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Chapter 14Blood
Functions•
•
•
Blood Cells•
• red blood cells• white blood cells• platelets (cell fragments)
14-2
Blood Volume
• varies with• • changes in fluid concentration• changes in electrolyte concentration•
• about % of weight• about liters
14-3
Blood Composition
14-4
Origin of Blood Cells
14-5
Red Blood Cells
• • biconcave• one-third hemoglobin•
•
14-6Red Blood.mov
Red Blood Cell Count
• # of RBCs in a cubic millimeter of blood
•
• 4,200,000 – 5,400,000 in adult females
•
• reflects blood’s oxygen carrying capacity
14-7
Red Blood Cell Production
• low blood oxygen causes kidneys and liver to release erythropoietin which stimulates RBC production
•
14-8
Life Cycle of Red Blood Cell
•
• macrophages in spleen and liver destroy worn out RBCs
•
•
• bilirubin and biliverdin excreted in bile
14-9
0025.exe
Types of Anemia
• aplastic anemia• • toxic chemicals• radiation
• hemolytic anemia• • toxic chemicals
• iron deficiency anemia• hemoglobin deficient•
• pernicious anemia• • inability to absorb B12
• sickle cell anemia• • defective gene
• thalassemia• hemoglobin deficient• • defective gene
14-10
Hemolytic Anemia
Normal RBCs
RBCs of person with hemolytic anemia
14-11
White Blood Cells
• leukocytes•
• granulocytes• neutrophils• eosinophils• basophils
• agranulocytes• lymphocytes• monocytes
14-12
Neutrophils
• • first to arrive at infections• phagocytic• of leukocyte• elevated in bacterial infections
14-13
Basophils
• release histamine• release heparin• less than % of leukocytes
14-14
Eosinophils
• • moderate allergic reactions•1% - 3% of leukocytes•
14-15
Monocytes
• • kidney-shaped or oval nuclei• leave bloodstream to become macrophages• of leukocytes•
14-16
Lymphocytes
• size of RBC• large spherical nuclei• T cells• B cells• important in immunity• produce antibodies• of leukocytes• decreased T Cells in AIDS
14-17
White Blood Cell Counts
• number of WBCs per cubic mm• per cubic mm
• leukopenia • • typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS
• leukocytosis • • acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids
• differential WBC count• lists percentages of types of leukocytes• may change in particular diseases 14-19
Blood Platelets
• thrombocytes• • 130,000 – 360,000 per cubic mm•
14-20
Blood Plasma
• straw colored• • % of blood
14-21
Plasma Proteins
Albumins• most numerous plasma proteins• originate in liver• help maintain osmotic pressure of blood
Fibrinogen• originate in liver• plays key role in blood coagulation
Alpha and Beta Globulins• originate in liver• transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
Gamma Globulins• originate in lymphatic tissues• constitute the antibodies of immunity
14-22
Gases and Nutrients
Gases• oxygen• carbon dioxide• nitrogen
Nutrients • amino acids• simple sugars• nucleotides• lipids• lipoproteins
14-23
Plasma Lipoproteins
Chylomicrons•transport dietary fats to muscles and adipose cells
HDLs• relatively high concentration of proteins• relatively low concentration of lipids• transport remnants of chylomicrons to liver•
LDLs• relatively high concentration of cholesterol• formed from VLDLs• deliver cholesterol to various cells•
VLDLs•produced in the liver• transport triglycerides from liver to adipose cells
14-24
High Cholesterol
Plasma Electrolytes
• sodium• potassium• calcium• magnesium• chloride• bicarbonate• phosphate• sulfate• sodium and potassium most abundant
14-26
Hemostasis
• stoppage of bleeding
Blood Vessel Spasm•
• smooth muscle in vessel contracts
Platelet Plug Formation
• triggered by exposure of platelets to collagen•
Blood Coagulation•
• blood clot forms
14-27
Platelet Plug Formation
14-28
Blood Clots
• After forming, blood clot retracts and pulls the edges of a broken vessel together
• Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessels
• Plasmin digests blood clots
• thrombus – • embolus –
14-31
Prevention of Coagulation
•
• As a clot forms, fibrin absorbs thrombin and prevents the reaction from spreading
• Some cells secrete heparin
14-32
ABO Blood Group
14-33Blood Type.mov
Preferred and Permissible Blood Types for Transfusion
14-35
Clinical Application
Leukemia
Myeloid Leukemia• bone marrow produces too many immature granulocytes• leukemic cells crowd out other blood cells• anemia• bleeding• susceptible to infections
Lymphoid Leukemia• lymphocytes are cancerous• symptoms similar to myeloid leukemia
Treatments• blood transfusions• marrow transplants• anti-cancer drugs• stem cell transplants
14-36