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Chapter 13: Patterns of Inheritance
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Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Between 1856 and 1863 28,000 pea plants Called the “Father of Genetics"
Site of Gregor Mendel’s
experimental garden in the
Czech Republic
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Mendel stated that physical traits are inherited as “particles” “factors”
Particulate Inheritance
DNA • Only part of DNA in a chromosome codes for
proteins.
• Only 1.5% of human DNA is expressed as protein
• Bacteria have one single circular piece of DNA and 90% of it is translated.
• Some bacteria have an additional circular piece of DNA called a PLASMID. It can move from one bacterium to another through transformation.
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PLASMID
Genetic Terminology
Trait - any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring
Heredity - passing of traits from parent to offspring
Genetics - study of heredity
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Genetic Terminology Cont.
Alleles - two forms of a gene (dominant & recessive) alleles are represented by capital or lower case letters (RR) (Rr) (rr)
Dominant - stronger of two genes expressed in the hybrid; represented by a capital letter (R)
Recessive - gene that shows up less often in a cross; represented by a lowercase letter (r)
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Genetic Terminology cont. Genotype - gene combination for a
trait (e.g. RR, Rr, rr)
Phenotype - the physical feature resulting from a genotype (e.g. red, white)
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Genotypes Homozygous genotype - gene
combination involving 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes (e.g. RR or rr); also called pure
Heterozygous genotype - gene combination of one dominant & one recessive allele (e.g. Rr); also called hybrid
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Types of Genetic Crosses
Monohybrid cross - cross involving a single trait e.g. flower color
Dihybrid cross - cross involving two traits e.g. flower color & plant height
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Genotype & Phenotype in Flowers
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Genotype of alleles: R = red flower r = yellow flower
All genes occur in pairs, so 2 alleles affect a characteristic
Possible combinations are:
Genotypes RR Rr rr
Phenotypes RED RED YELLOW
Mendel’s Pea Plant Experiments
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Why peas, Pisum sativum?
Can be grown in a small area
Produce lots of offspring
Produce pure plants when allowed to self-pollinate several generations
Can be artificially cross-pollinated
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Reproduction in Flowering Plants • Pollen contains sperm
– Produced by the stamen • Ovary contains eggs
– Found inside the flower
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Pollen carries sperm to the eggs for fertilization
Self-fertilization can occur in the same flower
Cross-fertilization can occur between flowers
Mendel’s Experimental Methods
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• Mendel hand-pollinated flowers using a paintbrush
– He could snip the stamens to prevent self-pollination
– Covered each flower with a cloth bag
• He traced traits through the several generations
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How Mendel Began Mendel produced pure strains by allowing the plants to self-pollinate for several generations
Eight Pea Plant Traits
Seed shape --- Round (R) or Wrinkled (r) Seed Color ---- Yellow (Y) or Green (y)
Pod Shape --- Smooth (S) or wrinkled (s) Pod Color --- Green (G) or Yellow (g) Seed Coat Color ---Gray (G) or White (g) Flower position---Axial (A) or Terminal (a) Plant Height --- Tall (T) or Short (t)
Flower color --- Purple (P) or white (p)
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Probability & Genetics
• Can be applied to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses.
• Calculating the probablity of making a specific gamete is just like calculating the probability in flipping a coin.
– Tossing heads = 50%
– Making a R gamete from Rr = 50%
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Possible Gametes
• Geneticists can use laws of prob. to predict alleles of the offspring of crosses or matings.
• Predicted results – what you expect to occur
• Observed results – what actually occurs
• One trait: Rr = R can go into a gamete and r can go into a gamete.
• Two traits: RrYy = RY can go into a gamete, Ry, rY or ry can go into gametes. (foil method)
• Think Meiosis 21
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Generation “Gap”
• Parental P1 Generation = the parental generation in a breeding experiment.
• F1 generation = the first-generation offspring in a breeding experiment. (1st filial generation) – From breeding individuals from the P1 generation
• F2 generation = the second-generation • offspring in a breeding experiment.
(2nd filial generation) – From breeding individuals from the F1 generation
Following the Generations
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Cross 2 Pure Plants TT x tt
Results in all Hybrids Tt
Cross 2 Hybrids get 3 Tall & 1 Short TT, Tt, tt
The Punnett Square
Used to help solve genetics problems/
predict outcomes of crosses
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Steps to doing a Monohybrid Cross –A one trait cross
1. Determine the genotypes of the parents genotypes XX x XY
2. Segregate the alleles to determine the possible gametes that can form from each parent
3. X, X and X, Y 4. Draw a punnett square - gamete possibilities
from parents should be placed on the top and left hand side of the square
5. Match them up to complete the square – these are the possible offspring from these parents.
6. Write the Genotypic Ratio = ½ XX: ½ XY 7. Write the Phenotypic Ratio = 50% Female :
50%Male
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P1 (Parental first generation)Monohybrid Cross • Trait: Seed Shape
• Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
• Cross: Round seeds x Wrinkled seeds
• RR x rr
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R
R
r r
Rr
Rr Rr
Rr
Genotypic Ratio: 100% Rr
Phenotypic Ratio: 100% Round seeds
P1 Monohybrid Cross Review
Homozygous dominant x Homozygous recessive
Offspring all Heterozygous (hybrids)
Offspring called F1 generation
Genotypic and Phenotypic Ratios
=100% Rr and 100% Round seeds
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F1 Monohybrid Cross • Trait: Seed Shape
• Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
• Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds
• Rr x Rr
R
r
r R
RR
rr Rr
Rr
Genotypic Ratio:
1RR:2 Rr:1rr
Phenotypic Ratio:
3 Round:1wrinkled
F1 Monohybrid Cross Review
Heterozygous x Heterozygous Offspring:
25% Homozygous dominant RR 50% Heterozygous Rr 25% Homozygous Recessive rr Offspring called F2 generation Genotypic ratio is 1RR:2Rr:1rr Phenotypic Ratio is 3 Round:1wrinkled
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What Do the Peas Look Like?
…And Now the Test Cross
• Mendel then crossed a pure & a hybrid from his F2 generation
• This is known as an F2 or test cross
• There are two possible testcrosses: Homozygous dominant x Hybrid Homozygous recessive x Hybrid
F2 Monohybrid Cross (1st) • Trait: Seed Shape
• Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
• Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds
• RR x Rr
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R
R
r R
RR
Rr RR
Rr
Genotypic Ratio: 1RR:1 Rr
Phenotypic Ratio: 100% Round
F2 Monohybrid Cross (2nd) • Trait: Seed Shape
• Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
• Cross: Wrinkled seeds x Round seeds
• rr x Rr
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r
r
r R
Rr
rr Rr
rr
Genotypic Ratio:
2 Rr:2rr
P.Ratio:
2 Round: 2wrinkled
F2 Monohybrid Cross Review
Homozygous x heterozygous(hybrid)
Offspring: 50% Homozygous RR or rr 50% Heterozygous Rr
Phenotypic Ratio is 1 round:1 wrinkled
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Results of Monohybrid Crosses
• Inheritable factors or genes are responsible for all heritable characteristics
• Phenotype is based on Genotype
• Each trait is based on two genes, one from the mother and the other from the father
• True-breeding individuals are homozygous ( both alleles) are the same
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