Chapter 11 Chapter 11

AdolescenceAdolescence

1. Physical Development1. Physical Development

Modern society requires more Modern society requires more time/maturation before placing young time/maturation before placing young people in adult rolespeople in adult roles

Early – 11-14Early – 11-14 Middle – 15-18Middle – 15-18 Late – 18-21Late – 18-21 Adolescents develop Adolescents develop

physical/mentally/emotionally at physical/mentally/emotionally at different ratesdifferent rates

Adolescent Growth SpurtAdolescent Growth Spurt

Lasts two to three yearsLasts two to three years Grow 8-12 inches on averageGrow 8-12 inches on average Girls tend to grow earlier in adolescenceGirls tend to grow earlier in adolescence Boys catch up in mid-adolescence and Boys catch up in mid-adolescence and

pass girlspass girls Growth spurts can be awkward, body Growth spurts can be awkward, body

parts can grow disproportionate to rest parts can grow disproportionate to rest of bodyof body

Ex. RickEx. Rick

Sexual DevelopmentSexual Development

Puberty – developmental changes that Puberty – developmental changes that lead to ability to reproducelead to ability to reproduce

Primary sex characteristics – directly Primary sex characteristics – directly involved in reproductioninvolved in reproduction

Secondary sex characteristics – not Secondary sex characteristics – not directly involved in reproductiondirectly involved in reproduction

Ex: hair growth, deepening voiceEx: hair growth, deepening voice Changes linked to new hormone levelsChanges linked to new hormone levels

Changes in MalesChanges in Males

Pituitary gland causes increase in Pituitary gland causes increase in testosteronetestosterone

Creates male physical Creates male physical characteristicscharacteristics

Changes in FemalesChanges in Females

Pituitary gland causes increase in Pituitary gland causes increase in estrogenestrogen

Creates female physical Creates female physical characteristics, menstruationcharacteristics, menstruation

Differences in Differences in Maturation RatesMaturation Rates

Boys who mature earlier have some Boys who mature earlier have some advantages, sports, popularity, self-advantages, sports, popularity, self-esteemesteem

Early physical development does not Early physical development does not necessarily reflect necessarily reflect emotional/cognitive maturityemotional/cognitive maturity

Early maturation in females can be Early maturation in females can be more difficult, height and size can be more difficult, height and size can be uncomfortableuncomfortable

2. Social Development2. Social Development

Can be a time of stress, conflict, Can be a time of stress, conflict, identity confusionidentity confusion

Adolescence both a physical and Adolescence both a physical and psychological conceptpsychological concept

Psychological adolescence ends Psychological adolescence ends when individual put in role of adult when individual put in role of adult responsibilityresponsibility

Relationships with Relationships with ParentsParents

Conflict during adolescence with parents Conflict during adolescence with parents exists, but is often exaggeratedexists, but is often exaggerated

Conflicts often derive from adolescent drive Conflicts often derive from adolescent drive for increased independence, autonomous for increased independence, autonomous choicechoice

Older adolescence tend to spend more time Older adolescence tend to spend more time outside the home, not with parentsoutside the home, not with parents

Most parents/adolescents share values, Most parents/adolescents share values, beliefs (religious, political, social)beliefs (religious, political, social)

Most adolescents interact more with mother Most adolescents interact more with mother than father, more likely to be close to motherthan father, more likely to be close to mother

Relationships with PeersRelationships with Peers

Become more important during Become more important during adolescenceadolescence

By 7By 7thth grade, peers become primary grade, peers become primary source of support for source of support for social/emotional issuessocial/emotional issues

Adolescent FriendshipsAdolescent Friendships

Friends provide support and Friends provide support and understanding during difficult time understanding during difficult time of transitionof transition

provide self-esteemprovide self-esteem Closest friends typically similar in Closest friends typically similar in

age, attitudes, interests, tend to be age, attitudes, interests, tend to be same sexsame sex

Cliques/CrowdsCliques/Crowds

Cliques – peer groups of 5-10 Cliques – peer groups of 5-10 people, spend great deal of time people, spend great deal of time togethertogether

Adolescents join to find identity, Adolescents join to find identity, stability, sense of belongingstability, sense of belonging

Crowds – larger groups, do not Crowds – larger groups, do not spend great deal of time together spend great deal of time together but share attitudes, group identitybut share attitudes, group identity

Peer InfluencesPeer Influences Peers actually more likely to encourage Peers actually more likely to encourage

positive behaviors (good grades, enroll in positive behaviors (good grades, enroll in college) than negative ones (drugs, etc.)college) than negative ones (drugs, etc.)

Adolescents dress, speech most Adolescents dress, speech most influenced by peers, but…influenced by peers, but…

Values, morals, most influenced by Values, morals, most influenced by parentsparents

Peer pressure peaks around age 15, Peer pressure peaks around age 15, dissipates around 17, could be due to dissipates around 17, could be due to growth in identity, self-esteem, growth in identity, self-esteem, individualismindividualism

DatingDating

Happens in stagesHappens in stages

1.1. Join events where interaction with Join events where interaction with opposite sex will happenopposite sex will happen

2.2. Group datingGroup dating

3.3. Paired datingPaired dating

3. Identity Formation3. Identity Formation

Erikson – primary task of Erikson – primary task of adolescence is forming identityadolescence is forming identity

learning what one stands for, who learning what one stands for, who they are, what they believe, what they are, what they believe, what their goals are, etc.their goals are, etc.

