2. The Call to Arms President Lincoln Declared rebellion
existed in South, after Fort Sumter attack Asked for 75,000 troops
Many states begged to send more More States Secede Tennessee,
Kentucky, & Missouri Refused to send troops Maryland &
Delaware did not respond to call for troops Virginia, Arkansas,
Tennessee, & North Carolina left the Union Western counties of
Virginia refused to secede & were admitted into Union as state
of West Virginia
3. The Border States Delaware Strong support for Union
Kentucky, Missouri, & Maryland supported the South Control of
Ohio river & protecting Washington was part of these states
Kentucky Declared itself neutral Union did not invade Kentucky
Confederates invaded in September 1861 W/ move Kentucky decided to
support Union Missouri & Maryland Lincoln used force to hold
states in Union Troops were sent in Missouri to break up fighting
between Southern supporters & Union supporters Maryland placed
under martial law when Southern supporters destroyed railroad &
telegraph lines
4. North Against South Southern Advantages: Outnumbered, but
had military advantages Northern armies would have to invade &
conquer South Would be fighting on their own territory Had most
experienced military officers Albert Johnston, Joseph Johnston,
& Robert E. Lee Northern Advantages: Had more factories for
producing supplies Twice as much railroad track & farmland
Population advantage Able to field, feed, & equip larger
armies
5. The Two Sides Plan Strategies North: Win a quick victory
Naval blockade on Southern seaports Block supply of manufactured
goods & overseas sales of cotton Gain control of Mississippi
River South: Did not need to invade the North Defend their land
until Northerners got tired of fighting Sought aid from Britain
& other European nations British need for cotton would force
support towards South
6. Americans Against Americans Civil War War between Americans
Families spilt apart: brothers against brothers, father againstson
Mary Lincoln 4 brothers who fought for Confederacy Soldiers came
from many backgrounds Farmers, immigrants, etc. Most of men between
18-45 years old, some as young as 14
7. First Battle of Bull Run Union Led by General Irvin McDowell
30,000 men (not very well prepared for battle) Confederates Led by
General Thomas Jackson 30,000 men Hundreds of people came from
Washington to watch thebattle Armies clashed along Bull Run River
Northern armies pushed forward at first Southern army rallied &
poorly trained Union army began topanic & fled back to
Washington
8. A Soldiers Life of time spent in camp, not fighting Trained
for 10 hours per day Rest of time they stood guard, wrote home,
& gathered firewood Harsh Conditions Camp conditions were
miserable Lack of clean water Diseases swept through camps
Prisoners of War Prison camps were built by both sides were
overcrowded & became deathtraps 10% of those who died during
the war, died in prison camps
9. Early Years of the War
10. New Technology in the War New Weapons Previous Wars:
charges on the enemy Now: new rifles & cannons were more
accurate & hadlonger range; attacking troops could be
bombardedbefore reaching defenders Generals were slow to recognize
this & change tactics Ironclads: warships covered with
protective iron plates Cannon fire bounced off the sides of these
ships Confederates used them against the Union blockade Union used
them in the effort to gain control of theMississippi River
11. The War in the East George McClellan Placed in command of
Union troops after Battle of Bull Run Very organized & cautious
general March 1862 McClellan moved 100,000 soldiers by boat to a
peninsulasoutheast of Richmond As he moved toward the capital he
discovered superiority of his troops to the 15,000 Confederate
troops Ordered 37,000 troops to guard Washington, D.C. Waited
another month to advance again Gave Confederates time to reinforce
May 31, 1862 Confederates stopped Union advance near Richmond In
late June McClellan was forced to retreat
12. Lucky Break General Lee decided to invade the North Hoped
victory of Union soil would gain support for the South in Europe
& turn northern public opinion against the war September: Lees
army moved into western Maryland September 1862 45,000 troops
slipped into Maryland Union officer found a piece of paper showing
Lees battle plan Confederates had divided into two parts McClellan
attacked Lee on September 17, 1862 at Antietam Creeknear
Sharpsburg, Maryland Bloodiest single day of the war Lee was forced
to retreat to Virginia; Confederates suffered14,000 casualties
McClellan lost 12,000 men & was too damaged to pursue Lee
&finish him
13. The War in the West Ulysses S. Grant General of western
Union forces Took chances & was not as cautious as McClellan
1862 Union forces made major advances in western land & naval
battles Grant moved forces south from Kentucky capturing Fort Henry
in TN & the Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River Two water
routes into the Confederacy were now open Grant continued toward
Corinth, MS
14. April 6,1862 Confederate General Albert Sydney Johnston
attacked Grants forces at the Battle of Shiloh South suffered
nearly 11,000 casualties & the North more than 13,000. Union
