Chapter 15: Physical Oceanography - Earth and …whitakerearthscience.weebly.com/uploads/4/5/6/8/... · Physical Oceanography ... oldest known crustal rock formed some 4 billion years

What Yoursquoll Learnbull How scientists study

oceans how the oceansformed and where theyare located

bull How the physical andchemical properties ofseawater differ fromthose of freshwater

bull What causes tideswaves and ocean currents

Why Itrsquos ImportantMore than 71 percent ofEarthrsquos surface is coveredby oceans These vastbodies of water affectweather climate foodsupplies recreationglobal trade and marinelife such as this hump-back whale in ParadiseBay Antarctica

PhysicalOceanographyPhysicalOceanography

To learn more aboutoceanography visit theEarth Science Web Site at earthgeucom

151 The Oceans 385

Earth is often referred to as theldquoblue planetrdquo because so much of itssurface is made up of water If youstudy a globe or a photograph ofEarth taken from space you canclearly see that oceans cover muchmore of Earth than landmasses doThis activity will help you to quantifythe amount of water on Earthrsquos surface

1 Stretch a piece of string about 1 min length around the equator of aglobe

2 Use a blue marker to color the sec-tions of the string that cross theoceans

3 Measure the length of theglobersquos equator then measurethe length of each blue sectionon the string Add the lengthsof the blue sections

4 Divide the total length of theblue sections by the length ofthe globersquos equator

Observe What percentage ofthe globersquos equator is made up ofoceans What percentage of theglobersquos equator is made up ofland Study the globe again Are theoceans separate bodies of water or dothey interconnect Describe yourobservations in your science journal

Measure EarthrsquosLand and Water

Discovery LabDiscovery Lab

OBJECTIVES

bull Identify methods used byscientists to study Earthrsquosoceans

bull Discuss the origin andcomposition of theoceans

bull Describe the distributionof oceans and major seas

VOCABULARY

oceanographyside-scan sonarsea level

Since prehistoric times people have used Earthrsquos oceans for traveland recreation and to obtain food Early Polynesians andPhoenicians were accomplished sailors who discovered new landsand sea routes for commerce These seafarers acquired considerableknowledge of the oceans but they lacked the technology to explorethe ocean depths Such exploration had to wait until the late 1800swhen the British Challenger expedition became the first research shipto use relatively sophisticated measuring devices to study the oceansChallenger also was the first expedition devoted exclusively to the sci-entific study of Earthrsquos oceans known as oceanography The disci-pline of oceanography is usually considered to have started with theChallenger

MODERN OCEANOGRAPHYThe Challenger expedition investigated ocean currents water temper-ature and chemical composition seafloor sediments and topography

The Oceans151151

63111206

eng - iTunNORM 00000122 00000000 000011BA 00000000 00012DBC 00000000 00006669 00000000 00094768 00000000

null track 13

6799658

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

eng - iTunes_CDDB_TrackNumber1

and marine life The expedition used nets bottom dredges and othertools to gather enough research to fill 50 thick volumes Later expe-ditions such as that of the German research ship Meteor in the 1920sused sonar for the first time to map the seafloor features of the SouthAtlantic Ocean including the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Sonar stands forsound navigation and ranging It uses the return time of an echo andthe known velocity of sound in water to determine water depth Thevelocity of sound in water is 1500 ms To determine ocean depth ina particular place scientists send a sonar signal to the ocean floorand time its return or echo They multiply the time by 1500 msthen divide by 2 to calculate the distance to the ocean floor Figure15-1 has more information about sonar

Advanced Technology Recent technological advances such as the one shown in Figure 15-2 have tremendously expanded scien-tific knowledge of the oceans Satellites such as the TopexPoseidon continually monitor the oceanrsquos surface temperatures cur-rents and wave conditions Submersibles or underwater vesselsinvestigate the deepest ocean trenches Large portions of the seafloorhave been mapped using side-scan sonar a technique that directssound waves to the seafloor at an angle so that the sides of under-water hills and other topographic features can be mapped Yoursquoll

386 CHAPTER 15 Physical Oceanography

Figure 15-1 A shipequipped with sonar cangather data about deep-lake and ocean-floor fea-tures (A) Computers usethe resulting data to makemaps of underwater fea-tures such as this color-enhanced map of LakeTahoe in Nevada (B)

learn more about seafloor topography in the next chapter For nowletrsquos examine what all the various oceanography studies have taughtus about the oceanrsquos origin and composition

ORIGIN OF THE OCEANSHave you ever wondered whether Earth has always had oceansSeveral geological clues indicate that oceans have existed almostsince the beginning of geologic history Studies of radioactive iso-topes indicate that Earth is about 46 billion years old Scientists havefound rocks nearly as old that formed from sediments deposited inwater Ancient lava flows are another cluemdashsome of these lava flowshave glassy crusts that form only when molten lava is chilled rapidlyunder water Radioactive studies and lava flows offer evidence thatthere has been abundant water throughout Earthrsquos geologic history

Where did the water come from Scientists hypothesize thatEarthrsquos water could have originated from two sources Comets suchas the one shown in Figure 15-3 travel throughout the solar systemand occasionally collide with Earth These impacts release water pos-sibly enough to have filled the ocean basins over geologic time Inaddition studies of meteorites which are composed of the samematerial that may have formed the early planets indicate that mete-orites contain up to 05 percent water If the early Earth containedthe same percentage of water it would have been more than suffi-cient to form the early oceans However some mechanism must haveexisted to allow the water to rise from deep in Earthrsquos interior to itssurface Scientists theorize that that mechanism was volcanism

Figure 15-2 The TopexPoseidon satellite orbits1331 km above Earth gathering data about the oceans

151 The Oceans 387

Figure 15-3 Comets suchas Hyakutake are composedof dust and rock particlesmixed with frozen waterand gases Early in Earthrsquosgeologic history collisionswith comets may havereleased water that over an extremely long period of time formed the first oceans

Figure 15-4 In addition tocomets water for Earthrsquosearly oceans may have comefrom volcanic eruptions Anintense period of volcanismoccurred shortly after theplanet formed This volcan-ism released large quanti-ties of water vapor andother gases into the atmo-sphere The water vaporeventually condensed intooceans

Volcanism During volcanic eruptions significant quantities ofgases are emitted These volcanic gases consist mostly of water vaporand carbon dioxide Shortly after the formation of Earth when theyoung planet was much hotter than it is today an episode of massiveviolent volcanism took place over the course of perhaps several hun-dred million years As shown in Figure 15-4 this volcanism releasedhuge amounts of water vapor carbon dioxide and other gases whichcombined to form Earthrsquos early atmosphere As Earthrsquos crust cooledthe water vapor gradually condensed into oceans By the time theoldest known crustal rock formed some 4 billion years ago Earthrsquosoceans may have been close to their present size Water is still beingadded to the hydrosphere by volcanism but some water molecules inthe atmosphere are continually being destroyed by ultraviolet radia-tion from the Sun These two processes balance each other What doyou think would happen over geologic time if they didnrsquot

DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHrsquoS WATERThe oceans contain 97 percent of the water found on Earth Another3 percent is freshwater located in the frozen ice caps of Greenlandand Antarctica and in rivers lakes and underground sources Thepercentage of ice on Earth has varied over geologic time from nearzero to perhaps as much as 10 percent of the hydrosphere Thusglobal sea level which is the level of the oceansrsquo surfaces has risenand fallen by hundreds of meters in response to melting ice duringwarm periods and expanding glaciers during ice ages Otherprocesses that affect sea level are tectonic forces that lift or lower por-tions of the seafloor A rising seafloor causes a rise in sea level while

Carbon dioxideHydrogen

Chlorine Water vaporNitrogen

Equator

a sinking seafloor causes sea level to drop At present average globalsea level is slowly rising at a rate of 1 to 2 mm per year in response tomelting glaciers

The Blue Planet As shown in the image of Earth in Figure 15-5Earth is known as the ldquoblue planetrdquo for good reasonmdashapproximately71 percent of its surface is covered by oceans The average depth ofthese oceans is 3800 m Earthrsquos landmasses are like huge islandsalmost entirely surrounded by water Because most landmasses arein the northern hemisphere oceans cover only 61 percent of the sur-face there However 81 percent of the southern hemisphere is cov-ered by water Figure 15-6 shows the distribution of water in thenorthern and southern hemispheres Note that all the oceans arereally one vast interconnected body of water They have beendivided into specific oceans and seas largely because of historic andgeographic considerations

151 The Oceans 389

Figure 15-5 The vast inter-connected oceans of Earththe ldquoblue planetrdquo canclearly be seen in this com-puter image The colors rep-resent the speeds of oceancurrents Red is the fastestblue is the slowest

Equator

Figure 15-6 The northernhemisphere is covered byslightly more water thanland (A) The southern hemisphere however is covered mainly by water (B)A B

Major Oceans As Figure 15-7 shows there are three majoroceans the Pacific the Atlantic and the Indian The Pacific Ocean isthe largest Containing roughly half of Earthrsquos seawater it is largerthan all of Earthrsquos landmasses combined The second-largest oceanthe Atlantic extends for more than 20 000 km from Antarctica to thearctic circle North of the arctic circle the Atlantic Ocean is oftenreferred to as the Arctic Ocean The third-largest ocean the Indianis located mainly in the southern hemisphere The storm-lashedregion surrounding Antarctica south of 50deg south latitude is knownas the Antarctic Ocean

Sea Ice The Arctic and Antarctic Oceans are cov-ered by vast expanses of sea ice particularly duringthe winter In summer the ice breaks up somewhat asshown in Figure 15-8 Ice is less dense than water soit floats When sea-ice crystals first form a sort of ice-crystal slush develops at the surface of the water Thethickening ice eventually solidifies into individualround pieces called pancake ice Eventually thesepieces of pancake ice thicken and freeze into a contin-uous ice cover called pack ice In the coldest parts ofthe Arctic and Antarctic Oceans there is no summerthaw and the pack ice is generally several metersthick In the winter the pack-ice cover may be morethan 1000 km wide

Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Antarctic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Arctic Ocean

Figure 15-7 The Pacific Atlantic and Indian Oceans stretch from Antarctica tothe north The smaller Arctic and Antarctic Oceans are located near the northand south poles respectively

