Chapter 10

1) geography (Arkansas & Texas are Confederate)

2) history (previously lived there)3) slavery (all Five owned slaves)4) trust (Union government had moved them)

5) economy (largely agricultural)6) Confederacy promised to follow all treaties

Full-Blood Creeks, led by Opothleyahola, tried to remain neutral. Confederate troops tried to force them to join—resulted in Indian Territory’s 1st battle (Nov 19, 1861). Neutrals forced into Kansas.

John Ross also leads neutral group of Cherokee

Union’s first attempt to invade Indian Territory fails (March 6-8, 1862).

Union’s second attempt to invade Indian Territory (July 1863)—major victory for Union and serves as turning point in Western region of the War.

This battle is the most ethnically diverse of whole war:1) whites on both sides2) Indians on both sides3) black “Buffalo Soldiers” with Union4) Texan Hispanics with Confederacy

Mostly “Guerilla Warfare” for remainder of war.

Gen. Lee surrenders April 1865 but war “continues” until surrender of Gen. Stand Watie (Cherokee) July 1865.