The Ferment of Reform and Culture

The Ferment of Reform and CultureChapter 15Reviving ReligionDeismReason rather than RevelationScience

UnitariansGod existed in only 1 personGoodness in human natureFree willGood worksIntellectuals

Cont.2nd Great AwakeningConvertsReorganized churchesNew sectsEvangelicalismPrison ReformTemperance / Womens Movement Abolish SlaveryCamp meetings / RevivalsDiversityBurned Over District

Widened lines between classes and regions

Split over slaveryMethodists Baptists

Desert Zion in UtahOhio, Missouri, and Illinois

MormonsAntagonized rank and file AmericansVoting as a unitMilitiaPolygamy

Joseph Smith1844 murderedCont.Brigham young1846 -1847UtahThis is the Place1848 = 5,000Hand Carts

IrrigationTheocracy / Cooperative CommonwealthStatehood = 1896

SchoolsPublic EducationStiff oppositionChildren of the poorLacking in the SouthTax Supported

1 room School house8 gradesOpen a few months a yearHickory Sticks3 RsHorace MannMore / Better SchoolsLonger school termsHigher payExpanded curriculum

1860 100 public schoolsCont.Noah Webster = 1758 - 1843Schoolmaster of the RepublicReading lessonsDictionary = 1828

William H. McGuffey = 1800 1873Grade School readersMorality, patriotism, and idealism

Higher Learning1st state supported Universities = SouthNorth Carolina = 1795University of Virginia = 1819Brainchild of Thomas Jefferson

Troy Female Seminary (N.Y.)Emma Willard = 1787 1870

Oberlin College (Ohio) Opened doors to women = 1837Admitted African Americans

Mount Holyoke Seminary (MA)Mary Lyon

Lyceum = Traveling lectures

10Age of ReformReform CampaignsAn escape for womenIndustrial era

Imprisonment for debt

Capital offenses reduced

Prison reformPenitentiaries

Mentally IllDorthea Dix 1802 - 1887Insanity / AsylumsTemperanceDrinking problemAttracted reformers

American Temperance Society Boston = 1826Cold Water ArmyPicture / Pamphlets / Lecturers

Neal S. Dow = MaineFather of ProhibitionMaine Law of 1851Prohibiting manufacture / Sale

Women in RevoltKeepers of SocietyThe home was the womens placeCult of domesticity = Republican Motherhood

Submissive to menProperty

Reformers ------ Womens MovementRights = SuffragistsAbolitionTemperance

Cont.Lucretia MottQuakerAntislavery Convention = 1840

Elizabeth Cady StantonSuffrage for women

Susan B. AnthonyMilitant lecturerWomens rightsSuzy Bs

Cont.Elizabeth Blackwell1st female graduate of a medical college

Grimke Sisters (Sarah, Angelina)Antislavery

Women Rights Convention at Seneca Falls = 1848Elizabeth Cady StantonDeclaration of SentimentsAll men and women are created equalUtopiasBrook Farm = 1841MassachusettsTranscendentalismPlain Living and High Thinking

Oneida Community = 1848New YorkFree Love

Shakers = 1747Upstate N.Y.Monastic customsScientific AchievementPractical gadgets rather than pure scienceJefferson = plow

Borrowing and adapting from Europeans

Benjamin Silliman = 1779 1864Chemist, GeologistYaleCont.MedicinePrimitiveBleedingSmallpox, Yellow Fever, MalariaTeethSelf-prescribed medicinesWhiskyQuack docs

Life expectancy = 40 yrs.Artistic AchievementsGreek Revival = 1820 1850Arches / Large windows

Thomas JeffersonArchitect of RevolutionMonticelloUniversity of Virginia

Cont.PaintersGilbert Stuart = 1755-1828Portraits of Washington

After War of 1812 = Romantic mirrorings of local landscapes

Daguerreotype = 1839Photograph

Minstrel ShowsWhite actors = blackened facesDixieLiteraturePractical outlets

Political essaysThe FederalistHamilton, Jay, MadisonCommon Sense

Autobiography = 1818Ben Franklin

Cont.Washington Irving1783 18591st to win international recognitionHistory of New YorkLegend of Sleepy Hollow

James Fennimore Cooper 1789 -18511st American novelistLast of the Mohicans

William Cullen Bryant1794 1878Thanatopsis = poemMade living by editingN.Y. Evening PostSet model for journalism

TranscendentalismLiberalizing Puritan theology

Truth, rather, Transcends the sensesEveryone possesses and inner light that can illuminate the highest truthPut in direct contact with God

Self-reliance, Self-culture, Self-disciplineBred hostility towards authority

Cont.Ralph Waldo Emerson = 1803 1882The American ScholarDeclaration of Independence to American writersThrow out European traditionsSelf-improvement, self-reliance, self-confidence, optimism, and freedomCritic of slaverySupported Union cause

25Cont.Henry David Thoreau = 1817 1862Reduce bodily want to gain time for a pursuit of truth through study and meditationInfluenced GhandiInspired Martin Luther King Jr.

Walt Whitman = 1819 1892 Leaves of Grass (1855)Poems

Literary LightsJohn Greenleaf Whittier = 1807 1892QuakerAntislavery crusadesInhumanity, injustice, and intolerancePoet of human freedom

Louisa May Alcott = 1832 1888 Little Women

Literary Individualists& DissentersEdgar Allan Poe = 1809 1849The RavenLyric poetHorror / morbid

Nathaniel Hawthorne = 1804 1864The Scarlet Letter (1850)Adulteress

Cont.Herman Melville = 1819 1891Moby Dick (1851)Captain Ahab great white whale = Moby Dick

Portrayers of the PastGeorge Bancroft = 1800 1891Father of American HistoryHistory of the United states to 1789

William H. Prescott = 1796 1859Conquest of Mexico (1843) and Peru (1847)

Historians = New Englanders