Chapter 13 NotesChapter 13 NotesNorth & SouthNorth & South

1820-18601820-1860

The North’s EconomyThe North’s EconomyTechnology & IndustryTechnology & Industry * * Innovations – new ideas & methods – Innovations – new ideas & methods –

changed Americans way of lifechanged Americans way of life A. A. IndustrializationIndustrialization 1) Industrialization in the north happened 1) Industrialization in the north happened

in three phases:in three phases: a) Specialized tasksa) Specialized tasks

b) Factory Systemb) Factory System c) Use of machineryc) Use of machinery

2) By 1860 – 2/3rds of manufactured 2) By 1860 – 2/3rds of manufactured goods came from the northeastgoods came from the northeast

B. B. Improved TransportationImproved Transportation1) New roads & canals built – improved 1) New roads & canals built – improved

trade trade2) 1840s – Widened & deepened canals 2) 1840s – Widened & deepened canals

for steamboat usefor steamboat use3) Clipper ships invented3) Clipper ships invented

a) could sail 300 miles a daya) could sail 300 miles a day b) Got their name by “clipping” timeb) Got their name by “clipping” time c) N.Y to Great Britain went from c) N.Y to Great Britain went from

28 28 days to 14 days to 14

C. C. LocomotivesLocomotives 1) Railroads started in short 1) Railroads started in short

stretches – connected mines with stretches – connected mines with riversrivers2) First locomotives were pulled by First locomotives were pulled by horseshorses3) First U.S. steam engine developed in 3) First U.S. steam engine developed in

18301830D. D. A Railway NetworkA Railway Network

1) Between 1840 & 1860 – went 1) Between 1840 & 1860 – went from from 3,000 miles to 30,000 3,000 miles to 30,000

miles of track miles of track2) Development of east-west lines 2) Development of east-west lines allowed grain, livestock, & dairy allowed grain, livestock, & dairy products to move from mid-west products to move from mid-west to east coastto east coast3) Goods could be moved faster & 3) Goods could be moved faster & cheapercheaper4) Also played a huge role in 4) Also played a huge role in industrialization & settlement of industrialization & settlement of mid-westmid-west

E. E. Faster CommunicationFaster Communication 1) Growth of industry & pace of travel – 1) Growth of industry & pace of travel – led to led to

need for faster communicationneed for faster communication2) Telegraph inventedTelegraph invented3) 1844 - Samuel Morse invents 3) 1844 - Samuel Morse invents Morse CodeMorse Code

a) Series of dots & dashesa) Series of dots & dashes b) Represents letters of the alphabetb) Represents letters of the alphabet

AgricultureAgricultureA. A. Revolution in AgricultureRevolution in Agriculture

1) 3 inventions in 1830s change farming1) 3 inventions in 1830s change farming a) John Deere – steel tipped plowa) John Deere – steel tipped plow b) Mechanical Reaper – harvest wheatb) Mechanical Reaper – harvest wheat c) Thresher – separate grain from stalkc) Thresher – separate grain from stalk

B. B. McCormick’s ReaperMcCormick’s Reaper1) Cyrus McCormick – invents reaper:1) Cyrus McCormick – invents reaper:

a) Harvests grain much faster than by a) Harvests grain much faster than by hand hand

b) More wheat is planted & becomes b) More wheat is planted & becomes main main economic activity of economic activity of

the Midwestthe Midwest2) New machines & railroads lead to 2) New machines & railroads lead to “commercial agriculture” “commercial agriculture” 3) North leans toward industry though – due 3) North leans toward industry though – due

to rocky soil of the northeastto rocky soil of the northeast

Innovations – 1840sInnovations – 1840s

InnovationsInnovations

The North’s PeopleThe North’s PeopleNorthern FactoriesNorthern Factories * * Factory System develops – leads to

need for reforms in working conditionsA. A. Working ConditionsWorking Conditions

1) Working conditions worsened:1) Working conditions worsened:a) 1840 - Avg. work day 11.4 hrs.a) 1840 - Avg. work day 11.4 hrs.b) Dangerous conditionsb) Dangerous conditionsc) No AC during summerc) No AC during summerd) No heat in winter d) No heat in winter

2) No laws existed to protect workers2) No laws existed to protect workersB. B. Workers Attempt to OrganizeWorkers Attempt to Organize

1) 1830s – trade unions organized1) 1830s – trade unions organized a) Series of strikes organizeda) Series of strikes organized

2) 1842 – Massachusetts court rules it 2) 1842 – Massachusetts court rules it is is Legal Legal to striketo strike