Figure 15-8 Ice is presentin this polar sea year round

Seas Seas are smaller than oceans and are partly or mostly land-locked A prominent example the Aral Sea is shown in Figure 15-9Another example the Mediterranean Sea is located between Africaand Europe It was the first sea to be explored and mapped by ancientpeoples such as the Egyptians Phoenicians Greeks and RomansNotable seas in the northern hemisphere include the Gulf of Mexicothe Caribbean Sea and the Bering Sea which is located betweenAlaska and Siberia Keep in mind that all seas and oceans belong toone global ocean whose waters are thoroughly mixed As a resultocean water everywhere contains nearly identical proportions of dis-solved salts as yoursquoll learn in the next section

151 The Oceans 391

1 What is oceanography What was learnedfrom the Challenger expedition

2 What is sonar Which research vessel firstused sonar to map the Mid-AtlanticRidge

3 What evidence indicates that oceansformed early in Earthrsquos geologic history

4 Where did the water in Earthrsquos earlyoceans come from

5 Thinking Critically The Great Lakes con-tain as much water as some seas Whyarenrsquot they considered to be seas

SKILL REVIEW

6 Measuring in SI Calculate the distance tothe ocean floor if a sonar signal takes sixseconds to return to a shiprsquos receiver Formore help refer to the Skill Handbook

Figure 15-9 The Aral Sealocated in Asia is an exam-ple of a land-locked body of water

earthgeucomself_check_quiz

Table 15-1 Major Ions in Seawater

Chemical ppt in Ion Symbol seawater

Chloride Clndash 1935

Sodium Na+ 1076

Sulfate SO42ndash 271

Magnesium Mg2+ 129

Calcium Ca2+ 041

Potassium K+ 039

Bicarbonate HCO3ndash 014

Bromide Brndash 0067

Strontium Sr2+ 0008

Boron B3+ 0004

Fluoride Fndash 0001

Total ~3500

152152

Sodium chloride crystals

Seawater

Have you ever accidentally swallowed a gulp of seawater If so yoursquovenoticed its salty taste Seawater is a solution of about 965 percentwater and 35 percent dissolved salts The most abundant salt in sea-water is sodium chloride (NaCl) Other salts present in seawater arechlorides and sulfates of magnesium potassium and calcium Infact most elements on Earth are present in seawater Because thesesubstances are dissolved they are in the form of ions Table 15-1shows the concentrations of the most important ions in the oceans

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SEAWATERSalinity is a measure of the amount of dissolved salts in seawaterOceanographers express salinity as grams of salt per kilogram ofwater or parts per thousand (ppt) The total salt content of seawateris on average 35 ppt or 35 percent In addition to salt ions seawa-ter contains dissolved gases and nutrients The dissolved gases aremostly oxygen nitrogen and carbon dioxide and the dissolvednutrients are commonly nitrates phosphates and silicates As youmight guess the nutrients and dissolved gases in seawater greatlyaffect life in the oceans

OBJECTIVES

bull Compare and contrastthe physical and chemicalproperties of seawater

bull Explain ocean layering

bull Describe the formationof deep-water masses

VOCABULARY

salinitytemperature profilethermocline

6516463

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 0000161F 00000000 0007B424 00000000 0000654A 00000000 0005F068 00000000

null track 23

68790784

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

Variations in Salinity Although the average salinity of theoceans is 35 ppt actual salinities vary from place to place as shownin Figure 15-10 In subtropical regions where rates of evaporationexceed those of precipitation salt ions left behind by the evaporationof water molecules accumulate in the surface layers of the oceanThere salinities may be as high as 37 ppt In equatorial regions whereprecipitation is abundant salinities are lower Even lower salinities of32 or 33 ppt occur in polar regions where seawater is diluted by melt-ing sea ice The lowest salinities often occur where large rivers emptyinto the oceans Even though salinities vary the relative proportionof major sea salts is always constant because all ocean water contin-ually intermingles and is thoroughly mixed Do the MiniLab on thefollowing page to further analyze the salinity of seawater

Sources of Sea Salt Geological evidence indicates that the salin-ity of ancient seas was not much different from that of todayrsquosoceans One line of evidence is based on the proportion of magne-sium in the calcium-carbonate shells of some marine organismsThat proportion depends on the overall salinity of the water in whichthe shells form Present-day shells such as the one shown in Figure 15-11 contain about the same proportion of magnesium as similarshells throughout geologic time

Just as the proportion of sea salts has remained the same overtime so too have the sources of sea salts In addition to water vaporvolcanic gases contain chlorine and sulfur dioxide These gases

152 Seawater 393

Antarctic Ocean

All values are given in parts per thousand (ppt)

355355

353637

Equator

Pacific Ocean

ArcticOcean

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean

IndianOcean

Ocean Salinity

Figure 15-11 By comparingthe proportion of magne-sium in present-day shellssuch as this nautilus withthose of ancient shells sci-entists have determined thatthe salinity of Earthrsquos oceanshas remained nearly thesame over geologic time

Figure 15-10 Ocean salini-ties vary from place toplace High salinities arecommon in areas with highrates of evaporation Lowsalinities often occur whererivers empty into oceans

dissolve in water and form the chlorine andsulfate ions of seawater The weathering ofcrustal rocks generates most of the otherabundant ions in seawater Sodium cal-cium and potassium come from the weath-ering of feldspars Iron and magnesiumcome from the weathering of minerals androcks rich in these elements These ions arethen flushed into rivers and transported tooceans

Removal of Sea Salts Although saltions are continuously added to seawaterthe salinity of seawater does not increaseWhy Because salts are removed from theocean at the same rate as they are addedThe removal of sea salts involves severalprocesses Some precipitate from seawaternear arid coastal regions such as the oneshown in Figure 15-12 This processremoves immense quantities of sodiumchloride calcium sulfate and other seasalts In addition small salty spray dropletsfrom breaking waves are picked up bywinds and deposited inland Marine organ-isms also remove ions from seawater tobuild their shells bones and teeth As theseorganisms die their solid parts accumulateon the seafloor and become incorporatedinto the bottom sediments All these

Figure 15-12 Salts thathave precipitated from sea-water form deposits alongthe coast of Baja Mexico

What is the chemical composition of seawater

Determine the chemical composition of seawater using the following ingredientsThe salinity of seawater is commonly mea-sured in parts per thousand (ppt)

Procedure 1 Carefully measure the ingredients and put

them all in a large beaker2 Add 96557 g of distilled water and mix

Analyze and Conclude1 How many grams of solution do you

have What percentage of this solution ismade up of salts

2 Given that 1 percent is equal to 10 pptwhat is the salinity of your solution inparts per thousand

3 Identify the ions in your solution4 Infer how your solution differs from actual

seawater

sodium chloride (NaCl) 2348 gmagnesium chloride (MgCl2) 498 gsodium sulfate (Na2SO4) 392 gcalcium chloride (CaCl2) 110 gpotassium chloride (KCl) 066 gsodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) 019 gpotassium bromide (KBr) 010 g

processes remove immense quantities of salt ions from the oceanThus the existing salinity of seawater represents a balance betweenthe processes that remove salts and those that add them as shownin Figure 15-13

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEAWATERThe presence of various salts causes the physical properties of seawa-ter to be quite different from those of freshwater Freshwater has amaximum density of 100 gcm3 Because salt ions are heavier thanwater molecules they increase the density of water Seawater is there-fore denser than freshwater and its density varies depending on itssalinity Temperature also affects densitymdashcold water is denser thanwarm water Because of salinity and temperature variations the den-sity of seawater ranges from about 102 gcm3 to 103 gcm3 Thesevariations may seem small but they are significant They affect manyoceanic processes which yoursquoll learn about in the next chapterVariations in salinity also cause the freezing point of seawater to besomewhat lower than that of freshwater Freshwater freezes at 0degCBecause salt ions interfere with the formation of hydrogen bonds thefreezing point of seawater is ndash2degC

Absorption of Light If yoursquove ever swum in a lake you may havenoticed that the intensity of light decreases with depth The watermay be clear but if the lake is deep the bottom waters will be dark

152 Seawater 395

Volcano

Seaspray

Chemicalreactions

Biologicalprocesses

Formation ofevaporites

Riverdischarge

Bottomsediments

Figure 15-13 Salts areadded to seawater by vol-canic eruptions and by theweathering and erosion ofrocks Salts are removedfrom seawater by the for-mation of evaporites andbiological processes Saltydroplets also are depositedinland by winds

Using Numbers Ifthe density of a sam-ple of seawater is102716 gmL calcu-late the mass of 400 mL of the sample

Water absorbs light which gives rise to another physicalproperty of oceansmdashthey are dark In general light pen-etrates only the upper 100 m of seawater Below thatdepth all is darkness Figure 15-14 illustrates how lightpenetrates ocean water Notice that red light penetratesless than blue light Red objects appear black below thedepth of penetration of red light and other reflectingobjects in the water appear green or blue Although somefading blue light may reach depths of a few hundredmeters light sufficient for photosynthesis exists only inthe top 100 m of the ocean

OCEAN LAYERINGOcean surface temperatures range from ndash2degC in polarwaters to 30degC in equatorial regions with the average sur-face temperature being 15degC Ocean water temperatureshowever decrease significantly with depth Thus deepocean water is always cold even in tropical oceans Figure15-15 shows a typical ocean temperature profile whichplots changing water temperatures with depth Such pro-

files vary depending on location and season In the temperature pro-file shown here beneath roughly 100 m temperatures decreasecontinuously with depth to around 4degC at 1 km The dark watersbelow 1 km have fairly uniform temperatures of less than 4degC Basedon temperature variations the ocean can be divided into three lay-ers as shown in Figure 15-16 The first is a relatively warm sunlitsurface layer some 100 m thick Under this is a transitional layerknown as the thermocline which is characterized by rapidlydecreasing temperatures with depth The bottom layer is cold anddark with temperatures near freezing Both the thermocline and thewarm surface layer are absent in polar seas where water tempera-tures are cold from top to bottom In general ocean layering iscaused by density differences Because cold water is more dense thanwarm water cold water sinks to the bottom while less-dense warmwater is found near the oceanrsquos surface

Surfaceof ocean

Visible light

Photosynthesisoccurs inthis zone

Figure 15-14 Red light doesnot penetrate as far as bluelight in the ocean (A) Thusred marine organisms suchas this deep-sea shrimp (B)appear black below a depthof 10 m This helps themescape predators