forced Confederate army to withdraw from the railroad center Union
also gained control of western Tennessee & part of Mississippi
River Union fleet under command of David Farragutentered
Mississippi River from the Gulf of Mexico 2weeks after this battle
April 26 Farragut captured New Orleans, LA & bysummer nearly
all of the Mississippi River was inUnion hands
15. The Emancipation Proclamation
16. Emancipating the Enslaved Abolitionists urged Lincoln to
end slavery after start ofwar Feared emancipating slaves would
cause border states tosecede Goal: was to restore the Union even if
he had to let slaverycontinue Began to realize how important
slavery was to Southswar effort Lincoln was going to issue an
Emancipation Proclamation Cabinet members advised him to wait until
success on thebattlefield
17. A Famous Proclamation September 22, 1862 preliminary
proclamation issued January 1, 1863 Final Emancipation Proclamation
issued Little effect at first Only freed enslaved people in areas
that were fighting the Union(Union had no power) Didnt apply to
parts of the South already under Union control orfree anyone in the
border states Proclamation criticized & praised Abolitionists:
should be applied throughout the country Southerners: accused
Lincoln of trying to start a slave revolt Union soldiers:
enthusiastic; would weaken the South
18. Effects of the Proclamation Freed few slaves at first
Changed the Civil War into a struggle for freedom No longer a fight
to save the nation Fight to end slavery Dashed hope that Britain
would recognize the Southsindependence Would not help a govt
wanting to keep people enslaved United African Americans in support
of the war
19. African Americans Help the Union Were not permitted to join
Union army at first Only after Emancipation Proclamation were
theyallowed to serve 189,000 served in the Union army & navy
were former slaves who escaped or freed by fighting If caught they
were either returned to slavery or killed; nottreated like
prisoners
20. African Americans & white sailors served together
onwarships Army: African Americans served in all-black regiments
underwhite officers Earned less pay Fought with pride & courage
Took part in 40 major battles & 100s of minor ones Many other
African Americans worked for Union armies as cooks, wagon drivers,
& hospital aides
21. Resisting Slavery South Many enslaved African Americans
tried to hurt the Confederate war effort Some provided military
information to Union armies Worked slowly or damaged equipment
Slaves often also simply refused to work
22. The Civil War and American Life
23. Divisions over the war Nation divided as well as divisions
in the North & South Northerners: some did not support the war
or want torestore the Union Southerners: some did not support a war
to defendslavery or secession
24. Divisions in the South Georgia Only half supported
secession North Carolina Held nearly 100 peace protests Supplied
second most number of troops to Confederate army Regions w/ large
plantations supported the more strongerthan poor black country
regions States Rights Created divisions Objections to officers from
other states leading troops Objection to Confederate government
forcing men to do military service
25. Division in the north Many opposed the Emancipation
Proclamation Others believed South had a right to secede Northern
Democrats Blamed Lincoln & Republicans of forcing the South
intoWar Called Copperheads; strongest in Ohio, Indiana, &
Illinois;criticized the war & called for peace
26. Dealing with disruptions People on both sides tried to
disrupt the war Tried to encourage soldiers to desert Helped
prisoners of war escape Southern peace groups worked against the
Confederacy Tried to prevent men from volunteering for military
service Habeas Corpus suspended Lincoln & Jefferson Davis
suspended Habeas Corpus in someplaces (constitutional protection
against unlawfulimprisonment) Empowered judges to determine if
prisoners were being legally held 13,000 people in the North were
arrested and jailed without trials
27. The Draft April 1862 South: men aged 18-35 & later to
50 were drafted into the army March 1863 North: U.S. Congress
created a military draft Draft laws Incomplete & discriminatory
Could hire a substitute to avoid service Could buy out by paying
the government $300.00 Critics began calling the Civil War a rich
mans war and a poor mans fight Southern governors helped their
citizens evade the draft July 1863 Riots took place in New York
City to show opposition to the draft
28. Bounty, or lump sum, of $1,500 was paid for a
3-yearenlistment This led to the practice of bounty jumping A man
would enlist, collect his bounty and then desert,only to reenlist
somewhere else
29. The war and economic strains Northern Industries boomed
during the war; turned out goods Union needed Draft did drain away
workers August 1861 Congress levied 1st income tax in history Union
printed $400 million of paper money Pay for expenses 1st federal
paper money printed Led to inflation; prices of goods in raised 80%
during the war in the North South Less able to sustain war Union
blockade prevented ability to raise money Shortages made goods more
expensive Led to greater inflation than in the North $18 shoes now
cost $800 Food production fell as Union armies destroyed farmland
