is no restriction

on the number and account of deposits. The money can be withdrawn either

by cheque of through a withdrawal slip available in the rescpective bank.

6) What are the advantages of opening a bank account?

Ans: Adavantages of opening bank account

Bank account facilitates a safe custody of money.

Bank account helps in making payments

Bank account helps in collection of money

Bank account holders get advances and loans.

Bank account helops in smooth financial transactions.

Bankj account holders get safe deposit locker facilities.

Chapter -2

KANNADA –SPEAKING AREAS DURING THE COLONIAL RULE

I) Discuss the following in groups and answer the questions:

1) How did Hyder All fight the British?

Ans: In the yesr 1767 the British having alled with the Marathas and the

Nizam of Hyderabad attacked Hyder Ali of Mysore. But Hyder Ali became

successful in wooing the support of the Marathas and the Nizam of

Hyderabad Later. Hyder Ali having confronted the British went as far as

Madras. By this, the English were forced to sign “The Madras Peace treaty’.

With this treaty, the first Anglo –Mysore war came to an end.

2) What was the cause for the Second Mysore War?

Ans: Mahe was a colony of the French and was under the control of Hyder

Ali. The British capture of Mahe, led to the Second Anglo Mysore War.

3) The ‘Srirangapatna Treaty’ was inevitable for Tippu. Explain.

Ans: The third Anglo –Mysore war which started in 1790 ended two years

later in 1792 with the Treaty of Srirangapatna’ In this war. Tippu lost

heavily. As a result, he not only had to forfeit half his kingdom to the British

but had to pay 330 lakh rupees as compensation for the losses incurred . Till

such time it was agreed that two of his sons were taken hostage by the

English.

4) Which are the areas of ‘Hyderabad Karnataka’?

Ans: Today’s Bidar, Gulbarga, Yadgir and Raichur, which were under the rule

of Nizam were identified as regions of Hyderabad- Karnataka.

5) Explain the friendship between the British and VenkatappaNayaka of

Ikkeri.

Ans: The friendship nbetween the English and VenkatappaNayaka of Ikkeri

started in the 18th century. They English obtained permission to start

radefrom Bidanur and they even gained monopoly to trade in pepper and

cardamom.

6) Describe the rle of GuddemaneAppayyagouda in the Coorg mutiny.

Ans: In coorg, the mutiny started under the leadership of

GuddemmaneAiyappaGowda. This struggle was suppressed by the British

through the Diwans of Coorg. The British projected this as a revolt. Some of

the important activists of the struggle were hanged to death while a few

were arrested and exiled.

7) Explain how Mumbai – Karnataka area became part of British territory.

Ans: With the fall of Maratas in 1817 Mumbai Karnataka regions came

under the British. In year 1836 Belgaum was separated from Dharwad. A

remarkable event after this was the protest of NaragundaNayakas against

the English in 1857-58. This has been called the revolt of Nargund. After the

revolt the English also took possession of Naragunda.

CHAPTER-3

FOLK HISTORY

I) Discuss the following in groups and answer the following questions.

1) What are the effects of the arrival of the British on the writing of history?

Ans: After the arrival of the British in India, the writing of history was

profoundly affected. Thehistorian started giving a philosophical touch to every

event he described. This was termed ‘History’ every incident was narrated in a

way beneficial to the writers.

2) Study of history in an ideological background is a challenge.Explain.

Ans: Writing about common people. Especially poor peasants and labourers in

the backdrop of various different ideological backgrounds became a challenge

to historians. In the absence of historical evidences, attempts were made to

stir up the memories of the ordinary people to unearth details about various

events. They were related to the past and present events. Many a time, these

memories of the incidents had religious recognition too.

3) Explain the linear model of writing of history.

AnsL The writing of history which was deeply influenced by the Westerners,

followed a simple linear model. According to this, second year follows the first

year. 18th century events that came after 17th century events are recorde.

4) How can history be written based on oral sources?