WATER MASSESThe temperature of the bottom layer ofocean water is near freezing even in tropi-cal oceans where surface temperatures arewarm Where does all this cold water comefrom The source is Earthrsquos polar seasRecall that high salinity and cold tempera-tures cause seawater to become moredense When seawater freezes during thearctic or antarctic winter sea ice formsHowever salt ions arenrsquot incorporated intothe growing ice crystals and accumulatebeneath the ice Consequently the coldwater beneath the ice becomes saltier anddenser than the surrounding seawater andthis saltier water sinks This salty waterthen migrates toward the equator as acold deep water mass along the oceanfloor Other cold deep water masses formwhen surface currents in the ocean bringrelatively salty midlatitude or subtropical waters into polar regions Inwinter these waters become colder and denser than the surroundingpolar surface waters and thus they sink

Three water masses account for most of the deep water in theAtlantic Ocean Antarctic Bottom Water forms when antarctic seasfreeze during the winter With temperatures below 0degC this water

152 Seawater 397

Highlatitudes

Lowlatitudes

Temperature (degC)

Thermocline

Surface layer

Bottom layer

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Variations in Ocean Water Temperatures

Figure 15-15 Ocean watertemperatures decrease withdepth Areas near the equa-tor have warmer ocean sur-face temperatures than domidlatitudes or areas nearthe poles

Bottom layer

Surface layer

Latitude

Thermocline

400060degN 40deg 20deg 0deg 20deg 40deg 60degS

Ocean Layers

Figure 15-16 Based onwater temperatures theocean can be divided intothree layers the relativelywarm surface layer thetransitional thermoclineand the cold bottom layer

mass is the coldest and densest in all the oceans as shown in Figure15-17 North Atlantic Deep Water forms in a similar manner offshorefrom Greenland It is warmer and less dense than Antarctic BottomWater and thus overrides it Antarctic Intermediate Water forms whenthe relatively salty waters of the Antarctic Ocean decrease in temper-ature during winter and sink Being slightly warmer and less densethan North Atlantic Deep Water Antarctic Intermediate Water over-rides the other two water masses While the Atlantic Ocean containsall three major deep-water masses the Indian and Pacific Oceans con-tain only the two deep antarctic water masses Yoursquoll model watermasses in the GeoLab at the end of this chapter In the next sectionyoursquoll learn about other water movements in the ocean

1 What is the most abundant salt in sea-water How do salts enter the ocean

2 How does the salinity of seawater affectits density

3 The salinity of seawater is higher in sub-tropical regions than at the equatorWhy

4 Explain why North Atlantic Deep Waterand Antarctic Intermediate Water over-ride Antarctic Bottom Water

5 Which is more dense cold freshwater orwarm seawater Explain

6 Thinking Critically Why do red fish lookblack at ocean water depths greater thanabout 10 m

SKILL REVIEW

7 Recognizing Cause and Effect Based onwhat you have learned about the freez-ing point of seawater explain why salt isoften used to de-ice roads in the winterFor more help refer to the SkillHandbook

60deg 40deg 20deg

North AtlanticDeep Water

AntarcticIntermediate Water

AntarcticBottom Water

lt0degC

gt0degC

0degC3degC

15degC

25degC

20deg 40deg 60deg 80degN S

Latitude

Vertical Temperature Distribution (degC)

Figure 15-17 AntarcticBottom Water is the densestand coldest deep watermass It is overridden by theslightly warmer and lessdense North Atlantic DeepWater Antarctic Interme-diate Water is still warmerand less dense and thus it overrides the other twodeep water masses

153 Ocean Movements 399

OBJECTIVES

bull Describe the physicalproperties of waves

bull Explain how tides form

bull Compare and contrastvarious ocean currents

VOCABULARY

wave tidecrest density currenttrough surface currentbreaker upwelling

153153 Ocean Movements

Oceans are never completely motionless Their most obvious move-ment is the constant motion of the waves A wave is a rhythmicmovement that carries energy through space or mattermdashin this caseocean water Ocean waves are generated mainly by wind flowing overthe waterrsquos surface As an ocean wave passes the water moves up anddown in a circular pattern and returns to its original position asshown in Figure 15-18A Only the energy moves steadily forwardThe water itself moves in circles until the energy passes but it doesnot move forward

WAVE CHARACTERISTICSIn the open ocean a typical wave has the characteristics shown inFigure 15-18B The highest point of a wave is the crest and the low-est point is the trough The vertical distance between crest andtrough is the wave height the horizontal crest-to-crest distance is thewavelength The wavelength determines the depth to which the wavedisturbs the water That depth called the wave base is equal to halfthe wavelength The wavelength also determines the speed withwhich waves move through deep waterWave speed increases with wavelength

Negligible water movement below one-half wavelength

Wave height

TroughWavelength

Figure 15-18 In a wave water moves incircles that decrease in size with depth At a depth equal to half the wavelengthwater movement stops (A) Wave charac-teristics include wave height wavelengthcrest and trough (B)

Wavelength

Water movement stops One-half wavelength

Direction of wave

5551928

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001848 00000000 00046E2F 00000000 00006A5E 00000000 00075B92 00000000

null track 33

6056663

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

Wave Height Wave heights depend upon three factors wind speedwind duration and fetch Fetch refers to the expanse of water that thewind blows across Large storm waves can be much higher than aver-age For instance hurricanes can generate waves more than 10 m highThe greatest wave height ever recorded was more than 30 m Thismonstrous wave occurred in the North Pacific

Breaking Waves As ocean waves reach the shallow water nearshorelines they begin to lose energy because of friction with theocean bottom This causes the waves to slow down As the waterbecomes shallower incoming wave crests gradually catch up with theslower wave crests ahead As a result the crest-to-crest wavelengthdecreases The incoming waves become higher steeper and unstableand their crests collapse forward Collapsing waves such as thoseshown in Figure 15-19 are called breakers The formation of break-ers is also influenced by the motion of wave crests which are lessaffected by friction than wave troughs and thus overrun the troughsThe collapsing crests of breakers moving at high speeds toward shoreplay a major role in shaping shorelines Yoursquoll learn more aboutbreakers and shoreline processes in the next chapter

TIDESTides are the periodic rise and fall of sea level The highest level towhich water rises is known as high tide and the lowest level is calledlow tide Because of differences in topography and latitude the tidalrangemdashthe difference between high tide and low tidemdashvaries fromplace to place In the Gulf of Mexico the tidal range is less than 1 mIn New England it can be as high as 6 m The greatest tidal range

Constantwavelength

Wave height increases

Wavebreaks

Waves dragagainstbottom andwavelengthsdecrease

Figure 15-19 A breaker (A) forms when wavelengthdecreases and wave height increases as the wavenears the shore (B)

Topic High TidesTo learn more about tidesvisit the Earth Science Web Site at earthgeucom

Activity Research the best places on Earth toobserve high tides Notethese places on a map ofthe world

occurs in the Bay of Fundy between New Brunswick and NovaScotia Canada where it is as high as 15 m Generally a daily cycle ofhigh and low tides takes 24 hours and 50 minutes As shown inFigure 15-20 the daily cycle can follow three distinct patterns Yoursquolllearn about tides in the Problem-Solving Lab on this page

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

Figure 15-20 Differencesin topography and latitudecause three different dailytide cycles Areas with semi-diurnal cycles experiencetwo high tides per dayAreas with mixed cycleshave one pronounced andone smaller high tide eachday Areas with diurnalcycles have one high tideper day

Analyze a tidal record The water levels shown in the data table were measured over a 24-hour period

Analysis1 Plot these values on graph paper with

time on the x-axis and water level onthe y-axis

2 Estimate the approximate times andwater levels of high tides and lowtides

Thinking Critically3 Refer to Figure 15-20 to determine the

tidal pattern shown in your graph4 What is the tidal range for this area

5 Predict the water level at the nexthigh tide Estimate when that hightide will occur

Making and Using GraphsWater Water

Time (h) Level (m) Time (h) Level (m)

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

CAUSES OF TIDESThe basic causes of tides are the gravitational attraction amongEarth the Moon and the Sun as well as the fact that gravitationalattraction decreases with distance Consider the Earth-Moon systemAs shown in Figure 15-21 the Moon does not actually orbit EarthRather both Earth and the Moon orbit around a common center ofgravity As a result of their motions both Earth and the Moon expe-rience differing gravitational forces The unbalanced forces generatetidal bulges on opposite sides of Earth The gravitational effect onEarthrsquos oceans is similar to what happens to the liquid in a coffee cupinside a car as the car goes around a curve The liquid sloshes towardthe outside of the curve

The Sunrsquos Influence The gravitational attraction of the Sun andEarthrsquos orbital motion around the Sun also generate tides Howevereven though the Moon is much smaller than the Sun lunar tides aremore than twice as high as those caused by the Sun because theMoon is much closer to Earth Consequently Earthrsquos tidal bulges arealways aligned with the Moon Although the Sunrsquos tidal effect issmaller than that of the Moon it is still significant because of theSunrsquos great mass Depending on the phases of the Moon solar tidescan either enhance or diminish lunar tides as illustrated in Figure15-22 Notice that large tidal ranges called spring tides occur whenthe Moon is either full or new These phases of the Moon occur whenthe Sun the Moon and Earth are aligned During spring tides hightides are higher than normal and low tides are lower than normalSmall tidal ranges called neap tides occur when there is a first- orthird-quarter Moon During these times the Sun the Moon and

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

Center of mass of Earth-Moon system

Figure 15-21 The Moonand Earth revolve around acommon center of gravityand experience unbalancedgravitational and centrifu-gal forces These forcescause tidal bulges on oppo-site sides of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Spring tideSpring tide

Neap tideNeap tide

First-quarter MoonFirst-quarter Moon

Third-quarter MoonThird-quarter Moon

New MoonNew Moon

Lunar tideLunar tide

Solar tideSolar tide

Figure 15-22 Spring tidesoccur when the Sun theMoon and Earth arealigned (A) Neap tidesoccur when the Sun theMoon and Earth form a right angle (B)

Earth form a right angle During neap tides high tides are lower andlow tides are higher than normal Spring and neap tides alternateevery two weeks On average spring tides are three times higher thanneap tides

OCEAN CURRENTSRecall the discussion of Antarctic Bottom Water in the previous sec-tion The movement of Antarctic Bottom Water is an example of anocean current In this case the current is called a density currentbecause it is caused by differences in the temperature and salinity ofocean water which in turn affect density Density currents moveslowly in deep ocean waters

