Chapter 14

Part 2

Background to the continuation of the

Hapsburg-Valois Wars in the Holy Roman Empire

1531 The League of Schmalkalden: formed by the Protestant (Lutheran) princes to defend themselves against Charles V’s efforts to re-impose Catholicism in Germany

France (Francis I) allied with the Protestants against Charles V ( in spite of France being Catholic)

French Foreign Policy

Keep Germany divided Clearly, the religious question: a

religiously homogenous Western Europe took a back seat to political concerns for France

NOTE: France was surrounded by Hapsburgs in Spain and in the HRE.

The Hapsburg-Valois Wars continued

1521-1555: a series of wars between the Hapsburgs and Valois

In Italy 1521-1527 In the HRE continued to 1555

BY 1547 Charles V’s armies had defeated the Protestants in the HRE BUT by this time, Lutheranism had taken hold in much of central Europe

The Peace of Augsburg 1555 Charles V gave up.

Cuius regio, eius religio: Whose the region, his the religion

The German princes could choose between Catholicism or Lutheranism within their individual sovereign principalities

The Protestants living in Catholic states were allowed to move to Catholic states and vice-versa

1559 The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

Italy: Hapsburg control either directly or indirectly except for Venice

Germany: The Peace of Augsburg

Sealed with the marriage of Elizabeth of Valois to Philip II of Spain

Charles V

Retired to a monastery prior to the treaty

Spain and its overseas empire was inherited by his son, Philip II

The HRE was inherited by his brother, Ferdinand I

Results in the HRE The permanent religious division of

Germany

Will serve to prevent German unification

Successful French foreign policy

ALSO: weakened the position of the HRE in Germany

Other Protestants

The Anabaptists 1525: Association of believers with no

connection to any state Rejected secular agreements:

Would not take civil oaths Would not pay taxes Would not serve in the military Would not hold public office

The Anabaptists

Rejected infant baptism Rejected the idea of the Holy Trinity Were Millenarians

Far to the left in Protestantism

1532 John Leyden and Anabaptist radicals took

control of Munster Polygamist: 16 wives Women were also leaders of the

movement All books except for the Bible were

burned Killed some Catholics and Lutherans

1534 Tragedy at Munster

Protestant and Catholic princes combined their armies and took the city

Anabaptist leaders were executed

Anabaptists adopted pacifism at this point

Legacy of the Anabaptists

Mennonites founded by Menno Simmons (Dutch) Emphasized pacifism

Quakers Margaret Fell & James Fox (England) had beliefs similar to the Anabaptists. Many fled to America (Penn., NJ, Delaware)

Unitarians rejected the trinity

Luther

Did not believe in the legitimacy of any other faith except mainstream Protestantism (Lutheranism)

Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531 (Swiss)

Humanist preacher who used Erasmus’ edition of the New Greek Testament

Believed (like Luther) that the Bible was the sole authority

BUT (unlike Luther) believed that the Eucharist was symbolic (believed Luther too similar to the Catholic belief of Transubstantiation

Luther supported Consubstantiation: at the blessing of the Eucharist, the presence of Christ was evoked

1529 Colloquy of Marburg

Zwingli officially split with Luther on the issue of the Eucharist

The Augsburg Confession (Melanchthon) Lutherans officially excluded non-Lutheran reformers

Calvinism: (John Calvin 1509-64)

French: had studied to be a priest and later was trained as a lawyer

Was influenced by Erasmus Was a Humanist Was exiled to Switzerland due to his

ideas Wrote Institutes of the Christian

Religion

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Predestination: since God is all-knowing, He knows if you are saved even before you are born

Salvation ONLY through the Grace of God

Good works are not enough…there is NO FREE WILL

BUT good works are a sign that one has been chosen for salvation

The “Elect” will know if they are saved through a conversion experience

1540 Calvin established a Theocracy in Geneva

Protestant exiles from England, Scotland and France came to learn and return home with new ideas

Calvin (like Zwingli) believed that the state should enforce Christian behavior (Theocracy)

Only those who were committed to Calvinism were allowed to live in Geneva

Calvinism: militant and uncompromising

Presbyters: a judiciary of lay elders empowered to impose harsh penalties on those who did not follow God’s law

Michael Servetus A Spanish Unitarian humanist was burned at the stake because he denied the Trinity (1533)

Protestant Work Ethic

Calvinists emphasized the importance of hard work and financial success (was a sign that God was pleased so …one was probably a member of the Elect)

The Spread of Calvinism

Much bigger impact than Lutheranism

Huguenots in France Dutch Reformed in the Netherlands Presbyterianism in Scotland Puritans in England

Presbyterianism in Scotland

Established by John Knox (1505-1572)

Presbyters governed the Church Quickly became dominant in

Scotland to the detriment of Mary Queen of Scots (later)

Huguenots in France

Converts from every social class

BUT especially popular among the nobility

Remember: the biggest threat to the New Monarchs was the nobility ( who were constantly trying to wrest political control from the crown. The French King and official state religion was Catholic)

The Dutch Reformed Church in the United

Provinces of the Netherlands Set the stage for the revolt of the

Netherlands against the Spanish Inquisition of Philip II of Spain

The Netherlands will fight for and declare their independence from Spain in 1581 (though will not be formally recognized by other European powers until 1648 in the Peace of Westphalia following the Thirty Years’ War)

The Puritans in England

Initially, Henry VIII established the Church of England so that he could grant himself a divorce

Puritans were disappointed that there was no real effort to “purify” the Church under Henry VIII

When Edward took the throne, the Puritans had much influence and had adopted Calvinism

On Edward’s death, Mary persecuted Protestants

Under Elizabeth, was called the Anglican Church and most persecution stopped (Elizabethan Settlement)

The Puritans in England

Under James I and Charles I (the Stewarts) Puritans were persecuted again and fled to Massachusetts

Go to 14-3

The English Reformation