Ans: The oral narratives depending on the situation change, expand or some of

the characters may defy time. Although in the accepted history, they might

have met their end, in the oral tradition, they may be immortal. The modern

historians describe events keeping these sensitive points in mind. Thus, all oral

narratives help creating a history.

Chapter-1

PROBLEMS OF INDIA AND REMEDIES.

I) Discuss in groups and answer

1) Communalism is harmful to national progress. How?

Ans: Communalism in India is a menance which is capable to disrupt the very

unity and integrity of our nation. Communalism propagates hate- philosophy

among religious groups. It leads to social unrest and even the ruin of life and

property. Communalism spreads with unwarranted mutual accusation, insult

and even physical combat among the religion groups.

2) Regionalism is against national development. Discuss.

AnsLIf extreme regionalism among the states are allowed to continue, it will

cause serious inter state- border disputes, river water disputes etc. This type of

parochialism based on regionalism acts against national interests.

3) What are the measures to spread literary?

Ans: The government has taken up many steps to spread literacy.

‘SarvaSikshaAbhiyan’ has been launched in 2001 to provide the education to

girls and physically challenged. In1988 ‘National Literacy Mission’ has also been

established by Government of India to make illiterates literates. ‘Literate India’

programme has been launched to eradicate illiteracy.

Recently through Article 21 of our Constitution Right to Education -2009 has

been guaranteed Compulsory free education has been implemented for the

children between 6 and 14 years.

4) What are the suggestions to improve the position of women?

Ans: To improve women’s education and development

Government has started Women and children Development

Department.

Through this health; education and social status of women are improved

Women education, Prohibition of child Marriage Act. Dowry Prohibition

Act, etc. are there for the empowerment of women.

Government of Karnataka has implemented stree Shakti programme for

the development of rural women.

There is a programme of loan and subsidy for women self –employment.

MahilaMandalas ,Yuvathi Mandalas, Stree Shakti Organisations, Selfhelp

groups, and Women Co-operatives help for the all round progress of

women.

Woman Commission at national and State level have been constituted to

enquire the cases of women and impart justice to them.

There is an effort to have the Reservation for women from Panchayat to

Parliament

In Karnataka already 33% reservation has been implemented for women

in local governments.

Even in jobs women reservation has been provided.

5) Population is deemed as human resources – explain

AnsL Human resources are potential elements of national growth.

*Our nation has abundant human resource.

* Planning at the national level should utilize harmoniously both natural and

human resources.

* The Central Education Department is now called as Human Resource

Development Ministry.

* The spread of literacy, technical training. Agricultural development, industrial

growth, export promotion, creation of employment opportunities both at rural

and urban sectors are some of the means to develop human resources.

* There are every possibilities that our human power can rightly be deemed as

an asset and not as a liability with proper planning.

6) What are the plans to eradicate poverty? Explain.

Ans: Since independence many programmes have been launched both by the

Central and State Governments to eradicate poverty.

BPL cards are issued to the poor families.

Five year plans in India are directed to eradicate poverty and increase

percapita income.

JawaharRozgaryojana, Rural Employment Guarantee Programe,

PradhanMantriGramodayaYojanas are some of the schemes undertaken

to reduce poverty.

7) What is meant by smuggling ? What are your suggestions to control it?

Ans: Smuggling means movement or import of forign goods without paying

custom duties.

Smuggling can be checked effectively by encouraging import

substitutions.

Suitable modulations of domestic market. Prices, proper export import

policy (Exim) strict coastal vigilance service, punitive measures, and

inter- state trade agareements are the main remedies to check

smuggling.

Proper awareness among the citizens has to be created that smuggling is

an anti national and economically a crime.

8) “Profiteering brings loss both for producer and consumer” Explain this.

Ans: Profiteering refers to gaining of huge money in trading by easy methods.

It results in unchecked price rise . Increase in profit margin specially of

producers have paved the path for profiteering. As a result the traders buy

products from the producers a low prices, create an artificial scarcity of

essential goods and increase the prices of commodities. Hence profiteering

brings loss for the producers and also the consumers.

CHAPTER- 3

INDIAN MONSOON SEASONS AND THEIR FEATURES.