More noticeable than underwater density currents are wind-driven surface currents Surface currents affect mainly the upperfew hundred meters of the ocean and they can move as fast as 100km per day Driven by Earthrsquos global wind systems surface currentsfollow predictable patterns In the northern hemisphere tropicaltrade winds blow from east to west The resulting tropical ocean cur-rents also flow from east to west In northern midlatitudes the pre-vailing westerlies and resulting ocean currents move from west toeast In northern polar regions polar easterly winds push surfacewaters from east to west

Gyres If Earth had no landmasses the global ocean would havesimple belts of easterly and westerly surface currents But the conti-nents deflect ocean currents to the north and south so that closedcircular current systems called gyres develop As shown in Figure15-23 there are five major gyres the North Pacific the NorthAtlantic the South Pacific the South Atlantic and the Indian OceanBecause of the Coriolis effect which you learned about in Chapter12 the gyres of the northern hemisphere circulate in a clockwisedirection and those of the southern hemisphere circulate in a coun-terclockwise direction The parts of all gyres closest to the equatormove towards the west as equatorial currents When these currentsencounter a landmass they are deflected toward the poles Thesepoleward-flowing waters carry warm tropical water into highercolder latitudes A well-known example of a warm current is theKuroshio or Japan Current in the western North Pacific

After these warm waters enter polar regions they gradually cooland deflected by landmasses move back toward the equator Theresulting currents then bring cold water from higher latitudes intotropical regions An example of such cold ocean currents is theCalifornia Current in the eastern North Pacific Yoursquoll learn more aboutcurrents in the Science in the News feature at the end of this chapter

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

0deg EquatorEquatorial Countercurrent

S Equatorial Current

S EquatorialCurrent

N Equatorial Current

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

N Equatorial CurrentNorth Pacific Gyre

EquatorialCountercurrent

North Atlantic Gyre

Antarctic Circle Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Antarctic Circumpolar Current

0deg 30deg E 60deg E 90deg E 120deg E30deg W60deg W90deg W120deg W150deg W150deg E120deg E 180deg

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Equatorial Countercurrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

N PacificCurrent Current

California

Major Ocean Currents

Figure 15-23 The Corioliseffect deflects water andother free-moving objectsto the right north of theequator and to the leftsouth of the equator Thusgyres in the northern hemi-sphere circulate in a clock-wise direction The motionis reversed in the southernhemisphere

UPWELLINGIn addition to moving horizontally ocean water moves verticallyThe upward motion of ocean water is called upwelling Upwellingwaters originate from the bottom of the ocean and thus are coldAreas of upwelling exist mainly off the western coasts of continentsin the trade-wind belts As Figure 15-24 shows the trade winds blowsurface water offshore and the surface water is replaced by upwellingdeep water Upwelling waters are rich in nutrients which supportabundant populations of marine life Consequently some of theworldrsquos richest fishing grounds are found off the coasts of Peru andCalifornia

Figure 15-24 Upwellingoccurs when the tradewinds blow surface wateroffshore and deep colderwater rises to the surface

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

1 Describe how water moves as a wavepasses

2 What three factors determine the heightof a wave

3 What causes tides Compare and contrasta spring tide and a neap tide

4 Why are upwelling waters always cold

5 Thinking Critically Upwelling currents arerich in nutrients Predict the effects onmarine ecosystems if these currentsstopped

SKILL REVIEW

6 Concept Mapping Use the followingphrases to complete a concept map ofwave characteristics For more help referto the Skill Handbook

lowestpoint of wave

wavelength wave height trough

crestwave

characteristics

horizontalcrest-to-crest

distance

vertical distancebetween crest and

trough

highest pointof wave

Modeling WaterMasses

The water in the oceans is layered because water masseswith higher densities sink below those with lower densi-

ties The density of seawater depends on its temperature andsalinity In this activity yoursquoll model different types of watermasses to observe the effects of density firsthand

ProblemDetermine how changes in salinity andtemperature affect water density

Materialsscalegraduated 500-mL cylinder100-mL glass beakers (4)waterred yellow and blue food coloringsaltthermometereyedroppergraph paperpencilrulercalculator

ObjectivesIn this GeoLab you willbull Compare and contrast the movement

of different water samplesbull Determine the relative densities of the

water samples

bull Predict the arrangement of layers in abody of water

bull Construct and interpret a temperatureprofile

Safety Precautions Always wear safety goggles and anapron in the lab Wash your hands aftercompleting the lab

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

1 Mix 200 mL of water and 75 g of saltin the graduated cylinder Pour equalamounts of the salt solution into twobeakers Fill each of the two otherbeakers with 100 mL of freshwater

2 Put a few drops of red food coloringin one of the salt solutions Put a fewdrops of yellow food coloring in theother salt solution Put a few drops ofblue food coloring in one of thebeakers of freshwater Do not addfood coloring to the other beaker offreshwater

3 Place the beakers with the red saltsolution and the blue freshwater inthe refrigerator Refrigerate them for30 minutes

4 Measure and record the temperatureof the water in all four beakers

5 Put several drops of the cold red salt-water into the beaker with the warmyellow saltwater and observe whathappens Record your observations

6 Put several drops of the cold bluefreshwater into the beaker with the warm clear freshwater andobserve what happens Record yourobservations

7 Put several drops of the cold bluefreshwater into the beaker with the warm yellow saltwater andobserve what happens Record yourobservations

1 In your science journal describe themovement of the cold red saltwaterin step 5 Compare this to the move-ment of the cold blue freshwater instep 7 What accounts for the differ-ences you observed

2 Based on your observations list thewater samples by color in order ofincreasing density

3 If you poured the four water samplesinto the graduated cylinder howwould they arrange themselves intolayers by color from top to bottom

1 Assume that four water masses in alarge body of water have the samecharacteristics as the water in thefour beakers The warm water layersare 100 m thick and the cold layersare 1000 m thick Graph the tempera-ture profile of the large body ofwater

2 What is the salinity in parts per thou-sand of the combined saline solu-tions (Hint ppt equals grams of salt per kilogram of solution Assume

that 200 mL of water has a mass of200 g Be sure to include the mass of the salt in the total mass of thesolution)

3 The temperature profile on the oppo-site page was constructed from mea-surements taken in the AtlanticOcean off the coast of Spain Studythe profile then infer why a high-temperature layer exists beneath thethermocline Is this layer denser thanthe colder water above Explain

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Plot a course for a journey by boat from thecoast nearest you to Antarctica Use themap of ocean currents in Figure 15-23 toidentify the currents you would use andthose you would avoid

Activity

toward land However the ice carried them intothe open waters of the South Atlantic Desper-ate they launched their boats into the oceanThey stayed awake for days battling rough wavesand towering icebergs that threatened to crushthe small boats to pieces In April 1916 theyfinally reached a small barren island The largestof the boats continued on a perilous journey toSouth Georgia Island for help The boat wascrewed by Shackleton and five others Thesemen faced an almost impossible task to travelin a tiny boat more than a thousand kilometersacross the roughest expanse of sea in the world

Despite the odds Shackleton and his crewdid reach South Georgia Island By this time win-ter was approaching and it was several monthsbefore they could rescue the shipwrecked mem-bers of the Endurancersquos crew All 28 men sur-vived the adventure They failed in their missionto cross Antarctica but their survival remains atale of great glory

Alexanderrsquos book tells the story of theEndurance and the 28 men who sailed in the shipto Antarctica in 1914 The explorers on boardplanned the first overland crossing of theAntarctic continent The ship left South GeorgiaIsland in the South Atlantic in December 1914During the next two years the expedition sufferedboth horrible misfortune and incredible luck

Frozen SolidIn mid-December the Endurance neared the

coast of Antarctica The pack ice that year wasespecially dense and by January 1915 the shiphad frozen solidly into the ice just 126 km from itsdestinationmdash126 km of solid ice The ship and itscrew could only drift aimlessly with the ice

In this part of the sea a clockwise currentchurns the ice pack in endless circles The icecrunches against the Antarctic Peninsula gener-ating massive waves of pressure TheEndurance still frozen in the ice was carried bythe current farther and farther from land InNovember 1915 the pressure of the ice packcrushed the ship to pieces The crew escapedbut was forced to camp on the drifting ice in sub-zero temperatures with thin tents as their onlyshelter They managed to salvage some suppliesand three small boats

As the Current TurnsThe crew hoped that the ice would carry them

Caught in the CurrentldquoThe gale was still blowing from the northeast on January 21 drift-ing snow from the continental ice shelfhellipHeld fast in the ice theEndurance was being carried with the rest of the pack by the WeddellSearsquos current soon she would be moving away from landrdquomdashfrom TheEndurance Shackletonrsquos Legendary Antarctic Expedition by CarolineAlexander (Knopf 1999)

SummaryVocabularyoceanography

(p 385)sea level (p 388)side-scan sonar

(p 386)

Vocabularysalinity (p 392)temperature profile

(p 396)thermocline (p 396)

Vocabularybreaker (p 400)crest (p 399)density current

(p 403)surface current

(p 403)tide (p 400)trough (p 399)upwelling (p 405)wave (p 399)

Main Ideasbull Oceanography is the scientific study of Earthrsquos oceans

Oceanographers use sonar satellites and submersibles amongother tools to explore the ocean

bull Earthrsquos first oceans likely formed more than 4 billion years agoSome water may have come from impacting comets or fromdeep within Earthrsquos interior Scientists theorize that water fromwithin Earthrsquos interior was released by volcanism

bull Approximately 71 percent of Earthrsquos surface is covered byoceans The major oceans are the Pacific Atlantic Indian Arcticand Antarctic

Main Ideasbull Seawater contains 965 percent water and 35 percent dissolved

salts The average salinity of seawater is 35 ppt The salinity ofthe ocean remains constant because salts are removed from theocean at the same rate as they are added

bull Ocean surface temperatures range from ndash2degC in polar waters to30degC in equatorial waters Seawater density changes withchanges in salinity and temperature

bull Ocean water temperatures decrease with depth The ocean canbe divided into three layers the surface layer the transitionalthermocline and the bottom layer

Main Ideasbull Ocean waves are generated by wind Water in a wave moves in

a circular motion but does not move forward When waves reachshallow water friction with the ocean bottom slows them andthey become breakers

bull Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction among Earththe Moon and the Sun Lunar tides are twice as high as solartides

bull Density currents are deep currents generated by salinity andtemperature differences Wind-driven surface currents affect theupper few hundred meters of the ocean Upwelling occurs whenwinds push surface water aside and the surface water isreplaced by cold deep water

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Study Guide 409earthgeucomvocabulary_puzzlemaker

