Chapter 12Chapter 12Section 3Section 3

The War The War

At HomeAt Home

Directing the EconomyDirecting the Economy President Wilson realized the economy had President Wilson realized the economy had

to be reorganized. The first step would be to be reorganized. The first step would be to raise money to pay for the warto raise money to pay for the war

The government raised money through The government raised money through four issues of Liberty bonds during the war four issues of Liberty bonds during the war and one of Victory bonds after the end of and one of Victory bonds after the end of the fightingthe fighting

The government also increased taxesThe government also increased taxes It established a number of federal war It established a number of federal war

boards to set prices and production levels boards to set prices and production levels of commodities and regulated business of commodities and regulated business crucial to the war effortcrucial to the war effort

Conserving ResourcesConserving Resources Among the most successful of the war boards was Among the most successful of the war boards was

the Food Administration and the Fuel Administration.the Food Administration and the Fuel Administration. Wilson chose Herbert Hoover to head the Food Wilson chose Herbert Hoover to head the Food

Administration. He sought to encourage increased Administration. He sought to encourage increased agricultural production and to conserve existing agricultural production and to conserve existing suppliessupplies

He guaranteed farmers high prices and encouraged He guaranteed farmers high prices and encouraged American’s to plant victory gardens to supplement American’s to plant victory gardens to supplement their dietstheir diets

Harry Garfield, son of former president Garfield, was Harry Garfield, son of former president Garfield, was appointed head of the Fuel Administration. He took a appointed head of the Fuel Administration. He took a similar course of action but was not opposed to using similar course of action but was not opposed to using forceforce

Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover

Organizing IndustryOrganizing Industry War boards were also set up to regulate War boards were also set up to regulate

industry as well.industry as well. The work of all these boards was coordinated The work of all these boards was coordinated

by the government’s central war agency, the by the government’s central war agency, the War Industries Board (WIB). Its director War Industries Board (WIB). Its director Bernard Baruch had overall responsibility for Bernard Baruch had overall responsibility for allocating scarce materials, establishing allocating scarce materials, establishing production priorities and setting pricesproduction priorities and setting prices

At first some business leaders were critical of At first some business leaders were critical of Wilson’s programs stating that government Wilson’s programs stating that government intervention would damage our system of intervention would damage our system of free enterprise. When profits soared, free enterprise. When profits soared, however, the business leaders stopped however, the business leaders stopped complainingcomplaining

Mobilizing WorkersMobilizing Workers

Taking advantage of the U.S. being short on Taking advantage of the U.S. being short on laborers because of the draft, unionized workers laborers because of the draft, unionized workers across the country went on strike. They demanded across the country went on strike. They demanded higher pay and better working conditions. It higher pay and better working conditions. It worked and because of it work conditions worked and because of it work conditions substantially improved throughout the warsubstantially improved throughout the war

To ensure fair treatment continued Wilson To ensure fair treatment continued Wilson established the National War Labor Board to established the National War Labor Board to mediate issues between workers and employers mediate issues between workers and employers

The labor shortage also affected women as well. The labor shortage also affected women as well. In all, about 1.5 million American women worked In all, about 1.5 million American women worked in industry during the warin industry during the war

Women barbersWomen barbers

The Great North TrekThe Great North Trek

The labor shortage also spurred immigration from The labor shortage also spurred immigration from Mexico. Some were fleeing the Mexican Revolution Mexico. Some were fleeing the Mexican Revolution and others were lured by southwestern employers and others were lured by southwestern employers who wanted cheap labor. Either way about 150,000 who wanted cheap labor. Either way about 150,000 men and women migrated from Mexico to the U.S. men and women migrated from Mexico to the U.S. during the war during the war

Job opportunities and the chance for higher wages Job opportunities and the chance for higher wages brought about one of the most important population brought about one of the most important population shifts in U.S. history, The shifts in U.S. history, The Great Migration, Great Migration, in in which African Americans form the south moved which African Americans form the south moved north to escape discriminationnorth to escape discrimination

{During this time, {During this time, influenzainfluenza killed 600,000 in the killed 600,000 in the U.S. and 20 million world wide}U.S. and 20 million world wide}

The Great MigrationThe Great Migration

Influencing AttitudesInfluencing Attitudes President Wilson wanted all Americans behind the President Wilson wanted all Americans behind the

war and therefore established the Committee on war and therefore established the Committee on Public Information (CPI) Public Information (CPI)

{Headed by {Headed by George CreelGeorge Creel, the CPI led a , the CPI led a propaganda campaign to encourage Americans to propaganda campaign to encourage Americans to support the war}support the war}

The CPI initially put out fact based material that The CPI initially put out fact based material that presented an upbeat picture of the war. Later the presented an upbeat picture of the war. Later the CPI began creating propaganda that portrayed the CPI began creating propaganda that portrayed the Germans as evil monstersGermans as evil monsters

Groups were also hard on German Americans. Groups were also hard on German Americans. German books were taken off the shelves, schools German books were taken off the shelves, schools stopped teaching German, German music was no stopped teaching German, German music was no longer heard in concert halls, and German words longer heard in concert halls, and German words were renamed. Sauerkraut became liberty cabbage were renamed. Sauerkraut became liberty cabbage and hamburger became Salisbury steak and hamburger became Salisbury steak

Suppressing OppositionSuppressing Opposition Despite everything some Americans continued to Despite everything some Americans continued to

oppose the waroppose the war Quakers and Mennonites, who are extreme pacifists, Quakers and Mennonites, who are extreme pacifists,

were considered traitors and experienced violence were considered traitors and experienced violence and abuse for protesting the warand abuse for protesting the war

To silence the opposition of the war, Congress To silence the opposition of the war, Congress passed the Espionage Act in 1917 and the Sedition passed the Espionage Act in 1917 and the Sedition Act in 1918. These acts outlawed acts of treason and Act in 1918. These acts outlawed acts of treason and made it a crime to “utter, print, write or publish any made it a crime to “utter, print, write or publish any disloyal or abusive language” criticizing the disloyal or abusive language” criticizing the government, the flag, or the militarygovernment, the flag, or the military

{Socialist Party leader, {Socialist Party leader, Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs was was sentenced to 10 years in prison for making a speech sentenced to 10 years in prison for making a speech against the war}against the war}

Surprisingly, the Supreme Court found that this did Surprisingly, the Supreme Court found that this did not violate the 1not violate the 1stst Amendment Amendment

Review QuestionsReview Questions

During what period did During what period did influenzainfluenza kill kill 600,000 in the U.S. and 20 million 600,000 in the U.S. and 20 million world wideworld wide

Headed by Headed by George CreelGeorge Creel, the CPI , the CPI led a led a whatwhat to encourage Americans to encourage Americans to support the warto support the war

Socialist Party leader, Socialist Party leader, Eugene V. Eugene V. DebsDebs was sentenced to 10 years in was sentenced to 10 years in prison for what?prison for what?

Score 1 for the bull, and Score 1 for the bull, and that guy totally deserves it!!that guy totally deserves it!!