C. C. African American WorkersAfrican American Workers 1) By 1830 – very little slavery in the 1) By 1830 – very little slavery in the northnorth 2) Prejudice & Discrimination still 2) Prejudice & Discrimination still remained:remained:

a) African Am. Not allowed to votea) African Am. Not allowed to vote b) Couldn’t attend public schoolsb) Couldn’t attend public schools c) Segregated schools & hospitalsc) Segregated schools & hospitals d) Most African Am. were very poord) Most African Am. were very poor

D. D. Women WorkersWomen Workers 1) Women were kept out of unions & 1) Women were kept out of unions & paid paid less than men for the same less than men for the same work work

The Rise of CitiesThe Rise of CitiesA. A. Increase in Urban PopulationIncrease in Urban Population

1) 1820-1840 – small towns next to rivers 1) 1820-1840 – small towns next to rivers develop into major cities develop into major cities a) St. Louisa) St. Louis

b) Pittsburghb) Pittsburgh c) Cincinnatic) Cincinnati d) Louisvilled) Louisville

2) Growing centers of trade linked to 2) Growing centers of trade linked to farmers in the Midwest farmers in the Midwest

B. B. ImmigrationImmigration 1) Big increase in immigration 1) Big increase in immigration between 1840 & 1860between 1840 & 1860 2) Irish – Largest Group2) Irish – Largest Group

a) Left Ireland due to “Potato a) Left Ireland due to “Potato Blight” Blight” ( (Famine)Famine)

b) Settled in Northeast & took b) Settled in Northeast & took low low paying factory jobs & RR jobs paying factory jobs & RR jobs 3) Germans - 23) Germans - 2ndnd largest Group largest Group

a) Came for opportunity – workb) Some came due to failed democratic revolution in

Germanyc) Many settle in Midwest & buy their own farms

C. C. Impact Impact (effect)(effect) of Immigration of Immigration 1) Changed character of our country1) Changed character of our country 2) Brought their culture with them, 2) Brought their culture with them,

- Language, Religion, & - Language, Religion, & TraditionsTraditions

D. D. Immigrants Face PrejudiceImmigrants Face Prejudice 1) Anti-immigrant feelings arise in the 1) Anti-immigrant feelings arise in the

1840s 1840s 2) People opposed to immigration 2) People opposed to immigration were called were called Nativists:Nativists:

a) Didn’t like immigrants taking a) Didn’t like immigrants taking their their jobs jobs

b) or Working for lower wagesb) or Working for lower wagesc) Also accused them of c) Also accused them of

bringing bringing diseases diseases* similar debate today with * similar debate today with immigrants from Mexico immigrants from Mexico (history repeats itself) (history repeats itself)

E. E. The Know-Nothing PartyThe Know-Nothing Party 1) Answered questions with the 1) Answered questions with the statement “I know nothing” statement “I know nothing” 2) Called for stricter citizenship 2) Called for stricter citizenship policies:policies:

a) Extend wait from 5 to 21 a) Extend wait from 5 to 21 yearsyears

b) Ban foreign citizens from b) Ban foreign citizens from holding holding office office

Southern Cotton KingdomSouthern Cotton KingdomRise of the Cotton KingdomRise of the Cotton Kingdom * Eli Whitney transformed cotton production with * Eli Whitney transformed cotton production with

Cotton GinCotton GinA. A. Changes in the SouthChanges in the South

1) Population explodes into deep south 1) Population explodes into deep south (1850)(1850) 2) Economy booms with Cotton2) Economy booms with Cotton

a) Problem is it relies on slaverya) Problem is it relies on slaveryb) Slaves no longer needed in b) Slaves no longer needed in

north but north but growinggrowing in the south in the southB. B. Cotton Rules the Deep SouthCotton Rules the Deep South

1) Cotton is in high demand after the 1) Cotton is in high demand after the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution 2) Very time consuming & labor intensive:2) Very time consuming & labor intensive:

a) Eli Whitney invents cotton gin – a) Eli Whitney invents cotton gin – removes seed from the cotton fiber removes seed from the cotton fiber b) A worker could clean 50 times more b) A worker could clean 50 times more per day per day

3) Led to increased production – which led to 3) Led to increased production – which led to need for more slaves (Cause & Effect)need for more slaves (Cause & Effect) 4) Deep south – Cotton4) Deep south – Cotton 5) Upper South - Tobacco5) Upper South - Tobacco

Industry in the SouthIndustry in the South * Industry in south develops slow – * Industry in south develops slow – why?why?A. A. Barriers to IndustryBarriers to Industry

1) Agriculture (especially Cotton)1) Agriculture (especially Cotton) was very was very profitableprofitable

2) Lack of Money to invest in businesses2) Lack of Money to invest in businesses 3) Lack of market to buy manufactured goods3) Lack of market to buy manufactured goods

a) Many slaves that had no moneya) Many slaves that had no money 4) Many southerners simply did not want 4) Many southerners simply did not want

Industry – only wanted agricultureIndustry – only wanted agricultureB. B. Southern FactoriesSouthern Factories

