Chapter 13: Genetic Engineering

Standard 5.c

Students will know how genetic engineering (biotechnology)is used to

produce novel biomedical and agriculture products.

Section 13-2: DNA Manipulation

A. Genetic Engineering:Making Changes in the genetic code of a living organism.

B. DNA Extraction: Like we did in the banana lab. You extract the DNA from the

The cell is _________ (by soap/shampoo) and the DNA is _________ from the other cell parts (by the salt and filtration).

organism of interest.

openedseparated

C. Cutting DNA: The DNA that was extracted is _________ to be analyzed so it must be cut down.

The DNA is exposed to

______________________, specific to a particular sequence of nucleotides (___________________), and breaks the DNA into smaller fragments. Creating ____________.

Recognition sequences

DNA sequence

Restriction enzyme EcoRI cuts the DNA into fragments.

Sticky end

too large

restriction enzymes

recognition sequence

sticky ends

D. Separating DNA: Once cut into fragments the DNA is separated and analyzed by __________________

A _____________________________are placed at one end of a gel and an ______________ is applied to the gel.

When the power is turned on the _____________________ molecules move toward the positive end of the gel.

The ___________________________and farther down the gel while the_____________________________.

It can be used to compare ________ of different organisms or individuals.

Gel Electrophoresis

mixture of the DNA fragmentselectric voltage

negatively charged DNA

smaller fragments move fasterlarger fragments are slower

genes

DNA Gel ElectrophoresisDNA plus restriction enzyme

Mixture of DNA fragments

Power source

Longer fragments

Shorter fragments

Using the DNA Sequence

Once in a manageable form the DNA can be_____________________________.

A. Reading the sequence: A _____________ is used to “read” the DNA sequence.

B. Unknown DNA strands are exposed to _________________ and the _________________ (A,T,C,G) along with a ________________ and allowed to replicate off the unknown strand____________.

read, studied and even changed

chemical trick

DNA polymerasefour nucleotideschemical dye

many times

Using the DNA Sequence

C. With every dye-labeled base added the synthesis of that strand is ____________ .

D. When synthesis is completed the new strands are of _________________ depending on how far the strand had progressed before the dye-labeled base was added.

E. Since each base is labeled with a different color, result is a _______________________________

_______________________________________

F. They are then separated by ________________ and the _________________ tells the______________.

terminated

different lengths

series of dye labeled DNA fragments

of different lengths.

gel electrophoresiscolor of the bands DNA sequence

Reading the Sequence

Cutting and PastingA. DNA sequences can now be ________ in many

ways.B. Short pieces can be assembled by using machines

known as __________________.C. New “synthetic” segments of DNA can be joined

to “natural” ones using _____________________ ______________________D. We can also take DNA from ___________ and

splice it to DNA _____________________ . E. These are examples of __________________

produced by joining DNA from different sources.

changed

DNA synthesizers

enzymes that splice them

together.one organism

from another organismRecombinant DNA

Making Copies

We often need to make __________________ (crime scene when only a little DNA can be collected) so we can have enough to run _______________ tests on them.

__________________________ (PCR) is the method by which we do this.

copies of a gene

multiple DNA

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Making Copies

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) requires us to do _______________ in a lab.

A. First we add a _________________ to the DNA fragment at both ends so the _______________ can attach and start working.

B. The the DNA is _________ to cause separation of the two strands.

C. Then, ___________________________ the two strands.

D. The copies can also be copied in the same way and therefore _________________ are needed to make many times the DNA you began with.

DNA replicationprimer sequence

DNA polymerase

heated

DNA polymerase begins to copy

only a few cycles

PCR DNA polymerase adds complementary strand

DNA heated to separate strands

DNA fragment to be copied

PCRcycles 1

DNAcopies 1

2

2

3

4

4

8

5 etc.

16 etc.

13-4: Applications of Genetic EngineeringThis recombinant DNA technology has allowedus to add DNA from one organism into anotherorganism as depicted in the _________________________ done in1986. (see fig. 13-12 p. 331) This showed the _______________ of the geneticmechanisms.A. Transgenic Organisms: organisms that contain ___________________________A. Key point: Genetic engineering has spurred the

growth of biotechnology, which is a new industry that is changing the way we interact with the living world.

luciferaseexperiment

universal nature

genes from other organisms.

