Chapter 10 Aerodrome Maintenance

Apr 22, 2023Apr 22, 2023 ICAO Annex 14 Training CourseICAO Annex 14 Training Course 11

Chapter 10Aerodrome Maintenance


Chapter 10 Aerodrome Maintenance10.1 General10.1 General

Recommendations.— Recommendations.— A maintenance programme, including preventive maintenance A maintenance programme, including preventive maintenance

where appropriate, should be established at an aerodrome to where appropriate, should be established at an aerodrome to maintain facilities in a condition which does not impair the maintain facilities in a condition which does not impair the safety, regularity or efficiency of air navigation.safety, regularity or efficiency of air navigation.

““Preventive maintenance”Preventive maintenance” is programmed maintenance is programmed maintenance work done in order to prevent a failure or degradation of work done in order to prevent a failure or degradation of facilities.facilities.

““Facilities”Facilities” are intended to include such items as pavements, are intended to include such items as pavements, visual aids, fencing, drainage systems and buildings.visual aids, fencing, drainage systems and buildings.

The design and application of the maintenance programme The design and application of the maintenance programme should observe Human Factors principles.should observe Human Factors principles.

[ICAO [ICAO Human Factors Training Manual]Human Factors Training Manual]


Chapter 10 Aerodrome Maintenance10.2 Pavements10.2 Pavements

Surface irregularitiesSurface irregularities

Recommendations.— Recommendations.— The surface of pavements (runways, taxiways, aprons, etc.) The surface of pavements (runways, taxiways, aprons, etc.)

should be kept clear of any loose stones or other objects should be kept clear of any loose stones or other objects that might cause damage to aircraft structures or engines, that might cause damage to aircraft structures or engines, or impair the operation of aircraft systems.or impair the operation of aircraft systems.

The surface of a runway should be maintained in a condition The surface of a runway should be maintained in a condition such as to preclude formation of harmful irregularities:such as to preclude formation of harmful irregularities:

Max. 3mm tolerance of the newly built wearing course is Max. 3mm tolerance of the newly built wearing course is permitted;permitted;

In general, isolated irregularities of the order of 2.5 cm to 3 cm In general, isolated irregularities of the order of 2.5 cm to 3 cm over a 45 m distance are tolerable;over a 45 m distance are tolerable;



Friction characteristicsFriction characteristics

Measurements of the friction characteristics of a runway Measurements of the friction characteristics of a runway surface shall be made periodically with a continuous friction surface shall be made periodically with a continuous friction measuring device using self-wetting features (i.e. measuring device using self-wetting features (i.e. Mu-meter Mu-meter Trailer, Skiddometer Trailer, Runway Friction Tester VehicleTrailer, Skiddometer Trailer, Runway Friction Tester Vehicle).).

The friction of a wet paved runway should be measured:The friction of a wet paved runway should be measured: to verify the friction characteristics of new or resurfaced paved to verify the friction characteristics of new or resurfaced paved

runways when wet;runways when wet; to assess periodically the slipperiness of paved runways when to assess periodically the slipperiness of paved runways when

wet;wet; to determine the effect on friction when drainage characteristics to determine the effect on friction when drainage characteristics

are poor; andare poor; and to determine the friction of paved runways that become slippery to determine the friction of paved runways that become slippery

under unusual conditions (under unusual conditions (eg. after a long dry periodeg. after a long dry period).).




A State should define what minimum friction level it A State should define what minimum friction level it considers acceptable before a runway is classified as considers acceptable before a runway is classified as slippery when wet and publish this value in the State’s slippery when wet and publish this value in the State’s aeronautical information publication (AIP). When the friction aeronautical information publication (AIP). When the friction of a runway is found to be below this reported value, then of a runway is found to be below this reported value, then such information should be promulgated by NOTAM. such information should be promulgated by NOTAM.

The State should also establish a maintenance planning The State should also establish a maintenance planning level, below which, appropriate corrective maintenance level, below which, appropriate corrective maintenance action should be initiated to improve the friction.action should be initiated to improve the friction.

Furthermore, States should establish criteria for the friction Furthermore, States should establish criteria for the friction characteristics of new or resurfaced runway surfaces. characteristics of new or resurfaced runway surfaces.




Table A-1 Guidance on establishing the design objective for new runway surfaces Table A-1 Guidance on establishing the design objective for new runway surfaces and maintenance planning and minimum friction levels for runway surfaces in use.and maintenance planning and minimum friction levels for runway surfaces in use.




Friction measurements should be taken at Friction measurements should be taken at intervals that will ensure identification of runways intervals that will ensure identification of runways in need of maintenance or special surface in need of maintenance or special surface treatment before the condition becomes serious. treatment before the condition becomes serious.