1) Some argued lack of factories made the 1) Some argued lack of factories made the south too dependent on the Northsouth too dependent on the North

2) Also felt it would help the economy of 2) Also felt it would help the economy of Upper South:Upper South:

C. C. Southern TransportationSouthern Transportation 1) Lack of Railroads & Roads slowed the 1) Lack of Railroads & Roads slowed the

development of southern citiesdevelopment of southern cities 2) Also becomes a major problem during the 2) Also becomes a major problem during the

Civil WarCivil War

Upper South

Deep South

North & SouthNorth & South

Economies

North

Innovations

South

Industrialized& Progressing

Cotton/Tobacco

Agriculture& Staying the Same

The South’s PeopleThe South’s PeopleFarms & PlantationsFarms & Plantations

* Most southerners were actually owners of * Most southerners were actually owners of small farms with very few slavessmall farms with very few slaves

A. A. Small Farmers & the Rural PoorSmall Farmers & the Rural Poor 1) 1) Yeoman Yeoman – farmers without slaves– farmers without slaves

a) make up largest group of whites in a) make up largest group of whites in southsouth

b) Owned 50-200 acresb) Owned 50-200 acresc) Grew their own crops (mostly in upper c) Grew their own crops (mostly in upper south) south)

2) 2) Tenant FarmersTenant Farmers – Rented land to farm – Rented land to farm 3) Majority of southern whites lived in simple 3) Majority of southern whites lived in simple homes like log cabinshomes like log cabins

B. B. PlantationsPlantations 1) Covered several thousand acres1) Covered several thousand acres 2) Measured their wealth by number of slaves2) Measured their wealth by number of slaves 3) Most slave owners had fewer than 10 slaves3) Most slave owners had fewer than 10 slaves 4) Cotton prices varied from year to year – 4) Cotton prices varied from year to year – brought the need for brought the need for cotton agentscotton agents

C. C. Plantation WivesPlantation Wives 1) Took charge of buildings & gardens1) Took charge of buildings & gardens 2) Were in charge of domestic slaves (house 2) Were in charge of domestic slaves (house work)work) 3) Very difficult & lonely lifestyle3) Very difficult & lonely lifestyle

D. D. Work on the PlantationWork on the Plantation 1) Needed many different workers1) Needed many different workers

a) Domestic Slavesa) Domestic Slavesb) Blacksmiths, carpenters, shoemakers, etc.b) Blacksmiths, carpenters, shoemakers, etc.c) Most were field hands – plant & harvest c) Most were field hands – plant & harvest crops crops

Life Under SlaveryLife Under SlaveryA. A. Family LifeFamily Life

1) Slaves had very few comforts1) Slaves had very few comforts 2) Biggest fear was being separated from 2) Biggest fear was being separated from

their familytheir family 3) Developed a large network of relatives & 3) Developed a large network of relatives &

friendsfriendsB. B. African American CultureAfrican American Culture

1) After 1808 – no “new” slaves could enter 1) After 1808 – no “new” slaves could enter the U.S.the U.S.

2) Native born slaves held onto their African 2) Native born slaves held onto their African CustomsCustoms

C. C. Slave CodesSlave Codes 1) Became more severe between 1840-18601) Became more severe between 1840-1860 2) Slave owners prohibited slaves from 2) Slave owners prohibited slaves from

meeting in large groups:meeting in large groups:a) Feared a slave rebellion a) Feared a slave rebellion

3) Had to have written pass to leave property3) Had to have written pass to leave property 4) Crime to teach slaves to read & write4) Crime to teach slaves to read & write

a) Feared educated slave might revolta) Feared educated slave might revolt

D. Resistance to Slavery 1) Very few rebellions – knew they would lose 2) Would work slow and break tools

E. Escaping Slavery 1) Harriet Tubman & Frederick Douglass 2) Underground Railroad – Network of “safe

houses” 3) Most escaped slaves – caught & returned

to ownerCity Life & EducationCity Life & EducationA. A. Life in Southern CitiesLife in Southern Cities

1) A few large cities – the top ten largest were 1) A few large cities – the top ten largest were all seaports or river portsall seaports or river ports

B. B. EducationEducation 1) No statewide public education exists1) No statewide public education exists

a) Parents that could afford it sent kids a) Parents that could afford it sent kids to to private schools private schools 2) Education started growing in mid 1800s2) Education started growing in mid 1800s 3) South was behind in literacy3) South was behind in literacy

a) Very few people per square milea) Very few people per square mileb) Too far to send children to schoolb) Too far to send children to school

Vocab QuizVocab Quiz

TelegraphTelegraph Morse CodeMorse Code Trade UnionsTrade Unions StrikeStrike PrejudicePrejudice DiscriminationDiscrimination