B. Transgenic Microorganisms:

Because of their ability to _________

________________ and are ____________ transgenic bacteria are now used to produce many important substances for ________________

________________

The _______________ of proteins such as insulin, human growth hormone, and clotting factor.

• Make _____________ bacteria.

• In the future they may be used for substances that fight ________ and for raw materials for synthetic

_________________________.

rapidly reproduce easy to grow

health and industry.

humans forms

oil eating

cancer

fibers and plastics

C. Transgenic Animals:

Transgenic animals have been used to

__________________________________________

Mice have been made with a _________________

________ so they can study the effect of certain diseases on the human immune system.

• Livestock have extra _____________________

• In the future, the livestock may actually produce in _________________ their milk making it easier for us to collect an refine them.

study genes and to improve the food supply.

human immune system

growth hormone genes

human proteins

D. Transgenic Plants:Transgenic plants are now an important partof our_____________. Also known as _______________________ (GM) foods.

Many contain genes with _________________ orinsecticides so we don’t have to use damaginginsecticide or pesticide chemicals on the crops. Aswell as ______________________ so we cancontinue to control weeds.

food supply geneticallymodified

natural pesticides

resistance to weed killers

Many of these plants will soon be able toproduce _________________ that can be

usedto fight infections, _______ that can now onlybe produced using petroleum, and foods thatare resistant to ________________.

___________ is already being produced. Thisis a GM rice that contains ____________and makes the health of our poorest nationsbetter.

human antibodiesplastics

rot and spoilage

Golden rice

vitamin A

Hello Dolly

Dolly, a female sheep or ewe, was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer.

Section 13-4

Flowchart Cloning

A body cell is taken from a donor animal.

An egg cell is taken from a donor animal.

The fused cell begins dividing, becoming an embryo.

The nucleus is removed from the egg.

The body cell and egg are fused by electric shock.

The embryo is implanted into the uterus of a foster mother.

The embryo develops into a cloned animal.

Fused Cell

A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder. Donor

Nucleus

These two cells are fused using an electric shock.

The fused cell begins dividing normally.

EmbryoThe embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother.

Foster Mother

The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly

Cloned Lamb

Egg Cell

An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep.

The nucleus of the egg cell is removed.

Section 13-4

Figure 13-13 Cloning of the First MammalCloning of Dolly the Sheep

Dolly and her ewe Bonny

Dolly's remains as exhibited in the Royal Museum of Scotland.

Dolly (July 5, 1996- February 14, 2003)

Snuppy the first cloned dog

Snuppy and her mothers

Genetic mom Surrogate mom

CC the 1st cloned cat

Julie holds her nine-week-old cloned cat "Little Nicky" The cat was sold to Julie by Genetic Savings and Clone for $50,000.

A cloned cat that glows in the dark?

South Korean scientists have cloned cats by manipulating a fluorescent protein gene, a procedure which could help develop treatments for human genetic diseases.In a side-effect, the cloned cats glow in the dark when exposed to ultraviolet beams.

UV Light

"Don't clone me, bro!"

Cloned Cows

Cloned Pigs

Idaho gem: the first cloned mule

Prometea: the first cloned horse

Scientists have for the first time created a healthy clone of an endangered species, offering powerful evidence that cloning technology can play a role in preserving and even reconstituting threatened and endangered species.The clone - a cattle-like creature known as a Javan banteng - was grown from a single skin cell taken from a captive banteng before it died in 1980. The cell was one of several that had remained frozen in a vial at the San Diego Zoo until last year, when they were thawed as part of an experimental effort to make cloned banteng embryos.

Baby Javan banteng clone

A dairy cow provided the egg and acted as the surrogate mother. Unfortunately, despite his healthy, masculine physique and nature, the cloned banteng has thus far been unable to produce offspring.

I’m waiting for my dream girl!

Tetra: 1st cloned monkey

Can we clone a human?

Should we clone a human?

Maybe Maybe not

Should we clone a human?

Maybe Maybe not

CLONED SOLDIERS ?