Chapter 10:1 Slavery, States’ Rights, and Western Expansion

Chapter 10:1 Slavery, States’ Rights, and Western Expansion

Objectives: o WHAT: Examine the contrasts of economies,

societies, and political views of the North and the South.

o WHAT: Analyze why slavery in the territories was a divisive issue between North and South and how Congress tried to settle the issue in 1850.

o WHY: 11.1(3) Explain the history of the Constitution after 1787 with emphasis on federal versus state authority and growing democratization.

o WHY: 11.1(4): Examine the causes and effects of the Civil War.

Verse of the Day:

o Joh_8:34 Jesus answered

them, Verily, verily, I say unto

you, Whosoever committeth sin

is the servant of sin.

o Rom_6:18 Being then made

free from sin, ye became the

servants of righteousness.

The North: o Developed busy cities.

o Embraced technology and industry.

o Built factories staffed by paid workers.

o Immigrants arrived in Northern Ports.

o The North became an increasingly diverse society.

The South: o Remained an agrarian or

agricultural society.

o The economy and the way of life was based on a single crop: cotton.

o They were dependent on the labor of enslaved African Americans

Northern Views on Slavery

o Slavery ended early in the North, but slowly.

o By 1800, there were about 50,000 enslaved people in the North, compared to nearly one million in the South.

o In 1860, there were still 18 slaves in New Jersey, but none in the other northern states.

o Most white northerners at the time viewed Blacks as inferior.

o Laws in the northern states severely limited the rights of free African Americans.

o And discouraged or prevented the migration of more to come to the North.


• As a result, many white northerners had little personal experience with African Americans, slave or free.

• Only a few held strong opinions about slavery.

• A vocal minority of northerners were abolitionists, or people who wanted to end slavery.

• They believed that slavery was morally wrong.

• Some abolitionists favored a gradual end of slavery, while others demanded that all slavery be outlawed at once.


o Not all northerners wanted to end slavery.

o Some white northern bankers, mill owners, and merchants earned a lot of money on southern cotton and tobacco or by trading or transporting enslaved people.

o They were sympathetic to Southern plantation owners and did not want to abolish slavery.

o Some northern workers especially those in unskilled low paying jobs also opposed abolition.

o Fearing that freed slaves might come north and compete with them for work.

Southern Views on Slavery

• Slavery was an integral part of southern life.

• Many Southerners believed that God intended that black people should provide the labor for white “civilized” society.

• They argued that enslaved people were healthier and happier than northern factory wage workers.

ACTIVITY: Teams:

• What were the differences between the North and the South? Get in teams and list four for each.

• What were the similarities and differences in the view of slavery between the North and South? List four.

• Whoever comes with the lists first and present it gets a prize.

HYPOTHETICAL

• What do you think is better for the nation,

a gradual end to slavery or an immediate

end to slavery?

ELECTION OF 1848

• Democrats and Whigs attempted to

avoid the slavery issue and attract

as many voters as possible.

• They embraced the idea of popular

sovereignty.

• A policy stating that voters in a

territory not congress should decide

whether or not to allow slavery

there.

1850 • In 1849, California requested

being admitted to the Union as a non-slave state.

• For years there was a balance sought to maintain free and slave states.

• Southerners were angry that admitting California as a state would threaten slavery.

• The North felt that the Federal Government should not enforce slavery.

Henry Clay to the Rescue:

• With division mounting,

Senator Henry Clay

proposed a compromise.

• Which became the

Compromise of 1850.

Compromise of 1850 o Congress would admit California as a

free state.

o The people of the territories of New Mexico and Utah would decide the slavery question by popular sovereignty.

o The slave trade but not slavery would end in Washington D.C.

o Congress would pass a new strict fugitive slave law.

o Texas would give up its claims to New Mexico in return for $10 million.

Compromise of 1850 • The other influential senators were John

Calhoun of South Carolina and Daniel Webster of Massachusetts.

• Calhoun did not believe the compromise offered enough protection.

• Calhoun proposed that the slave states peacefully break away or secede from the Union.

• Daniel Webster urged senators to accept the compromise for the sake of national unity.

• This swayed the Northerners to vote for the compromise.

Compromise of 1850 • The debate was heated with one Southern

Senator pulling a gun on a Northern Senator in the Senate.

• But the Compromise passed as Calhoun and President Zachary Taylor who opposed the Compromise passed away before the vote.

• A new Fugitive Slave Act added stringent amendments to the earlier law.

• Citizens who assisted a fugitive slave could be fined and imprisoned.