1 Which of the following is used to measure oceandeptha bottom dredges c sonarb nets d tidal patterns

2 Which of the following are the most commongases emitted by volcanoesa hydrogen and heliumb oxygen and nitrogenc water vapor and carbon dioxided chlorine and hydrogen

3 What is the average depth of the oceansa 380 m c 3800 mb 38 m d 3 km

4 What is the average salinity of seawatera 100 ppt c 35 pptb 50 ppt d 35 ppt

5 What is the average temperature of deep waterbelow the thermoclinea 15degC c less than 4degCb more than 4degC d 0degC

6 What basic motion does water follow during thepassage of a wavea forward c up and downb backward d circular

7 Which of the following does not affect waveheight in deep watera wavelength c wind speedb wind duration d fetch

8 Which type of seawater has the greatest densitya warm with low salinityb warm with high salinityc cold with low salinityd cold with high salinity

Understanding Main Ideas 9 To what average depth does light penetrate inthe oceana 1 m c 100 mb 10 m d 1000 m

10 What type of high tides occur during a fullMoona spring tides c tidal rangesb neap tides d tidal cycles

11 What is the the densest water mass in theAtlantic Oceana North Atlantic Deep Waterb surface waterc Antarctic Bottom Waterd Antarctic Intermediate Water

12 The Arctic Ocean is the northern part of whichbody of watera Atlantic Ocean c Bering Seab Pacific Ocean d Indian Ocean

13 Explain why the Moon exerts a greater tidal influence than the Sun

14 What distinguishes a sea from an ocean

15 Where in the oceans are the highest values of salinity found Explain

16 What would be the wave base for a wave that is200 m long

17 Which gyre would have clockwise circulation theNorth Pacific the South Pacific the SouthAtlantic or the Indian Ocean Explain

MAXIMIZE YOUR SCORE If possible findout how your standardized test will be scored Inorder to do your best you need to know if thereis a penalty for guessing and if so how much ofone If there is no random-guessing penalty youshould always fill in an answer

Test-Taking Tip

earthgeucomchapter_test

Assessment 411

18 Why does a wave break

19 Copy the illustration on this page Then use thefollowing terms to label the characteristics of anocean wave crest trough wave height andwavelength

20 Cold water masses are generally denser thanwarm water masses yet warm water from theMediterranean Sea sinks to a depth of more than1000 m when it flows into the Atlantic OceanWhy

21 One of the effects of El Nintildeo which you learnedabout in the previous chapter is that the tradewinds reverse direction Predict how this mightaffect upwelling off the coast of Peru

22 Based on what you have learned about waterdensity describe the movement of freshwaterfrom a river as it flows into the sea

23 Surface currents can affect coastal climatesWould the Gulf Stream and the Peru Currentboth of which are surface currents have the sameeffect on coastal climate Explain

24 Use your knowledge of global warming tohypothesize why sea level is rising

Thinking Critically

Applying Main Ideas Standardized Test Practice

1 Which sea was the first to be mappeda the Bering Seab the Caribbean Seac the Gulf of Mexicod the Mediterranean Sea

2 Which regionrsquos seawater is most likely tohave the highest concentration of dissolvedsaltsa an equatorial regionb a subtropical regionc a polar regiond a delta where rivers empty into oceans

INTERPRETING SCIENTIFIC ILLUSTRATIONS

Use the illustration below to answer questions 3 and 4

3 Which wave is most likely caused by a stronghurricanea A c Cb B d D

4 Why is Wave D most likely collapsinga friction from the ocean floorb storm activityc increased crest-to-crest wavelengthd opposing tidal movement

5 Which ocean movement is slow-moving andoccurs in deep watersa surface currents c density currentsb upwelling d gyres

earthgeucomstandardized_test

Earth Science Geology the Environment and the Universe

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents

Unit 1 Earth Science

Chapter 1 The Nature of Science

Discovery Lab Scientific Communication

Section 11 Earth Science

Earth Science Online

Section 12 Methods of Scientists

MiniLab How do soil and water absorb and release heat


Using Math Measuring

Section 13 Communicating in Science

Problem-Solving Lab Making and Using Graphs

GeoLab Measuring in SI

Science and Technology Willo Sue and Technology Too

Chapter 1 Study Guide

Chapter 1 Assessment

Chapter 2 Mapping Our World

Discovery Lab Make and Use a Map

Section 21 Latitude and Longitude

Using Math Using Numbers

MiniLab How can you locate places on Earth

Section 22 Types of Maps

Problem-Solving Lab Analyze changes in elevation

Section 23 Remote Sensing

Mapping GeoLab Using a Topographic Map

Science and Math Thriving in the Arctic



Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment

Unit 2 Composition of Earth

Chapter 3 Matter and Atomic Structure

Discovery Lab Fortified Cereals

Section 31 What are elements


MiniLab Identifying Elements


Section 32 How Atoms Combine

Problem-Solving Lab Forming compounds

Section 33 States of Matter

GeoLab Salt Precipitation

Science and Technology Extreme Magnification



Chapter 4 Minerals

Discovery Lab Observing Mineral Shapes

Section 41 What is a mineral

MiniLab How can crystal systems be modeled


Section 42 Identifying Minerals


Problem-Solving Lab Complete a mineral identification table

Design Your Own GeoLab Making a Field Guide to Minerals

Science and Math The Price of Diamonds



Chapter 5 Igneous Rocks

Discovery Lab Identifying Minerals

Section 51 What are igneous rocks


Section 52 Classifying Igneous Rocks

MiniLab How do igneous rocks differ

Problem-Solving Lab Estimate mineral composition


GeoLab Modeling Crystal Formation

Science and Technology Cutting-Edge Surgery



Chapter 6 Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks

Discovery Lab Model Sediment Layering

Section 61 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

MiniLab What happened here

Section 62 Types of Sedimentary Rocks

Using Math Using Percentages


Section 63 Metamorphic Rocks

Problem-Solving Lab Determine which metamorphic minerals will form

GeoLab Interpreting Changes in Rocks

Science in the News Good NewsmdashCrayons Safe



Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment

Unit 3 Surface Processes on Earth

Chapter 7 Weathering Erosion and Soil

Discovery Lab Model Interfaces

Section 71 Weathering



Section 72 Erosion and Deposition

MiniLab How do rocks weather

Section 73 Formation of Soil

Problem-Solving Lab Classify soils by texture

GeoLab Effects of Weathering

Science and the Environment Shifting Sands



Chapter 8 Mass Movements Wind and Glaciers

Discovery Lab Model Sand-Slope Activity

Section 81 Mass Movements at Earths Surface

Section 82 Wind

MiniLab Where does wind erosion occur


Section 83 Glaciers

Problem-Solving Lab Observe how ice cores record history

Mapping GeoLab Mapping a Landslide

Science and Math Rates of Glacial Movement



Chapter 9 Surface Water

Discovery Lab Modeling Water Movement

Section 91 Surface Water Movement

Problem-Solving Lab Predict how sediments move in a stream


Section 92 Stream Development


Section 93 Lakes and Freshwater Wetlands

MiniLab Surface materials determine where a lake can form

GeoLab Modeling Stream Velocity and Slope

Science and the Environment The Jewel of Siberia



Chapter 10 Groundwater

Discovery Lab Model Underground Water Storage

Section 101 Movement and Storage of Groundwater

Section 102 Groundwater Erosion and Deposition


Section 103 Groundwater Systems

Problem-Solving Lab Make inferences about the water levels of an artesian aquifer

MiniLab How does an artesian well work


Mapping GeoLab Mapping Pollution

Science and the Environment The High Plains Aquifer



Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment

Unit 4 The Atmosphere and the Oceans

Chapter 11 Atmosphere

Discovery Lab Dew Formation

Section 111 Atmospheric Basics

Section 112 State of the Atmosphere


Problem-Solving Lab Determine relative humidity

Section 113 Moisture in the Atmosphere


MiniLab What affects the formation of clouds and precipitation

GeoLab Interpreting Pressure-Temperature Relationships

Science in the News The Montreal Protocol and the Ozone Layer



Chapter 12 Meteorology

Discovery Lab Model a Cold Air Mass

Section 121 The Causes of Weather

MiniLab How does the angle of the Suns rays differ

Section 122 Weather Systems



Section 123 Gathering Weather Data

Section 124 Weather Analysis

Problem-Solving Lab Create and analyze isobars on a weather map

Mapping GeoLab Interpreting a Weather Map

Science and Technology Tracking Atmospheric Change



Chapter 13 The Nature of Storms

Discovery Lab Model Thunder

Section 131 Thunderstorms

Section 132 Severe Weather


Section 133 Tropical Storms


Section 134 Recurring Weather

MiniLab How can mild rains cause floods

Problem-Solving Lab Charting a heat wave

Internet GeoLab Tracking a Hurricane

Science and Technology Taming Lightning



Chapter 14 Climate

Discovery Lab Model Cloud Cover

Section 141 What is climate

Problem-Solving Lab Infer climatic conditions from normals


Section 142 Climate Classification

Using Math Estimating

Section 143 Climatic Changes

Section 144 The Human Factor

MiniLab How does the atmosphere affect the transfer of energy

Design Your Own GeoLab Microclimates

Science and Math Global Warming



Chapter 15 Physical Oceanography

Discovery Lab Measure Earths Land and Water

Section 151 The Oceans

Section 152 Seawater

MiniLab What is the chemical composition of seawater


Section 153 Ocean Movements


Probelm-Solving Lab Analyze a tidal record

GeoLab Modeling Water Masses

Science in the News Caught in the Current



Chapter 16 The Marine Environment

Discovery Lab Composition of Chalk

Section 161 Shoreline Features


Section 162 The Seafloor

Problem-Solving Lab Compare surface elevations


MiniLab How fast do sediment grains sink

Mapping GeoLab Identifying Coastal Landforms

Science and the Environment Deep Sea Dangler



Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment

Unit 5 The Dynamic Earth

Chapter 17 Plate Tectonics

Discovery Lab Coming Apart at the Seams

Section 171 Drifting Continents

Section 172 Seafloor Spreading



Section 173 Theory of Plate Tectonics

MiniLab Model ocean-basin formation

Problem-Solving Lab Determine how plate motions change along a transform boundary

