Chapter 15-Disarmament Conference (Eleni, Morgan, Simran)

7/31/2019 Chapter 15-Disarmament Conference (Eleni, Morgan, Simran)

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S

The Disarmament

ConferenceEleni Callas, Morgan Sekhon, Simran Singh


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Preparations forThe World Disarmament Conference, The Conference on theReduction and Limitation of Armaments, and The GenevaDisarmament Conference

Took 6 years of preparations and many treaties leading up tothe preparations, themselves

TEMPORARY MIXED COMMISSION ON ARMAMENTS

(1921)Proposals to prohibit chemical warfare, limitingartilleries and tanks, and the bombing of civilians

How can safety = a reduction of armaments?DRAFT TREATY OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (1923)

Proposed to make aggressive wars illegalOther countries would defend in the case of anattack

Britain objected the draft treaty


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Preparatory Commission for theDisarmament Conference (1925)

S Set up by the League of Nations to be held in Geneva

S Attendees

S All the Great Powers except Russia

S Determine if the Disarmament Conference will be

successful or is even worth having


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AGENDAThe Main Goal Answer Seven Broad Questions

Definitions

S armaments anddisarmament

S French logic (M. Paul-Boncour) = preventpeaceful dye factoriesconverted to produce

poison gas

S British logic (ViscountCecil) = destroy all subs,airplanes, and guns

Peace Strength vs. WarStrength

S Offensive vs. Defensive

armaments

S Defensive armaments arenecessary to guarantee thesafety of a nation

S Dilemma: ensuring thatdefensive armaments will notbe used to launch war on othernations

S Limit war strength or peacestrength?


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AGENDA (cont.)

Armaments

S How to

S Compare armaments

S Numbers, periods ofservice,

expenditures,equipment

S Calculate airstrength by thevalue of civil

aircraftsS Set uidelines for all

Greatest Achievement

S 32 nations agreed to limitthe number of people in theworlds navy

S France: it preventsGermany from building

up its army by labelingsoldiers as sailors

S Britain: limited ships =limited navy personnel

S Did not agree on HOW tolimit the navy manpower


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SIGNIFICANCEThe universal language of war is easily understood.

Determining the peace conditions proved to be much moredifficult.

PURPOSEThe definition of peace must first be defined before it can be reached.

The draft for

the WorldDisarmament

Conferencewas

established in1931.


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World Disarmament Conference

S Occurred in Geneva in February 1932

S attended by League of Nations members, theUnited States and the Soviet Union

S Happened in staggering meetings from 1932-

1937

S Proved to be difficult to accomplish anything

S Ultimately failed


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Biggest issue

S From the start, biggest issue: Germany

S Big question: Should Germany be allowed to re-arm to the level of its European neighbors, orshould the rest of the Conference disarm toGermany's level?


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Opening proposals

S U.S. representative Hugh Gibson

S Advocated the abolition of weapons designedprimarily for offensive operations

S Special restrictions for tanks and mobile guns

S armed forces on basis of amount of men needed

to maintain internal securityS Japanese

S Opposed any members of the Conference todisarm


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Opening proposals

S Soviets

S Called for total disarmament (laughed out of the building)

S French

S Called for strengthening in League of Nations

S Giving league of Nations control of all worlds tanks, bombing aircrafts and

heavy artillery

SOnly used in defense of national territory and with Leagues approval.

S Did not want complete disarmament because afraid for their security

S British

S Qualitative disarmament

S Making distinction between offensive and defensive weapons


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Opening Proposals

S Germany

S An army size of 200,000 men

S Double the size allowed by the Treaty ofVersailles

S forbidden heavy weapons (tanks) but only in small

sample quantities

S British and Italians-agreed

S French-strongly disagreed


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Disarmament Conference 1932-1934

S Seemed to be in a deadlock

S June 20th 1932

S Herbert Hoover proposed that 1/3 of land forces, 1/3 third of navaltonnage and 1/3 number of battleships were to be slashed

S of the worlds cruisers, aircraft carriers, tanks, heavy guns, andbombers were to go

S

Plan cause a debate that would be dragged on

S July 1932-conference adjourned

S Over 6 months but nothing accomplished

S Just fighting


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S September 14th 1932 Germans withdrew from Conference

S only the recognition of their equality of rights with theother great powers would get them back to thenegotiating table.

S November 1932 proposal-Christmas present for theworld

S New formula-Conferences main objective was to securethe equality of rights within a system which offerssecurity to all nations

S Conference would continue till 1936

S Germans agreed to return to the Conference


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S January 30th 1933

S Hitler comes into power in Germany and joins the WorldDisarmament Conference

S Basically conference=doomed

S May 16, 1933-President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposes anidea

S Complete elimination of all offensive weaponsS No nation should increase existing armaments over

limitations of treaty

S No nation should send armed force across its own borders


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S France-had issues with proposalS Couldnt reduce armaments unless U.S., Britain, France, and others

join to form a collective security to make sure Germany was complying

S October 9th 1933 Disarmament Conference plan considerationS Certain immediate steps of disarmament and progressive limitation

and reduction of armaments

S FranceissuesS

Said there should be a period of trial to test German good faithS Germany refused to accept this proposal!

S October 14, 1933 Germany:S withdrew from the Disarmament Conference

S Withdrew from the League of Nations


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S Despite withdrawal Conference continued

S No progress at all without the German involvement

S Causes that doomed the Disarmament Conference

S Germany determined to re-arm

S Hitler in power and determined to overthrow Treaty of

VersaillesS French fear for security

S British indecision

S American indifference and isolationism


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Results

S Collapse of the Disarmament Conference lead to :

S Nations re-armed (such as Britain, German, etc.)

S Instead of maintaining peace, nations prepared for war

S Germanys anger at other nations grew, as did Frances

fear of being attacked

S The Disarmament Conference was a FAIL!!


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http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740700,00.html

http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/group/league-nations-disarmament-conference

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,751454,00.html#ixzzlbMYJndO7

http://www.jondclare.net/league_of_nations4_disarmament.htm

http://www.abolishwar.org.uk/speeches/peace_history_conference_2008_1.pdf

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Disarmament_Conference.aspx#1

http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/A-D/Arms-Control-and-Disarmament-Between-the-world-wars-1919-1939.html

http://www.johndclare.net/league_of_nations4_disarmament.htm

http://www.historichampshire.org/swanson/disarm.htm

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Chapter 15-Disarmament Conference (Eleni, Morgan, Simran)