Compromise of 1850 (RECAP) o Congress would admit California as a

free state.

o The people of the territories of New Mexico and Utah would decide the slavery question by popular sovereignty.

o The slave trade but not slavery would end in Washington D.C.

o Congress would pass a new strict fugitive slave law.

o Texas would give up its claims to New Mexico in return for $10 million.

ALERT!!!!

HYPOTHETICAL

• If you were a member of congress in 1850, how would you solve the slave issue? Get in groups of four and come up with five solutions to solve the dispute over slavery. Nominate a spokesperson to share what you have come with. As a class we will vote which group has the best set of solutions, and whoever wins will get a PRIZE =).

COMPROMISE

Chapter 10:2 Objectives: o WHAT: The Fugitive Slave Act increased tensions

between North and South.

o WHAT: How the Kansas-Nebraska Act was seen differently by North and South.

o WHAT: Why fighting broke out in Kansas and the effects of that conflict.



o WHY: Explain how Seventh-day Adventists approached social issues such as slavery (USH 1.4)

Verse of the Day:

o Isa_1:17 Learn to do well; seek

judgment, relieve the

oppressed, judge the

fatherless, plead for the widow.

Fugitive Slave Laws

• Required citizens to catch and

return runaway slaves.

• This angered many northerners,

beyond abolitionists who felt

forced to support slavery.

Adventist Oppose Slave Laws:

• Joseph Bates organized an anti-

slavery society in his hometown.

• W.K. Kellogg, father of the

inventor of cereal, housed

runaway slaves in his home.

• Seventh-day Adventist pioneers

such as Anson Byington

participated in housing fugitive

slaves, thus breaking Federal law.

Fugitive Slave Laws • “The fugitive law was calculated to crush out of

man every noble, generous feeling of sympathy that should arise in his heart for the oppressed and suffering slave. It was in direct opposition to the teaching of Christ. When the laws of men conflict with the Word and law of God, we are to obey the latter, whatever the consequences may be…. The law of our land requiring us to deliver a slave to his master, we are not to obey; and we must abide the consequences of violating this law. The slave is not the property of any man. God is his rightful master, and man has no right to take God's workmanship into his hands, and claim him as his own.” Ellen White

• Discussion Question:

• “If you were living in the U.S. during this time

how would you respond to the Fugitive Slave

Laws, would you obey them or disobey

them?” (MUST WRITE IN COMPLETE

SENTENCES. You have till the music stops

to do this assignment)

The Underground Railroad

• Northern abolitionists and free black people risked their lives and safety to help enslaved people escape to freedom.

• This was called the Underground Railroad.

• Those who helped slaves in the Underground railroad were called conductors.

The Underground Railroad

o One of the most courageous conductors was Harriet Tubman, former slave.

o She made almost two dozen trips to the deep South to rescue slaves including her own parents to safety.

o She will be on the twenty dollar bill, replacing Andrew Jackson.

Media Play

o In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe published

Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a best selling book of a

gentle slave named Tom that became a

powerful condemnation of slavery.

o The book increased sympathy for slaves in

the North.

o Black abolitionist Martin Delany also wrote

an antislavery novel, called Blake, of a

slave murdering his master to escape.

• What do you think was a better media

character for the cause of abolishing slavery?

The kind, submissive, and gentle Uncle Tom

or the violent Blake?

• Why do you think that media has such a

powerful influence on people?

Mat_25:40 And the King shall

answer and say unto them, Verily

I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye

have done it unto one of the least

of these my brethren, ye have

done it unto me.

Compromise FAIL • In the spring of 1854, Congress passed the

Nebraska-Kansas Act proposed by Stephen Douglas.

• Kansas and Nebraska would decide for themselves if they would be slave or free (popular sovereignty).

• Popular sovereignty is when new territories/ states and not the Federal Government (Congress) will decide if they are slave or free.

• The assumption was that Kansas would be a slave state and Nebraska would be a free state.

Compromise FAIL • Some Northerners said that the act

violated the Missouri Compromise by allowing slavery to spread to areas that were free for more than 30 years.

• In Kansas, Northern abolitionists and Pro Slavery Southerners settlers came to Kansas to vote their position.

• This tension led to violence as both sides began to fight each other, Kansas was called “bleeding Kansas.”

Violence Grips the Territory.

• John Brown led a personal fight

against slavery resorting to

violence, killing five proslavery

Southerners.

• By now it was clear that popular

sovereignty was not a solution to

the slavery issue.