The time interval between measurements will The time interval between measurements will depend on factors such as: depend on factors such as:

aircraft type and frequency of usage, aircraft type and frequency of usage, climatic conditions, climatic conditions, pavement type, and pavement type, and pavement service and maintenance requirements.pavement service and maintenance requirements.




Corrective maintenance action shall be taken when the Corrective maintenance action shall be taken when the friction characteristics for either the entire runway or a friction characteristics for either the entire runway or a portion thereof are below aportion thereof are below a minimum friction level minimum friction level specified specified by the State.by the State.

[Note.— A portion of runway in the order of 100 m long may [Note.— A portion of runway in the order of 100 m long may be considered significant for maintenance or reporting be considered significant for maintenance or reporting action.]action.]

Recommendation.— Recommendation.— Corrective maintenance action Corrective maintenance action should be considered when the friction characteristics for should be considered when the friction characteristics for either the entire runway or a portion thereof are below aeither the entire runway or a portion thereof are below a maintenance planning levelmaintenance planning level specified by the State. specified by the State.


Chapter 10 Aerodrome Maintenance10.3 Runway pavement overlays10.3 Runway pavement overlays

Introductory note.—Introductory note.— The following specifications are intended for runway The following specifications are intended for runway pavement overlay projects when the runway is to be pavement overlay projects when the runway is to be returned to an operational status before overlay of the returned to an operational status before overlay of the entire runway is complete thus normally necessitating a entire runway is complete thus normally necessitating a temporary ramp between the new and old runway surfaces. temporary ramp between the new and old runway surfaces.

The longitudinal slope of the temporary ramp, measured The longitudinal slope of the temporary ramp, measured with reference to the existing runway surface or previous with reference to the existing runway surface or previous overlay course, shall be:overlay course, shall be:a)a) 0.5 to 1.0 per cent for overlays up to and including 5 0.5 to 1.0 per cent for overlays up to and including 5 cm in cm in thickness; andthickness; andb)b) not more than 0.5 per cent for overlays more than 5 not more than 0.5 per cent for overlays more than 5 cm in cm in thickness.thickness.



Temporary ramp between the new andTemporary ramp between the new and old runway surfacesold runway surfaces



Recommendations.— Recommendations.— Overlaying should proceed from one end of the Overlaying should proceed from one end of the

runway toward the other end so that based on runway toward the other end so that based on runway utilization most aircraft operations will runway utilization most aircraft operations will experience a down ramp.experience a down ramp.

The entire width of the runway should be overlaid The entire width of the runway should be overlaid during each work session.during each work session.

Before a runway being overlaid is returned to a Before a runway being overlaid is returned to a temporary operational status:temporary operational status:

a runway centre line marking a runway centre line marking [conforming to the [conforming to the specifications in Section 5.2.3]specifications in Section 5.2.3] shall be provided. shall be provided.

the location of any temporary threshold shall be identified the location of any temporary threshold shall be identified by a 3.6 m wide transverse stripe.by a 3.6 m wide transverse stripe.


Chapter 10 Aerodrome Maintenance10.4 10.4 Visual aidsVisual aids

Preventive MaintenancePreventive Maintenance

A system of preventive maintenance of visual aids A system of preventive maintenance of visual aids shall be employed to ensure lighting and marking shall be employed to ensure lighting and marking system reliability.system reliability.

[Note.— Guidance on preventive maintenance of [Note.— Guidance on preventive maintenance of visual aids is given in the visual aids is given in the Airport Services Manual, Airport Services Manual, Part 9.]Part 9.]


Chapter 10 Aerodrome Maintenance10.4 10.4 Visual aidsVisual aids

Preventive MaintenancePreventive MaintenancePrecision Approach Runway Category IPrecision Approach Runway Category I

The system of preventive maintenance employed for a The system of preventive maintenance employed for a precision precision approach runway category Iapproach runway category I shall have as its objective that, during shall have as its objective that, during any period of category I operations, all approach and runway lights any period of category I operations, all approach and runway lights are serviceable, and that in any event at least are serviceable, and that in any event at least 85 per cent85 per cent of the of the lights are serviceable in each of the following:lights are serviceable in each of the following:

a)a) precision approach category I lighting system;precision approach category I lighting system;b)b) runway threshold lights;runway threshold lights;c)c) runway edge lights; andrunway edge lights; andd)d) runway end lights.runway end lights.

In order to provide continuity of guidance, an unserviceable light In order to provide continuity of guidance, an unserviceable light shall not be permitted adjacent to another unserviceable light shall not be permitted adjacent to another unserviceable light unless the light spacing is significantly less than that specified.unless the light spacing is significantly less than that specified.

[Note.— In barrettes and crossbars, guidance is not lost by having two [Note.— In barrettes and crossbars, guidance is not lost by having two adjacent unserviceable lights.]adjacent unserviceable lights.]


End of Chapter 10Aerodrome Maintenance

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Chapter 10 Aerodrome Maintenance