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Chapter 13: Urban Patterns. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography. Central Business Districts (CBD). Highly accessible. Central Business Districts (CBD). Highly accessible CBD Retail services Retailers with a high threshold Department stores - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 13: Urban Patterns
The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography
Central Business Districts (CBD)• Highly accessible
Central Business Districts (CBD)• Highly accessible
• CBD Retail services • Retailers with a high threshold
– Department stores– 1960s/1970s shift to malls
• Retailers with a high range– Infrequent patrons– also shift to malls– Now attract tourist shoppers
• Retailers serving downtown workers– small specialty shops– Business services in the CBD
» Proximity to other professionals, government offices– Accessible to all types of workers– expanding
CBD of Charlotte,
NC
Competition for land in the CBD
• High land costs• Ex.: most expensive real estate in the world = Tokyo
– Intensive land use• Underground areas
– Subways, loading docks, utility lines, pedways
• Skyscrapers– Chicago (Home Insurance Building) 1880s
» Iron frame and elevators» Give cities distinctive character
– “Vertical geography” nature of use changes as you go up» Retailers → professionals → residential
Competition for land in the CBD– Activities excluded from the CBD
• Lack of industry in the CBD– Once located near water access and piers
» Waterfronts now used for recreation, tourism, retail– Now → modern factories require large, one-story parcels of land
• Lack of residents in the CBD– once population centers (mansions, tenements)– Push and pull factors involved– Population returning (lofts, empty-nesters, proximity to nightlife
culture, don’t care about schools, etc.)
– CBDs outside North America• Less dominated by commercial considerations.
– More public use and higher population– restrictions to maintain character → tourism– Older buildings renovated
Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas?
• Models of urban structure– Are used to explain where people/services are
distributed within metropolitan areas– Three original models, all developed in one city– Chicago
• Concentric zone model• Sector model• Multiple nuclei model
Concentric Zone Model
Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923)• CBD• Zone of transition
– Industry, poor quality housing, subdivided larger homes
– Immigrants• Zone of working class homes
– Modest, stable– Multi-dwelling (two-flats, etc.)
• Zone of middle class homes– Single family, yards, garages– today’s bungalow belt
• Commuter zone– Upper/upper middle-class class– Today’s suburbs
Bid-rent Theory
Sector Model
Figure 13-5
Hoyt’s Sector Model (1939)
• Sectors not rings develop– Certain sectors are more/less
attractive• Pattern builds on itself• Therefore sectors radiating from
center are created
– Industry follows transportation routes
– Lower class housing gravitates towards industrial sector
Multiple Nuclei Model
Harris/Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model (1945)
• Cities develop more than one center around which activities develop
• Certain land use activities are compatible or incompatible together.– Airports ↔ warehouses– Heavy Industry ≠ high class housing
• Draw Chgo on board using all three models.
Peripheral/Galactic Model
• Chauncy Harris adds ring highway (development of a “periphery”) to multiple nuclei model
• newer idea, car dependent, urban sprawl • Decentralization of the CBD • (development of the periphery) • Edge cities surrounding the central city
Urban Realms Model
• Growth of suburbs– Autos and ring highways– New transportation
corridors– Suburbs now more
independent of CBD
• Suburban downtowns develop
• Los Angeles, Atlanta• Edge cities
Where Are People Distributedin Urban Areas?
• Geographic application of the models– Social area analysis
• Models can be used to show where different social groups live in the cities
• use census tracts
– Criticism of the models• Models may be too simple• Models may be outdated (between WWI and WWII)
Applying the models outside North America
• European cities– In past, social segregation was vertical
• Poor in basements/attics
– Wealthy • live in inner city (different than US)• follow sector radiating from center (like Hoyt model)
– Poor• Clustered on outskirts (high-rise apts. = “projects”)• Avoids urban sprawl• They don’t scare tourists
Income Distribution in the Paris Region
Griffin-Ford Latin American Cities
• wealthy push from center in an elite residential sector– “spine” develops to service
needs of wealthy – Often along boulevard
• Zone of maturity– Middle-class, well-kept
• Zone of in situ accretion– Lower working class– Moving up or down
• Squatter settlements– Outside highway ring
• perifico
– Ciudades perdades, favelas
Other non-Western urban models
• SE Asian Model– McGee (1967)
• Port is focus– Semi-periphery serving core
• CBD split into sep. clusters– Govt. zone– Western commercial zone– Alien commercial zone
• Dominated by Chinese
• Larger middle-class on outskirts
Other non-Western urban models• Africa
– Fastest growing cities– Difficult to model
• 3 CBDs– Old colonial
• Vertical development
– informal/periodic• Open air
– Transitional• Curbside single story
• Encircled by ethnic or mixed neighborhoods• Mining and manufacturing sector• Squatter settlements
Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges– Most significant = deteriorating housing
• Filtering = subdividing mansions into small apts.– Successive waves fo immigrants
• Redlining = refuse to loan money in certain areas– Illegal but difficult to enforce
– Urban renewal• Govt. removes blight → to developers/public agencies• Public housing
– Gentrification • Middle-class renovate inner city housing
– Vintage housing, proximity to work/cultural activities– Especially single or couples without children = don’t care about schools
• Alters ethnic patterns
Ethnic/Class Change in Chicago• CBD pop. growing• Gentrification
– North lakefront• Spreads north and west
– South Loop– West Loop– Maxwell St./Pilsen
• Resembles 3rd world pattern?
Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges?
• Inner-city social issues– The underclass
• An unending cycle of social and economic issues• Homelessness
– Culture of poverty
Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges?
• Inner-city economic issues– Eroding tax base
• Cities can either reduce services or raise taxes
– Impact of the recession• Housing market collapse
Intraregional migration in the United States
• Migration from “city” to suburban areas– “suburbanization”
• post WWII = spend, spend, spend = consumerism– Great Depression & WWII
» increased savings but rationing– returning veterans = housing shortage = govt. programs
» FHA = lower down payment, longer mortgages» GI Bill = low interest loans, education costs
• Automobiles– become ‘necessity’, highways built
• Baby Boom = space needed to raise children
Suburbanization
Push Factors
• urban decay– redlining, etc.– 1960s riots– bad schools
• The “other”– new immigrants, – African-Americans
• school desegregation
• busing
• urban political machines
Pull factors
• suburban lifestyle– space (yards, green)– good schools– low crime– “American dream”
• or is it “homogeneity”?
Push Factors
Pull Factors
Intraregional Migration in the United States
Figure 3-21
Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?
• Urban expansion– Annexation– Defining urban settlements
• The city• Urbanized areas• Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs)
– Metropolitan divisions– Micropolitan statistical areas
Annexation in Chicago
Figure 13-19
City, Urbanized Area, and MSA of St. Louis
Figure 13-20
Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?
• Urban expansion– Local government fragmentation
• Council of government• Consolidations of city and county governments• Federations
– Overlapping metropolitan areas
Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?
• Peripheral model– Edge cities– Density gradient– Cost of suburban sprawl
• Suburban segregation– Residential segregation– Suburbanization of businesses
Density Gradient
Figure 13-23
Suburban Stress
Figure 13-25
Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?
• Transportation and suburbanization– Motor vehicles
• More than 95 percent of all trips = made by car
– Public transit• Advantages of public transit
– Transit travelers take up less space– Cheaper, less pollutant, and more energy efficient than an automobile– Suited to rapidly transport large number of people to small area
• Public transit in the United States– Used primarily for rush-hour commuting in and out of CBD– Small cities-minimal use– Most Americans prefer to commute by automobile
Subway and Tram Lines in Brussels, Belgium
Figure 13-28
The End.
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