• Hypothetical: If you were an abolitionist, how

would you convince the public to support

abolition? Draw a comic or poster on

abolition or write a two paragraph response

on how you would convince the public that

slavery is wrong.

• (I will provide blank pieces of paper for you to

your art or write your paragraph).

CHAPTER 10:3 Objectives: o WHAT: How deepening sectional distrust

affected the nation’s politics.

o WHAT: Compare the positions of Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas on the issue of slavery.

o WHAT: Explain John Brown’s raid and its impact on the slavery debate.



Verse of the Day:

Jas_4:17 Therefore to him that

knoweth to do good, and doeth it

not, to him it is sin.

New Political Parties • The Whig Party disintegrates

with the deaths of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster.

• President Filmore who belonged to the Whig Party upsets both Southern and Northern Whigs by helping admit California as a free state and supporting the fugitive slave law.

New Political Parties • By 1850, because of immigration and lands

ceded from Mexico, Catholicism was the nation’s largest religious group.

• This brought alarm to native Protestants.

• They thought this was a threat to religious freedom and would take away their jobs.

• They are called “know nothings” because the members responded “I know nothing” when questioned about their nativist organization.

• Nativists supported anti-immigration and thought the nation should focus only on native-born citizens.

Republican Party Is born • Started in 1854.

• Opposition to slavery was the center of Republican philosophy.

• Attracting antislavery Democrats, Whigs, and “free soilers”, and “know nothings.”

• It included a coalition of businessmen who believed that slavery stifled industry, as well as moral leaders who feared that slavery encouraged vice.

• It was strong in the North.

Dred Scott Decision o In 1857, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in a

case involving Missouri Slave Dred Scott, who had sued for his freedom.

o Scott and his wife were slaves taken to the free territory of Minnesota by their master, a U.S. army physician and asserted they should be freed.

o The Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Roger Taney held that slaves were considered property and not people.

o Because they are considered property and not people, they are not able to bring law suits to court.

Dred Scott Decision o The Dred Scott case also declared the

Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.

o Because it was illegal for Congress to deprive an owner of property in this case, a slave without due process of law.

o This case also challenged the Constitution where African Americans were considered 3/5ths of a man and not property.

o Since the Supreme Court interpreted slaves as property, slavery can exist in every State.

Dred Scott Decision

o The Supreme Court has the final authority in interpreting the Constitution.

o The only way Congress can address the issue of slavery now is either amending the Constitution or going to war.

o Amending the Constitution would be impossible since there was fierce division between the Northern and Southern States in regards to slavery.

Lincoln/Douglas Debates

• In 1858, Stephen Douglas

and Abraham Lincoln held

a series of seven debates

while competing for a seat

in the U.S. Senate.

• Thousands of Americans

attended the Lincoln-

Douglas debates.

Lincoln/Douglas Debates o Lincoln was raised in rural property and largely

self-taught.

o Began his political career elected to the Illinois state legislature as a Whig at the age of 25.

o By 1836, he had been admitted to the Illinois bar and was practicing law in Springfield.

o Reputation for integrity and directness that earned him the title “Honest Abe.”

o Lincoln seemed to be staunchly opposed to slavery but he sought to be a moderate politically.

Douglas: o Was short and fiery, called the

“little giant.”

o Supported Texas annexation.

o Promoted popular sovereignty as the solution to regional tensions.

o Some questioned his motives because he had a financial stake in the railroads and could profit from them.

Lincoln/Douglas Debates o Lincoln believed that the Dred Scott decision

was wrong.

o He attacked popular sovereignty as wrong and condemned slavery as a system.

o Lincoln like most white people of his day ridiculed the idea for social and political equality with African Americans.

o He strongly affirmed the idea of their natural rights.

o Lincoln narrowly lost the election to Douglas but won a huge following through these debates that helped him in his next run for office.

John Brown Raid: • John Brown viewed himself an angel

of God avenging the evil of slavery.

• Along with 21 recruits, he led a raid of a Federal Arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia.

• The largest collection of weapons in the South worth $7 million.

• He wanted to arm the Slaves to rebel against their owners.

• Brown’s raid failed.

John Brown Raid: • Few Americans, both Black or White were

prepared to join a rebellion organized by this intense, fanatical white man.

• A company of U.S. Marines, led by Colonel Robert E. Lee and Lieutenant J. E. B. Stuart overran Brown and his followers.

• Brown was wounded and captured.

• While 10 of his men were killed, including two of his sons.

• Brown was later executed.

Growing Division • Stephen Douglas accused the

Republicans of instigating Brown’s attack.