Section 174 Causes of Plate Motions

Mapping GeoLab Making a Paleomagnetic Map

Science and Technology The Global Positioning System



Chapter 18 Volcanic Activity

Discovery Lab Model Magma Movement

Section 181 Magma

MiniLab How does silica affect lava flow

Section 182 Intrusive Activity

Section 183 Volcanoes




Problem-Solving Lab Calculate and graph how fast lava flows

Internet GeoLab Ranking Hazardous Volcanoes

Science and the Environment The Year Without a Summer



Chapter 19 Earthquakes

Discovery Lab Model an Earthquake

Section 191 Forces Within Earth

Section 192 Seismic Waves and Earths Interior

Problem-Solving Lab Model seismic-wave travel times

Section 193 Measuring and Locating Earthquakes


MiniLab How is a seismic-intensity map made


Section 194 Earthquakes and Society


GeoLab Locating an Epicenter

Science in the News Earthquake in Iran



Chapter 20 Mountain Building

Discovery Lab Model Crustal Differences

Section 201 Crust-Mantle Relationships


Problem-Solving Lab Graph isostatic rebound

Section 202 Convergent-Boundary Mountains


Section 203 Other Types of Mountains

MiniLab How large is an ocean ridge

Mapping GeoLab Making a Map Profile

Science and Math The Roof of the World



Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment

Unit 6 Geologic Time

Chapter 21 Fossils and the Rock Record

Discovery Lab Fossil Hunt Activity

Section 211 The Geologic Time Scale


Section 212 Relative-Age Dating of Rocks

MiniLab How is relative age determined

Problem-Solving Lab Interpret the relative ages of rock layers

Section 213 Absolute-Age Dating of Rocks



Section 214 Remains of Organisms in the Rock Record

Design Your Own GeoLab Interpreting History-Shaping Events

Science in the News Frozen Mammoth



Chapter 22 The Precambrian Earth

Discovery Lab Density Separation

Section 221 The Early Earth

Section 222 Formation of the Crust and Continents

Section 223 Formation of the Atmosphere and Oceans

Problem-Solving Lab Calculate mining costs

MiniLab Why are red beds red


Section 224 Early Life on Earth




Mapping GeoLab Mapping Continental Growth

Science in the News Martians or Meteorites



Chapter 23 The Paleozoic Era

Discovery Lab Where is oil found

Section 231 The Early Paleozoic

Section 232 The Middle Paleozoic

Problem-Solving Lab Determine the length of a Paleozoic day


Section 233 The Late Paleozoic

MiniLab Collisions and Shelves

Using Math Calculating Percentages

GeoLab Symmetry Shape and Shells

Science and the Environment Mass Extinctions



Chapter 24 The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras

Discovery Lab Determining the Effect of Shape on Buoyancy

Section 241 Mesozoic Paleogeography

Section 242 Mesozoic Life



Section 243 Cenozoic Paleogeography

MiniLab Glaciers and Deposition

Problem-Solving Lab New Continental Shorelines

Section 244 Cenozoic Life


Internet GeoLab Huge Appetites

Science and Math Weighing a Dinosaur



Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment

Unit 7 Resources and the Environment

Chapter 25 Earth Resources

Discovery Lab Origins of Resources

Section 251 What are resources

Section 252 Land Resources

Section 253 Air Resources

Problem-Solving Lab Calculate the rate of deforestation


Section 254 Water Resources


MiniLab Hard Water

Design Your Own GeoLab Designing a Solar Desalinator

Science in the News Glass from the Past



Chapter 26 Energy Resources

Discovery Lab Sources of Energy

Section 261 Conventional Energy Resources


MiniLab Oil Migration

Section 262 Alternative Energy Resources


Using Math Calculating Wind Speed

Section 263 Conservation of Energy Resources

Problem-Solving Lab Analyze how the use of energy resources has changed

Design Your Own Lab Designing an Energy-Efficient Building

Science and the Environment Preserving the Rain Forest



Chapter 27 Human Impact on Earth Resources

Discovery Lab A Pocketful of Resources

Section 271 Populations and the Use of Natural Resources

Section 272 Human Impact on Land Resources

MiniLab Reclamation

Using Math Finding Percentages

Section 273 Human Impact on Air Resources


Problem-Solving Lab Identify changes in air pollutants

Section 274 Human Impact on Water Resources

Mapping GeoLab Pinpointing a Source of Pollution

Science and the Environment Methane Hydrates Hope or Hype



Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth

Chapter 28 The Sun-Earth-Moon System

Discovery Lab Make a Scale Model

Section 281 Tools of Astronomy


Section 282 The Moon

Section 283 The Sun-Earth-Moon System

MiniLab The Suns Position


Problem-Solving Lab Predict how a solar eclipse will look

Mapping GeoLab Relative Ages of Lunar Features

Science and Math The Size of Earth



Chapter 29 Our Solar System

Discovery Lab Exploring Our Solar System

Section 291 Overview of Our Solar System

MiniLab Eccentricity


Section 292 The Terrestrial Planets

Section 293 The Gas Giant Planets

Problem-Solving Lab Test Kelpers third law

Section 294 Formation of Our Solar System


Design Your Own GeoLab Scaling the Solar System

Science in the News Discovering New Planets



Chapter 30 Stars

Discovery Lab Monitoring the Sun

Section 301 The Sun


Problem-Solving Lab Calculate energy output from solar panels

Section 302 Measuring the Stars


MiniLab Parallax in the Classroom

Section 303 Stellar Evolution

GeoLab Identifying Stellar Spectral Lines

Science in the News ChandramdashAn Eye on the Universe



Chapter 31 Galaxies and the Universe

Discovery Lab Model the Milky Way

Section 311 The Milky Way Galaxy

Section 312 Other Galaxies in the Universe

Problem-Solving Lab The Hubble constant

MiniLab Measuring Redshifts


Section 313 Cosmology


Internet GeoLab Classifying Galaxies

Science and Technology The Early Universe



Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment

National Geographic Expeditions

Mapping Mount Everest

The Remaking of a River

Really Cool Caves

Plunging into History

One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope

NASAs Eye in the Sky

Appendices

Appendix A International System of Units

Appendix B Safety in the Laboratory

Appendix C Physiographic Map of Earth

Appendix D Topographic Map Symbols

Appendix E Weather Map Symbols

Appendix F Relative Humidity

Appendix G Periodic Table of the Elements

Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks

Appendix J Solar System Charts

Appendix K Start Charts

Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically

Practicing Scientific Methods

Organizing Information

Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab

Design Your Own GeoLab

Discovery Labs

Problem-Solving Labs

Science Connections

Science amp Technology

Science amp Math

Science in the News

Science amp the Environment

Student Worksheets

Study Guide for Content Mastery

To the Student



GeoDigest 1 Earth Science


Chapter 4 Minerals



GeoDigest 2 Composition of Earth





GeoDigest 3 Surface Processes on Earth




Chapter 14 Climate



GeoDigest 4 The Atmosphere and the Oceans





GeoDigest 5 The Dynamic Earth





GeoDigest 6 Geologic Time




GeoDigest 7 Resources and the Environment



Chapter 30 Stars


GeoDigest 8 Beyond Earth

Laboratory Manual

How to Use This Laboratory Manual

Writing a Laboratory Report

Laboratory Equipment

Safety in the Laboratory

Safety Symbols


11 Investigation Observing and Analyzing Stream Flow

12 Design Your Own Formulating a Hypothesis


21 Mapping Modeling Topographic Maps

22 Investigation Interpreting Political and Landform Maps


31 Design Your Own Changes in State

32 Investigation Rates of Chemical Reactions

Chapter 4 Minerals

41 Investigation Growing Crystal

42 Design Your Own Rockhounding


51 Investigation Comparing Lunar Rocks to Earth Rocks

52 Mapping Locating Igneous Rocks on Earth


61 Investigation Comparing Chemical Sedimentary Rocks and Modeling Their Formation

62 Mapping Grand Canyon Formations


71 Investigation Chemical Weathering and Temperature

72 Mapping Global Soils and Climate


81 Investigation How Does Wind Erosion Take Place

82 Design Your Own Analysis of Glacial Till


91 Investigation Analyzing Watersheds

92 Mapping Interpreting a Rivers Habits


101 Investigation Measuring Permeability Rate

102 Design Your Own Analysis of Drinking Water


111 Investigation Temperature Inversion

112 Design Your Own What is in the air


121 Investigation Modeling the Coriolis Effect

122 Design Your Own Predicting the Weather


131 Investigation Observing the Flood Damage

132 Design Your Own Building Hurricane-Proof Homes

Chapter 14 Climate

141 Investigation Heat Absorption over Land and Water

142 Mapping Classifying Climates


151 Mapping Ocean Surface Temperatures

152 Investigation Making Waves


161 Mapping Changes in Sea Level

162 Investigation Observing Brine Shrimp


171 Design Your Own Magnetism and Ocean Ridges

172 Investigation Earthquakes and Subduction Zones


181 Design Your Own Modeling a Lava Flow

182 Investigation Analyzing Volcanic-Disaster Risk


191 Investigation Predicting Earthquakes

192 Design Your Own Earthquake News Report


201 Investigation Plate Tectonics of North America

202 Mapping Analysis of Geologic Maps


211 Investigation Fossilization and Earths History

212 Design Your Own Analysis of a Climate-Change Time Line Using Planktonic Foraminifera


221 Investigation Sequencing Time

222 Mapping What came first


231 Mapping Water to Land

232 Investigation Searching for Oil with Microfossils


241 Mapping Cenozoic Ice Sheets and Plant Distribution

242 Investigation Index Fossils and Dinosaur Bones


251 Design Your Own Neutralizing Acid Preparation

252 Investigation Water Usage


261 Design Your Own Solar Water-Heater

262 Investigation Assessing Wind Energy


271 Design Your Own Cleaning Up Oil Spills

272 Investigation Algal Blooms


281 Investigation Make Your Own Telescope

282 Design Your Own Observing the Moon


291 Investigation Your Age and Weight on Other Planets

292 Design Your Own Relating Gravitational Force and Orbits

Chapter 30 Stars

301 Investigation Diameter and Rotation of the Sun

302 Mapping Constellations and the Seasons


311 Investigation Modeling Spiral Galaxies

312 Mapping Three-Dimensional Map of the Local Group

Exploring Environmental Problems



Technology-Based Systems for the Lab



Safety Symbols

Using Technology to Study Environmental Science

Calculator-Based Labs

Lab 1 Calculator-Based LabDesign Your Own


Lab 3 Calculator-Based Lab









Global Positioning System Labs

Lab 12 Global Positioning System Lab





GeoLab and MiniLab Worksheets

Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

Performance Assessment in Earth Science


Activity One The Nature of Scientific Investigations

Activity Two Mapping Your School


Activity One Testing and Identification of Minerals

Activity Two Rocks Are Made of Minerals

Activity Three Igneous Rock Lab


Activity One Assessing a Site Plan

Activity Two Comparing Erosion Rates


Activity One The Cold Pool

Activity Two Whatrsquos your forecast


Activity One Tracking Volcanoes and Earthquakes

Activity Two Earthquake Preparedness


Activity One Dating an Artifact

Activity Two Exploring Taphonomy How Fossil Formation Proceeds


Activity One Human Impact on Earth Resources

Activity Two Surviving Together The Interconnectedness of Life

Activity Three Nature and the Artistic Impulse

Unit 8 Beyond Earth

Activity One Using the Sun and Stars to Measure Time

Activity Two Using the Doppler Effect

Science Notebook

Using Your Science Notebook

Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

151 The Oceans 385

Earth is often referred to as theldquoblue planetrdquo because so much of itssurface is made up of water If youstudy a globe or a photograph ofEarth taken from space you canclearly see that oceans cover muchmore of Earth than landmasses doThis activity will help you to quantifythe amount of water on Earthrsquos surface