I) Answer the following after discussing them in groups.

1) Which type of climate is experienced by India?

Ans: Tropical monsoon type of climate is experienced in India.

2) What are monsoon winds?

Ans: Monsoon winds are rain- bearing winds that cause rainfall. Eg- South-

west monsoon winds.

3) Which season is generally called the rainy season?

Ans: South- west monsoon season from June to September is generally called

the rainy season in India?

4) What are the factors that influence the climate of India?

Ans: Latitude height from the sea- level distance from the sea, direction of the

winds, mountain ranges and ocean currents influence the climatic conditions

of India.

5) Indian agriculture is gambling with the monsoon winds, Discuss.

Ans: The South –West monsoon control the agriculture of India which is the

mainoccupation of Indian. Failure of rainfall leads to drought. When the

monsoon are heavy there are floods they also cause destruction to life and

property. Hence it is said that Indian agriculture is a ‘gamble with the

monsoons’.

CHAPTER -4

THE FOUNDATION OF BRITISH ADMINISTRATION AND ITS EFFECTS

I) Discuss the following in groups and answer them:

1) Explain the doctrine of Subsidiary Alliance.

Ans: According to the doctrine of Subsidiary Alliance the king could not enter

into any treaty or wage war with any other king. He had to allow troopsaof the

British army to stay in his kingdom and look after its needs. The Company had

to appoint a Resident to looking after the internal affairs of the kingdom. The

sole purpose of this policy was to make the Indian kings bear the expense of

managing the huge army of the British.

2) Analyse the First Anglo Maratha was.

Ans: There ensued a severe fight fo the succession after Peshwa Narayan Rao

in the Maratha kingdom. Instead of allowing RaghunathaRao to ascend the

trone, Nana Phadnavis supported the minor, MadhavaraoPeshwa II.

RghunathaRao sought the help of the British. The British took advantage of the

situation and waged war. Although, initially they lost, later they conquered

Ahmedabad. Subsequent to Sallbai agreement.Madhavarao Narayan was

appointed as Peshwa. This was the Anglo Maratha war.

3) How did the British establish their supremacy in the Punjab province?

Ans: After the death of Ranjitsingh, his son Duleep Singh succeeded him.

Lalsingh, his Prime Minister, attacked the British with his Khalsa contingent.

When he was defeated by the British, Duleep Singh had to accept the Doctrine

of Subsidiary Alliance. Upset by this, the Khalsa soldiers rebelled against the

British. As a result of the wars that took place later. Punjab province became a

part of British Empire.

4) What are the main features of the Regulating Act?

Ans: * The dual government system brought into existence by Robert Clive was

abolished.

* The Governor of Bengal came to be called Governor General.

* Warren Hastings became the first Governor General.

* An Advisory Committee was set up to assist in the administration.

* the Supreme Court was established.

5) What are the reforms brought down by the 1909 Act?

Ans: The reforms of the 1909 Act are: It permitted expansion of the Central

Legislature. The provincial legislative assembles expanded and gave provision

for elected representatives. A separate electoral constituency was formed

based on religion.

CHAPTER-2

FOREIGN POLICY OF INDIA

I) Discuss in group and answer the following questions?

1) What is meant by foreign policy?

Ans: The policy adopted by a nation while dealing with other natious is called

Foreign Policy.

2) How is foreign policy helpfyl for national progress?

Ans: India is a very influential country in the world with vast population,

aboundant natural resources, intellectual and technical capacity, industrial

potentiality, strong defence forces etc. So, a strong and specific foreign policy

is very helpful for our national progress.

3) What are the objectives of the foreign policy of India?

Ans: The objectives of Indian foreign policy are

National Security

National economic progress

Spreading Indian cultural values abroad

Increasing the number of friendly nations.

Achieving world Peace and enable every nation to co exist.

4) Why is India against colonialism?

Ans: India advocates a foreign policy which is against colonialism. Solonialism

means the occupation of one nation by another and using the former for the

selfish purpose of the latter. India fought and got freedom form colonialism.