• Many Northerners thought abolitionist activism had gone too far.

• But others now saw Brown as a courageous martyr.

• Southern congressmen demanded an investigation.

• Uncertainty caused a steep drop in cotton prices and many southerners were prepared for war.

Reflection questions:

Was John Brown a terrorist or hero?

Do you think John Brown was justified on what

he did?

If you were a lawyer would you defend or

prosecute John Brown?

CHAPTER 10:4 Objectives: o WHAT: Will compare the

candidates in the election of 1860 and analyze the results.

o WHAT: Will analyze why southern states seceded from the Union.

o WHAT: Will assess the events that led to the outbreak of the Civil War.


Verse of the Day:

“And if a kingdom be divided

against itself, that kingdom

cannot stand. And if a house be

divided against itself, that house

cannot stand.” Mark 3:24-25

The Election of 1860 o With tensions reached its apex the elections of

1860 became a key election.

o In the spring of 1860 Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis convinced Congress to adopt resolutions restricting federal control over slavery in the territories.

o The resolutions also asserted that the Constitution prohibited Congress or any state from interfering with Slavery in Slave States.

o States rights were a concern in the south and the fear was that northern radicals would conspire to eliminate slavery.

o Not only in the territories but the South itself.

The Election of 1860

• The Democratic party split over

slavery, with northern Democrats

nominating Stephen Douglas on the

basis of popular sovereignty.

• The Southern democrats nominated

Vice President John C. Breckinridge

of Kentucky, who wanted to expand

slavery to the territories.


• Republicans nominated

Abraham Lincoln.

• Lincoln was a great speaker

and debater.

• He had moderate views.

• Had a reputation of honesty.


• The Republican platform called for

the end of slavery in the territories.

• At the same time, the Republicans

defended the right of each state to

control its own constitution.

• And no interference with slavery in

the states where it already existed.

Discussion Question:

If citizens of a state or territory vote in a

controversial law that is immoral such as

slavery, do you think the government has the

right to go against the will of the people and

overturn that law?

Lincoln Wins the Election: • Lincoln won the election handily

with 40 percent of the popular vote.

• Almost 60 percent of the electoral vote.

• Still he did not receive a single southern electoral vote.

• In fact he was not even on the ballot in most southern states.

• This showed that this election was divided on the basis of regional loyalty rather than national politics.

The Union Collapses • Southerners were upset that Lincoln was

elected without a single Southern vote.

• From the Southerners’ perspective, the South no longer had a voice in the national government.

• South Carolina was the first state to leave the U.S. (secede)

• In Feb 1861, seven seceding states established the Confederate States of America.

• They created a new government and framed a constitution similar to the U.S. Constitution.

• And elected a president, Jefferson Davis from Mississippi.

The Union Collapses

• Not all the southerners backed the Confederacy.

• Some large planters with economic ties to the North still hoped for a compromise.

• So too did small farmers with no vested interest in slavery.

The Union Collapses • John Crittenden drafted a

Crittenden Compromise.

• Proposing a constitutional amendment allowing slavery in the western territories south of the Missouri Compromise line.

• He also called for federal funds to reimburse slaveholders for unreturned fugitives.

• It was narrowly voted down.

War Begins: • Lincoln was sworn into office

on March 4, 1861.

• In his inaugural address, he stated that he did not want to directly or indirectly interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists.

• But he did intend to preserve the Union and prevent states from breaking away (seceding).

Discussion Question:

If you were President, would you choose to let

the South peacefully break away from the

Union or fight a Civil War to prevent them from

breaking away?

In other words, a peaceful split or a violent war

to try to keep the nation together.

War Begins: • When the Southern states

seceded.

• They seized the federal forts and arsenals within their borders.

• Only four forts remained in Union hands.

• The most important of these was Fort Sumter.

• Which guarded the harbor at Charlestown, South Carolina.

War Begins: • The South prevented supplies from

reaching the fort and demanded its surrender.

• Lincoln sought a compromise and informed the South he was wanting to send food and not arms to the fort.

• South Carolina troops were suspicious of Lincoln’s motives and demanded that the Fort surrender.

• The troops in the fort refused, and the Confederate forces fired upon the Fort.

• Union forces at Fort Sumter ran out of ammo and was forced to surrender.