1 Stretch a piece of string about 1 min length around the equator of aglobe

2 Use a blue marker to color the sec-tions of the string that cross theoceans

3 Measure the length of theglobersquos equator then measurethe length of each blue sectionon the string Add the lengthsof the blue sections

4 Divide the total length of theblue sections by the length ofthe globersquos equator

Observe What percentage ofthe globersquos equator is made up ofoceans What percentage of theglobersquos equator is made up ofland Study the globe again Are theoceans separate bodies of water or dothey interconnect Describe yourobservations in your science journal

Measure EarthrsquosLand and Water

Discovery LabDiscovery Lab

OBJECTIVES

bull Identify methods used byscientists to study Earthrsquosoceans

bull Discuss the origin andcomposition of theoceans

bull Describe the distributionof oceans and major seas

VOCABULARY

oceanographyside-scan sonarsea level

Since prehistoric times people have used Earthrsquos oceans for traveland recreation and to obtain food Early Polynesians andPhoenicians were accomplished sailors who discovered new landsand sea routes for commerce These seafarers acquired considerableknowledge of the oceans but they lacked the technology to explorethe ocean depths Such exploration had to wait until the late 1800swhen the British Challenger expedition became the first research shipto use relatively sophisticated measuring devices to study the oceansChallenger also was the first expedition devoted exclusively to the sci-entific study of Earthrsquos oceans known as oceanography The disci-pline of oceanography is usually considered to have started with theChallenger

MODERN OCEANOGRAPHYThe Challenger expedition investigated ocean currents water temper-ature and chemical composition seafloor sediments and topography

The Oceans151151

63111206

eng - iTunNORM 00000122 00000000 000011BA 00000000 00012DBC 00000000 00006669 00000000 00094768 00000000

null track 13

6799658

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

151 The Oceans 387

Equator

151 The Oceans 389

Equator

Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Antarctic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Arctic Ocean

151 The Oceans 391

SKILL REVIEW

Sodium Na+ 1076

Magnesium Mg2+ 129

Calcium Ca2+ 041

Potassium K+ 039

Strontium Sr2+ 0008

Boron B3+ 0004

Total ~3500

152152

Seawater

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

6516463

null track 23

68790784

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

152 Seawater 393

Antarctic Ocean

355355

353637

Equator

Pacific Ocean

ArcticOcean

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean

IndianOcean

Ocean Salinity

seawater

152 Seawater 395

Volcano

Seaspray

Chemicalreactions

Biologicalprocesses

Riverdischarge

Bottomsediments

Surfaceof ocean

Visible light

152 Seawater 397

Highlatitudes

Lowlatitudes

Temperature (degC)

Thermocline

Surface layer

Bottom layer

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Bottom layer

Surface layer

Latitude

Thermocline

Ocean Layers

SKILL REVIEW

60deg 40deg 20deg

lt0degC

gt0degC

0degC3degC

15degC

25degC

Latitude

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

Wave height

TroughWavelength

Wavelength

Direction of wave

5551928

null track 33

6056663

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

Constantwavelength

Wavebreaks

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

151 The Oceans 387

Equator

151 The Oceans 389

Equator

Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Antarctic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Arctic Ocean

151 The Oceans 391

SKILL REVIEW

Sodium Na+ 1076

Magnesium Mg2+ 129

Calcium Ca2+ 041

Potassium K+ 039

Strontium Sr2+ 0008

Boron B3+ 0004

Total ~3500

152152

Seawater

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

6516463

null track 23

68790784

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

152 Seawater 393

Antarctic Ocean

355355

353637

Equator

Pacific Ocean

ArcticOcean

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean

IndianOcean

Ocean Salinity

seawater

152 Seawater 395

Volcano

Seaspray

Chemicalreactions

Biologicalprocesses

Riverdischarge

Bottomsediments

Surfaceof ocean

Visible light

152 Seawater 397

Highlatitudes

Lowlatitudes

Temperature (degC)

Thermocline

Surface layer

Bottom layer

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Bottom layer

Surface layer

Latitude

Thermocline

Ocean Layers

SKILL REVIEW

60deg 40deg 20deg

lt0degC

gt0degC

0degC3degC

15degC

25degC

Latitude

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

Wave height

TroughWavelength

Wavelength

Direction of wave

5551928

null track 33

6056663

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

Constantwavelength

Wavebreaks

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

151 The Oceans 387

Equator

151 The Oceans 389

Equator

Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Antarctic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Arctic Ocean

151 The Oceans 391

SKILL REVIEW

Sodium Na+ 1076

Magnesium Mg2+ 129

Calcium Ca2+ 041

Potassium K+ 039

Strontium Sr2+ 0008

Boron B3+ 0004

Total ~3500

152152

Seawater

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

6516463

null track 23

68790784

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

152 Seawater 393

Antarctic Ocean

355355

353637

Equator

Pacific Ocean

ArcticOcean

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean

IndianOcean

Ocean Salinity

seawater

152 Seawater 395

Volcano

Seaspray

Chemicalreactions

Biologicalprocesses

Riverdischarge

Bottomsediments

Surfaceof ocean

Visible light

152 Seawater 397

Highlatitudes

Lowlatitudes

Temperature (degC)

Thermocline

Surface layer

Bottom layer

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Bottom layer

Surface layer

Latitude

Thermocline

Ocean Layers

SKILL REVIEW

60deg 40deg 20deg

lt0degC

gt0degC

0degC3degC

15degC

25degC

Latitude

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

Wave height

TroughWavelength

Wavelength

Direction of wave

5551928

null track 33

6056663

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

Constantwavelength

Wavebreaks

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

Equator

151 The Oceans 389

Equator

Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Antarctic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Arctic Ocean

151 The Oceans 391

SKILL REVIEW

Sodium Na+ 1076

Magnesium Mg2+ 129

Calcium Ca2+ 041

Potassium K+ 039

Strontium Sr2+ 0008

Boron B3+ 0004

Total ~3500

152152

Seawater

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

6516463

null track 23

68790784

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

152 Seawater 393

Antarctic Ocean

355355

353637

Equator

Pacific Ocean

ArcticOcean

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean

IndianOcean

Ocean Salinity

seawater

152 Seawater 395

Volcano

Seaspray

Chemicalreactions

Biologicalprocesses

Riverdischarge

Bottomsediments

Surfaceof ocean

Visible light

152 Seawater 397

Highlatitudes

Lowlatitudes

Temperature (degC)

Thermocline

Surface layer

Bottom layer

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Bottom layer

Surface layer

Latitude

Thermocline

Ocean Layers

SKILL REVIEW

60deg 40deg 20deg

lt0degC

gt0degC

0degC3degC

15degC

25degC

Latitude

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

Wave height

TroughWavelength

Wavelength

Direction of wave

5551928

null track 33

6056663

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

Constantwavelength

Wavebreaks

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

Equator

151 The Oceans 389

Equator

Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Antarctic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Arctic Ocean

151 The Oceans 391

SKILL REVIEW

Sodium Na+ 1076

Magnesium Mg2+ 129

Calcium Ca2+ 041

Potassium K+ 039

Strontium Sr2+ 0008

Boron B3+ 0004

Total ~3500

152152

Seawater

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

6516463

null track 23

68790784

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

152 Seawater 393

Antarctic Ocean

355355

353637

Equator

Pacific Ocean

ArcticOcean

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean

IndianOcean

Ocean Salinity

seawater

152 Seawater 395

Volcano

Seaspray

Chemicalreactions

Biologicalprocesses

Riverdischarge

Bottomsediments

Surfaceof ocean

Visible light

152 Seawater 397

Highlatitudes

Lowlatitudes

Temperature (degC)

Thermocline

Surface layer

Bottom layer

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Bottom layer

Surface layer

Latitude

Thermocline

Ocean Layers

SKILL REVIEW

60deg 40deg 20deg

lt0degC

gt0degC

0degC3degC

15degC

25degC

Latitude

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

Wave height

TroughWavelength

Wavelength

Direction of wave

5551928

null track 33

6056663

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

Constantwavelength

Wavebreaks

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Antarctic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Arctic Ocean

151 The Oceans 391

SKILL REVIEW

Sodium Na+ 1076

Magnesium Mg2+ 129

Calcium Ca2+ 041

Potassium K+ 039

Strontium Sr2+ 0008

Boron B3+ 0004

Total ~3500

152152

Seawater

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

6516463

null track 23

68790784

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

152 Seawater 393

Antarctic Ocean

355355

353637

Equator

Pacific Ocean

ArcticOcean

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean

IndianOcean

Ocean Salinity

seawater

152 Seawater 395

Volcano

Seaspray

Chemicalreactions

Biologicalprocesses

Riverdischarge

Bottomsediments

Surfaceof ocean

Visible light

152 Seawater 397

Highlatitudes

Lowlatitudes

Temperature (degC)