&crops Led to riots for food, cloth, & shoes
30. Women in the civil war 400 women disguised as men fought in
the war Became spies Took over businesses, farms, plantations for
men who werefighting in the war Some women in the South worked the
field to meet the needsof workers Work in factories Became teachers
& nurses Barriers to women fell Elizabeth Blackwell became 1st
female physician Dorothea Dix became head of Union army nurses
Harriet Tubman continued to lead enslaved people to freedom Clara
Barton cared for wounded soldiers on the battlefield
31. Decisive Battles
32. The Tide Turns 1862 Battle of Antietam After this battle
war began to go badly for the North Poor leadership was the result
McClellan replaced with General Ambrose Burnside
33. Confederate Victories December 1862 Burnside marched army
of 120,000 men toward Richmond General Lee massed 75,000 men at
Fredericksburg, VA to block hispath Burnside ordered charge after
charge during this battle Union lost 13,000 men to the Confederates
5,000 Lincoln replaced Burnside with General Joseph Hooker May 1863
Hooker marched Union army toward Richmond Union army was smashed at
the Battle of Chancellorsville by a forcehalf its size Battle was
costly for the South; Stonewall Jackson was shot andwounded &
later died
34. The Battle of Gettysburg After Lees army defeated Union
forces at Chancellorsvillehe gained confidence & headed north
to Pennsylvania Union forces now under the command of General
GeorgeG. Meade meet Lee accidentally at Gettysburg Confederates
were in search of shoes desperately needed in the South Bloody
battle marked a turning point in the war Union troops took position
on the crest of a low ridge Confederates task was to dislodge them
from their position Confederate attempts failed several times,
concluding with a suicidal charge across an open field by General
George Pickett on July 3 After 3 days 23,000 Union soldiers &
28,000 Confederatesoldiers had been killed or wounded Lincoln wired
Meade, Do not let the enemy escape July 4, Lee retreated to
Virginia & the Union army failed topursue him
35. Gettysburg Address Both sides suffered heavy casualties at
Gettysburg Sparsely populated South could not recover from November
19, 1863 President Lincoln visited Gettysburg to dedicate the
battlefield cemetery & to honor the soldiers buried there He
promised, these dead shall not have died in vain
36. The Fall of Vicksburg July 4, 1863 Vicksburg surrendered to
General grant Was last city on the Mississippi River in Confederate
hands Grant was able to capture Vicksburg not by force, but by
surrounding the city & cutting it off from supplies Day after
day the Union bombarded Vicksburg Residents took shelter in cellars
& caves they had dug in hillsides They ate mules & rats to
keep from starving After 6 weeks the Confederate troops gave up
Last Confederate stronghold at Port Hudson, LA fell a few days
later Lees defeat at Gettysburg along with loses at Vicksburg
&Port Hudson made July 1863 a major turning point in
thewar
37. Closing in on the Confederacy 1864 Grant given command of
Union forces Decided to attack Richmond no matter how large the
Union losses
38. Grant vs. Lee Grants huge army hammered the Confederates
inseveral battles in northern Virginia They were unable to break
through, but continued toattack Grants army suffered 55,000
casualties in 7 weeks offighting; Confederates suffered 35,000
Grant knew he could count of a steady supply of men &supplies
while Lee was running low on both Petersburg Grant used the same
tactic he used a Vicksburg of besieging the Confederate troops
While Grant & Lee battled, Union forces undercommand of William
T. Sherman advanced toward
39. Shermans March Sherman believed in total war All-out
attacks aimed at destroying an enemys army, its resources, &
its peoples will to fight Confederates were unable to stop Shermans
advance Union troops captured Atlanta, GA on September 2, 1864
Victory gave Lincolns reelection campaign a boost Northerners were
growing tired of the war prior to this event & support for
Lincoln was also lagging; Lincoln won election victory over General
George McClellan November 1864 Sherman ordered Atlanta to be burned
& he continued his march to the Atlantic Ocean Along the way
Union forces set fires to buildings, seized crops & livestock,
& pulled up railroad tracks leaving a 60 mile path of
destruction
40. Peace at last March 1865 Grants army continued to besiege
Petersburg Grant extended his battle lines east & west Lee knew
the city would fall Lincoln also saw end of war too 2nd inaugural
address With malice toward none; with charity for all; let us
strivetogether to bind up the nations wounds
41. Surrender at Appomattox April 2 Grants troop broke through
Confederate lines Richmond was captured by the Union Lee retreated
to Appomattox Court House April 9, 1865 Lee surrendered Grant
offered: Confederates to give up their weapons & leave in
peace
42. The Wars Terrible Toll Bloodiest conflict U.S. ever fought
Confederates: 260,000 men died Union: exceeded 360,000 men
including 37,000 African Americans million were wounded Many
returned home disfigured for life Key results of the war Reunited
the nation Put an end to slavery