Identity DevelopmentIdentity Development

Erikson – establishing identity Erikson – establishing identity accomplished mainly by choosing accomplished mainly by choosing commitment to a particular role or commitment to a particular role or occupationoccupation

Adolescents may experiment with Adolescents may experiment with different values, beliefs, roles (selves)different values, beliefs, roles (selves)

““You don’t have to keep this one!”You don’t have to keep this one!” Identity Crisis – turning point, one Identity Crisis – turning point, one

examines his/her values, makes or examines his/her values, makes or changes a decision about life rolechanges a decision about life role

Identity StatusIdentity Status

Marcia, found four categories of Marcia, found four categories of adolescent adolescent identity statusidentity status, or , or reaction patterns and processesreaction patterns and processes

Move in and out of categoriesMove in and out of categories Four categories are Identity Four categories are Identity

moratorium, foreclosure, diffusion moratorium, foreclosure, diffusion and achievementand achievement

Identity StatusesIdentity Statuses Identity MoratoriumIdentity Moratorium - Teens who delay - Teens who delay

making decisions about important questionsmaking decisions about important questions Explore different alternatives, identitiesExplore different alternatives, identities Identity ForeclosureIdentity Foreclosure - Make commitments - Make commitments

which close out other identities, based on which close out other identities, based on others suggestions, not their own choicesothers suggestions, not their own choices

Identity DiffusionIdentity Diffusion – constantly searching – constantly searching for meaning and identity, have not for meaning and identity, have not committed to onecommitted to one

Identity AchievementIdentity Achievement – have explored – have explored alternatives and made own choice about alternatives and made own choice about identity, course of life, future goalsidentity, course of life, future goals

Gender and Identity Gender and Identity FormationFormation

Erikson’s view of identity formation Erikson’s view of identity formation (career oriented) historically applied (career oriented) historically applied primarily to boysprimarily to boys

Today, more female adolescents likely Today, more female adolescents likely to fit this view, due to change in gender to fit this view, due to change in gender roles, more women focusing on careersroles, more women focusing on careers

Female adolescents voice more concern Female adolescents voice more concern over balancing work and familyover balancing work and family

Ethnicity and Identity Ethnicity and Identity FormationFormation

I.F. often more complicated for I.F. often more complicated for minority groupsminority groups

May be faced with conflicting May be faced with conflicting cultural valuescultural values

May face discriminationMay face discrimination

4. Challenges of 4. Challenges of AdolescenceAdolescence

Stress can lead to: Stress can lead to: Eating disordersEating disorders Drug, alcohol abuseDrug, alcohol abuse SuicideSuicide

Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa

Self-starvationSelf-starvation Majority femaleMajority female Weigh less than 85% of healthy weightWeigh less than 85% of healthy weight Girls need 2200 calories, boys 3000 per dayGirls need 2200 calories, boys 3000 per day Most young, white, upper classMost young, white, upper class Often have distorted body image, see fat Often have distorted body image, see fat

that is not therethat is not there May obsess about food, prepare it, give it May obsess about food, prepare it, give it

away to othersaway to others

Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa

Binge eating followed by vomiting, Binge eating followed by vomiting, other methods of food eliminationother methods of food elimination

Majority femaleMajority female

Origins of Anorexia Nervosa Origins of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosaand Bulimia Nervosa

Often womenOften women Attempt to attain ideal body imageAttempt to attain ideal body image Feminine ideal growing thinner (models of Feminine ideal growing thinner (models of

50s vs. today)50s vs. today) Parents of eating disorder sufferers more Parents of eating disorder sufferers more

likely to have problems with eating, think likely to have problems with eating, think daughters should lose weight, view daughters should lose weight, view daughters as unattractivedaughters as unattractive

Runs in families. Possible causes include Runs in families. Possible causes include perfectionist personality.perfectionist personality.

Substance AbuseSubstance Abuse

Experimentation often begins in Experimentation often begins in adolescenceadolescence

Causes: rebellion, curiosity, peer Causes: rebellion, curiosity, peer pressure, excitement seeking, etc.pressure, excitement seeking, etc.

Serious health dangersSerious health dangers Cigarettes, dopamine, feelings of Cigarettes, dopamine, feelings of

happinesshappiness

SexualitySexuality Hormonal changes during adolescenceHormonal changes during adolescence Media, belief from teens that peers are Media, belief from teens that peers are

more sexually active than realitymore sexually active than reality 10% of girls 15-19 become pregnant 10% of girls 15-19 become pregnant

annuallyannually Cognitive development, realization of Cognitive development, realization of

consequences, how life changes limitedconsequences, how life changes limited Factors (teen pregnancy): poor Factors (teen pregnancy): poor

relationships w/ parents, lack of goals, relationships w/ parents, lack of goals, emotional issues, peer pressure, lack of emotional issues, peer pressure, lack of knowledge about reproduction)knowledge about reproduction)

Juvenile DelinquencyJuvenile Delinquency

Illegal activities committed by Illegal activities committed by children or adolescentschildren or adolescents

Low income not a factorLow income not a factor 25-30% of serious crimes in US 25-30% of serious crimes in US

committed by someone under 18 committed by someone under 18 Factors: low self-esteem, parental Factors: low self-esteem, parental

issues, lack of education/goals, peer issues, lack of education/goals, peer pressure, relatives convicted of pressure, relatives convicted of criminal behavior, etc.criminal behavior, etc.