6) What are the principles of Panchasheela?

Ans: The five principles of Panchasheela are.

1) Mutual respect for national integrity and sovereignty

2) Non- aggression.

3) Non Interference in Internal affairs

4) Mutual assistance and equality

5) Peaceful co-exist.

6) Why is India championing the cause of Disarmament as very important for

the present day world?

Ans: There is heavy competition to day in manufacturing, marketing and

stocking arms and ammunitions. There is fear among many nations that. Third

World War may take place by such competition. There is every possibility that

knowingly or unintentionally, nations may use nuclear weapons. As a peace

loving nation.India champions the cause of qualitative and quantitative

disarmament. Right from the time of Prime Minister Nehru, India argued for

disarmament to maintain peaceful co-operation.

CHAPTER -4

SOILS OF INDIA

I) Answer the following after discussing them in groups:

1) Which crop can be grown better in the black soil?

Ans: Cotton crop can be grown better in the black soil?

2 What are the types of soils found in India?

Ans: The soil of India can be classified into 6 main types:

Ans: 1) Alluvial soil 2) Black soil 3) Red soil 4) Laterite soil 5) Desert

soil and 6) mountain soil

3) What kind of soil is found in the northern plains?

Ans: Alluvial soil is found in the northern plains.

4) what is meant by soil conservation? List out its methods?

Ans: Prevention of soil erosion and protecting the fertility of the soil is known

as conservation of soil.

There are many methods of soil conservation. They are.

1) Counter ploughing

2) Construction of bunds around the agriculture land

3) Development of terraced agricultural fields.

4) Prevention of deforestation and encouragement of afforestation.

5) Control of livestock grazing

6) Construction of check dams etc.

5) What is soil erosion? Collect information of its efforts.

Ans: Transportation of surface soil by various natural forces is called soil

erosion.

Effects of soil erosion: soil erosion leads to many problems. Most important of

them are

1) Soil erosion leads to accumulation of silt in the river beds, thereby

causing floods.

2) With accumulation of silt in the river it changes the direction of river

course.

3) Due to accumulation of silt the storage capacity of the reservoirs get

reduced

4) Due to soil erosion, the volume of water percolating down gets reduced.

Due to this, natural springs dry up.

5) Which types of soils are found in the Himalayan mountains?

Ans: The mountain soil found in the Himalayan mountain slopes is rich in

nitrogen and organic residues.

CHAPTER -5

FORESTS OF INDIA

I) Answer the following after discussing them in groups:

1) How much of area is under forests in India?

Ans: The forest area of India is approximately 6.9 lakh sq. km (69million

hectares)

2) Name any two National parks of Karnataka.

Ans: Bannerughatta and Nagarahole are the two national parks of Karnataka.

3) What is meant by natural vegetation?

Ans: The total plant life, growing naturally in an area is called ‘forest’ or natural

vegetation’.

4) What are your suggestions for conservation of forests?

Ans: My suggestions for conservation of forests are

a) Cutting down dried –up and abrassing trees which cause forest fires.

b) Protecting the forest trees against diseases.

c) Planting saplings, sowing seeds: guarding against illegal cutting of trees’

d) Avoiding grazing of domestic animals in forests; motivating people to

plant saplings

e) Creating awareness among people about trees and encouraging them to

protect them.

f) Implementing the social forestry projects speedily and successfully.

5) What is meant by bio –diversity?

Ans: Large diversity of flora and fauna is termed as ‘ Bio- diversity’.

6) Explain the characteristics and distribution of deciduous forests in India.

Ans: Deciduous forests are widely distributed in India- They are seen in areas

receiving 75 to 250 cms of rainfall. The trees shed their leaves during the dry

winters. As such, these are also called deciduous monsoon forests.

7) What is conservation of forests? Explain its significance and methods of

conservation.

Ans: Protection of forests from human beings, animals and natural, disasters is

called conservation of forests.

Indian forests area is gradually decreasing, because of expansion of

agriculture, animal grazing, construction of roads and rail routes, irrigation

projects, forest fires, mining forest fires etc.