Attempted Compromises and Failures

o Three-fifths Compromise (U.S. Constitution)

o Missouri Compromise (Attempted to balance free and slave states)

o Compromise of 1850 (California admitted as free state, Utah and New Mexico would decide slavery through popular sovereignty, ending slave trade in Washington D.C. and stricter fugitive slave laws.

o Dred Scott Case.

o John Brown’s Raid

o Lincoln’s Election

o Eph_4:26 Be ye angry, and sin not: let not the sun go down upon your wrath:

Reflection questions:

Was the War the only way to solve slavery?

If you were Abraham Lincoln, what would

have you done to prevent the Civil War or

did he do everything he can already?

CHAPTER 11:1 Objectives: o WHAT: Examine the strength

and the weaknesses of both the North and the South.

o WHAT: Analyze the resources and strategies of the North and the South.


Verse of the Day:

Gal_6:7 Be not deceived; God is

not mocked: for whatsoever a

man soweth, that shall he also

reap.

Group Activity:

What were the advantages of the Union and

the advantages of the Confederacy? List

them and have a leader come to the white

board and write it down.

Advantages of the Union • North enjoyed a tremendous

advantage in population.

• Some 22 million people lived in the states that stayed in the Union.

• By contrast the Confederacy had population of only 9 million of whom 3.5 million were enslaved Africans.

• Industrialized north had most of the nation’s coal and iron.

• Vast sources of gold, silver and other resources from the west.

Advantages of the Union • The densely populated urban

areas of the Northeast supported a wide variety of manufacturing.

• With mechanized factories and steady flow of European immigrants seeking work.

• The Union could produce more ammunition, arms, uniforms, medical supplies, and railroad cars than the Confederacy could.

Advantages of the Union

• The Union had a larger railroad network for moving troops and materials.

• The Union had a small but well-organized navy.

• By 1861, the Union had launched more than 250 warships, with dozens more under construction.


• The South had no navy at all.

• Leaving vulnerable to a naval

blockade.

• In which Union ships

prevented merchant vessels

from entering or leaving the

South’s few good ports.

• Crippling Southern trade.


• Confederate government was

new and inexperienced.

• The North had an established

government and an outstanding

leader in Abraham Lincoln.

Advantages of Confederates

• The South also had a strong military

tradition and outstanding officers.

• Virginia’s Robert E. Lee who had an

outstanding record in the U.S. Army

and actually opposed secession and

slavery but could not go against his

home state of Virginia.

Reflection questions

o If you were Robert Lee, would you have gone against your own personal moral conviction against slavery so you can support your home state?

o Are you willing to risk conflict with close loved ones over your strong moral or religious convictions? For example, if your family were Southerners and you were a officer in the U.S. Army would you quit the army and join the South or will you fight against your family and remain loyal to the North?

Mat_10:37 He that loveth father

or mother more than me is not

worthy of me: and he that loveth

son or daughter more than me is

not worthy of me.


• Psychological advantage.

• Many Northerners were willing to let

the slaveholding South go.

• To them, preserving the Union is not

worth killing and dying for.

• But the confederacy was fighting for

survival and they believed passionately

in their way of life.

Strategic Advantage:

• The South did not need to conquer the North.

• It simply had to avoid defeat, expecting that in time the North would give up the effort.

• By and large southern forces would be fighting a defensive war on familiar, friendly ground.

• While northern forces had to fight an offensive war in enemy territory.


• Union troops and supplies had to travel farther to reach the field of battle.

• The North also had to devote precious military resources to defend Washington D.C.

• Only the Potomac River separated the Union capital from Confederate Virginia.

Union Strategy: Anaconda Plan

• Two part plan devised by General

Winfield Scott.

• A Virginia born hero of the Mexican-

American war and the commander of all

U.S. Forces in 1861.

Union Strategy

1. Union would blockade southern ports,

starving the South of income and

supplies. Then Union forces would drive

southward along the Mississippi River.

2. Union control of the Mississippi would

split the Confederacy in two, fatally

weakening it.

Union Strategy

• Scott’s plan came to be known as the

Anaconda plan after a type of snake

that coils around its prey and

squeezes it to death.

• Some thought the strategy was too

soft and wanted to liberate the slaves

for a quick victory.

• However, expectations from both sides

that the War would be over quickly.

Union Strategy • The Union was faced a tricky

political question.

• How to prevent the secession of Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland.

• Although these border states allowed slavery, they had not joined the Confederacy.

• Lincoln knew that if they chose to secede, the Union could be lost.

Assignment:

Pair with a partner and list similarities you see

in both the Civil War and the American

Revolution. Are there any similarities with the

South and the Colonists? Are there any

similarities with the North and the British? List

four similarities you see.

Documents

Chapter 10:1 Slavery, States’ Rights, and Western Expansion