Thermocline

Surface layer

Bottom layer

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Bottom layer

Surface layer

Latitude

Thermocline

Ocean Layers

SKILL REVIEW

60deg 40deg 20deg

lt0degC

gt0degC

0degC3degC

15degC

25degC

Latitude

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

Wave height

TroughWavelength

Wavelength

Direction of wave

5551928

null track 33

6056663

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

Constantwavelength

Wavebreaks

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

151 The Oceans 391

SKILL REVIEW

Sodium Na+ 1076

Magnesium Mg2+ 129

Calcium Ca2+ 041

Potassium K+ 039

Strontium Sr2+ 0008

Boron B3+ 0004

Total ~3500

152152

Seawater

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

6516463

null track 23

68790784

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

152 Seawater 393

Antarctic Ocean

355355

353637

Equator

Pacific Ocean

ArcticOcean

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean

IndianOcean

Ocean Salinity

seawater

152 Seawater 395

Volcano

Seaspray

Chemicalreactions

Biologicalprocesses

Riverdischarge

Bottomsediments

Surfaceof ocean

Visible light

152 Seawater 397

Highlatitudes

Lowlatitudes

Temperature (degC)

Thermocline

Surface layer

Bottom layer

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Bottom layer

Surface layer

Latitude

Thermocline

Ocean Layers

SKILL REVIEW

60deg 40deg 20deg

lt0degC

gt0degC

0degC3degC

15degC

25degC

Latitude

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

Wave height

TroughWavelength

Wavelength

Direction of wave

5551928

null track 33

6056663

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

Constantwavelength

Wavebreaks

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

Sodium Na+ 1076

Magnesium Mg2+ 129

Calcium Ca2+ 041

Potassium K+ 039

Strontium Sr2+ 0008

Boron B3+ 0004

Total ~3500

152152

Seawater

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

6516463

null track 23

68790784

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

152 Seawater 393

Antarctic Ocean

355355

353637

Equator

Pacific Ocean

ArcticOcean

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean

IndianOcean

Ocean Salinity

seawater

152 Seawater 395

Volcano

Seaspray

Chemicalreactions

Biologicalprocesses

Riverdischarge

Bottomsediments

Surfaceof ocean

Visible light

152 Seawater 397

Highlatitudes

Lowlatitudes

Temperature (degC)

Thermocline

Surface layer

Bottom layer

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Bottom layer

Surface layer

Latitude

Thermocline

Ocean Layers

SKILL REVIEW

60deg 40deg 20deg

lt0degC

gt0degC

0degC3degC

15degC

25degC

Latitude

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

Wave height

TroughWavelength

Wavelength

Direction of wave

5551928

null track 33

6056663

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

Constantwavelength

Wavebreaks

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

152 Seawater 393

Antarctic Ocean

355355

353637

Equator

Pacific Ocean

ArcticOcean

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean

IndianOcean

Ocean Salinity

seawater

152 Seawater 395

Volcano

Seaspray

Chemicalreactions

Biologicalprocesses

Riverdischarge

Bottomsediments

Surfaceof ocean

Visible light

152 Seawater 397

Highlatitudes

Lowlatitudes

Temperature (degC)

Thermocline

Surface layer

Bottom layer

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Bottom layer

Surface layer

Latitude

Thermocline

Ocean Layers

SKILL REVIEW

60deg 40deg 20deg

lt0degC

gt0degC

0degC3degC

15degC

25degC

Latitude

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

Wave height

TroughWavelength

Wavelength

Direction of wave

5551928

null track 33

6056663

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

Constantwavelength

Wavebreaks

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

seawater

152 Seawater 395

Volcano

Seaspray

Chemicalreactions

Biologicalprocesses

Riverdischarge

Bottomsediments

Surfaceof ocean

Visible light

152 Seawater 397

Highlatitudes

Lowlatitudes

Temperature (degC)

Thermocline

Surface layer

Bottom layer

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Bottom layer

Surface layer

Latitude

Thermocline

Ocean Layers

SKILL REVIEW

60deg 40deg 20deg

lt0degC

gt0degC

0degC3degC

15degC

25degC

Latitude

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

Wave height

TroughWavelength

Wavelength

Direction of wave

5551928

null track 33

6056663

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

Constantwavelength

Wavebreaks

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

152 Seawater 395

Volcano

Seaspray

Chemicalreactions

Biologicalprocesses

Riverdischarge

Bottomsediments

Surfaceof ocean

Visible light

152 Seawater 397

Highlatitudes

Lowlatitudes

Temperature (degC)

Thermocline

Surface layer

Bottom layer

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Bottom layer

Surface layer

Latitude

Thermocline

Ocean Layers

SKILL REVIEW

60deg 40deg 20deg

lt0degC

gt0degC

0degC3degC

15degC

25degC

Latitude

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

Wave height

TroughWavelength

Wavelength

Direction of wave

5551928

null track 33

6056663

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

Constantwavelength

Wavebreaks

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

Surfaceof ocean

Visible light

152 Seawater 397

Highlatitudes

Lowlatitudes

Temperature (degC)

Thermocline

Surface layer

Bottom layer

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Bottom layer

Surface layer

Latitude

Thermocline

Ocean Layers

SKILL REVIEW

60deg 40deg 20deg

lt0degC

gt0degC

0degC3degC

15degC

25degC

Latitude

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

Wave height

TroughWavelength

Wavelength

Direction of wave

5551928

null track 33

6056663

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

Constantwavelength

Wavebreaks

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

152 Seawater 397

Highlatitudes

Lowlatitudes

Temperature (degC)

Thermocline

Surface layer

Bottom layer

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Bottom layer

Surface layer

Latitude

Thermocline

Ocean Layers

SKILL REVIEW

60deg 40deg 20deg

lt0degC

gt0degC

0degC3degC

15degC

25degC

Latitude

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

Wave height

TroughWavelength

Wavelength

Direction of wave

5551928

null track 33

6056663

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

Constantwavelength

Wavebreaks

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

SKILL REVIEW

60deg 40deg 20deg

lt0degC

gt0degC

0degC3degC

15degC

25degC

Latitude

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

Wave height

TroughWavelength

Wavelength

Direction of wave

5551928

null track 33

6056663

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

Constantwavelength

Wavebreaks

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

OBJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

Wave height

TroughWavelength

Wavelength

Direction of wave

5551928

null track 33

6056663

eng - iTunes_CDDB_12407B503+1975+3+151+51135+102716

Constantwavelength

Wavebreaks

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

Constantwavelength

Wavebreaks

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

High tide

A Semidiurnal

B Mixed

C Diurnal

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

High tide

4 8 12 16 20 204 8 12 16

0000 308 1300 2780100 335 1400 2810200 333 1500 2590300 303 1600 2160400 253 1700 1640500 195 1800 1150600 144 1900 0840700 110 2000 0780800 102 2100 1000900 121 2200 1461000 159 2300 2071100 207 2400 2671200 251

Tidal Record

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

High tideHigh tide

Path of Moon

Low tide

Path of Earth

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

EarthEarth

SunSun

Full MoonFull Moon

Neap tideNeap tide

New MoonNew Moon

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

Arctic Circle

Tropicof Cancer

Tropic ofCapricorn

S EquatorialCurrent

South Pacific Gyre

South Atlantic Gyre

Indian OceanGyre

North Atlantic Gyre

Labrador Current

Greenland

BenguelaC

urrent

Alaska Current

Gulf StreamNorth

Atlantic

Kuroshio

Peru Current

Current

California

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

Upwelling

Offshore wind

Ocean surface

SKILL REVIEW

lowestpoint of wave

crestwave

characteristics

distance

trough

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

water samples

Preparation

Temperature Profile

Temperature (degC)

0degC 10degC 20degC

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

GeoLab 407

Procedure

Analyze

Conclude amp Apply

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

Activity

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

(p 386)

SECTION 151

The Oceans

SECTION 152

Seawater

SECTION 153

OceanMovements

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

Test-Taking Tip

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

Assessment 411

Thinking Critically

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




























Unit 1 GeoDigest

Unit 1 Assessment















Chapter 4 Minerals





































Unit 2 GeoDigest

Unit 2 Assessment


















Section 82 Wind



Section 83 Glaciers
































Unit 3 GeoDigest

Unit 3 Assessment











































Chapter 14 Climate







































Unit 4 GeoDigest

Unit 4 Assessment


















Section 181 Magma








































Unit 5 GeoDigest

Unit 5 Assessment





























































Unit 6 GeoDigest

Unit 6 Assessment











MiniLab Hard Water























MiniLab Reclamation










Unit 7 GeoDigest

Unit 7 Assessment

Unit 8 Beyond Earth




























Chapter 30 Stars


Section 301 The Sun
























Unit 8 GeoDigest

Unit 8 Assessment




Really Cool Caves


One Hot Topic

Dinosaurs Take Wing

Streams of Hope


Appendices








Appendix H Minerals

Appendix I Rocks



Skill Handbook

Thinking Critically



Glossary

Index

Credits

Feature Contents

Activities

MiniLabs

GeoLabs

GeoLab

Internet GeoLab

Mapping GeoLab


Discovery Labs


Science Connections


Science amp Math

Science in the News


Student Worksheets


To the Student





Chapter 4 Minerals












Chapter 14 Climate




















Chapter 30 Stars



Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols










Chapter 4 Minerals






























Chapter 14 Climate
















































Chapter 30 Stars












Safety Symbols





















Materials List

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

























Unit 8 Beyond Earth



Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 4 Minerals

Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview


Section 82 Wind

Section 83 Glaciers

Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Climate

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 181 Magma



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Chapter 30 Stars

Chapter Preview

Section 301 The Sun



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Button1

Documents

Chapter 15: Physical Oceanography - Earth and …whitakerearthscience.weebly.com/uploads/4/5/6/8/... · Physical Oceanography ... oldest known crustal rock formed some 4 billion years

ES-C1501

CH15 Sec1

ES-C1502

CH15 Sec2

ES-C1503

CH15 Sec3

ES-C1501

CH15 Sec1

ES-C1502

CH15 Sec2

ES-C1503

CH15 Sec3

ES-C1502

CH15 Sec2

ES-C1503

CH15 Sec3

ES-C1502

CH15 Sec2

ES-C1503

CH15 Sec3

ES-C1502

CH15 Sec2

ES-C1503

CH15 Sec3

ES-C1502

CH15 Sec2

ES-C1503

CH15 Sec3

ES-C1502

CH15 Sec2

ES-C1503

CH15 Sec3

ES-C1502

CH15 Sec2

ES-C1503

CH15 Sec3

ES-C1502

CH15 Sec2

ES-C1503

CH15 Sec3

ES-C1503

CH15 Sec3

ES-C1503

CH15 Sec3

ES-C1503

CH15 Sec3

ES-C1503

CH15 Sec3

ES-C1503

CH15 Sec3

ES-C1503

CH15 Sec3

ES-C1503

CH15 Sec3