Chapter 16

The Civil War

Essential Question

I. Outbreak of War

• Confederate President Jefferson Davis decides that Fort Sumter protects Charleston (an important city) and must not stay in Northern hands

• Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard asks for the fort’s surrender – Major Robert Anderson refuses and the Confederates open fire on April 12, 1861

Lincoln’s War Plan (Anaconda Plan)

1. Hold on to the border states that still had slavery (Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware)2. Suspend the right of Habeas Corpus: protects people from being held in prison unlawfully3. Placed Missouri under Martial Law: rule by the Army to keep it in the Union

Resources for War

• North (Federal/Union)– Twice the farmland– 85% of nation’s factories– 92% of manufactured

goods– 71% of nation’s railroads– A navy– Twice the population

• South (Confederate/Rebel)– Nation’s best military

leaders– Fighting a defensive war

on their soil– Cotton diplomacy:

Training the Soldiers

• North = blue• South = brownish gray

• Springfield and Enfield rifles

• Two-person tents

Life for Soldiers

• Old style fighting produced massive casualties

• No medicines to stop infection or disease

• Many soldiers had arms and legs amputated without painkillers

II. War in the East

• Virginia– First Battle of Bull Run

- Union General = Irvin McDowell- Confederate Generals = Pierre Beauregard and

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

– Manassas, Virginia – July 21, 1861– Congressmen and senators came to watch the battle

and have a picnic, very sure about a Union victory– Confederates defeat the Union – soldiers run into

congressmen and senators during retreat– KEY:

Virginia – Peninsular Campaign

– Union General George McClellan

– Confederate General Robert E. Lee

– May – June, 1862– McClellan attempts to

capture Richmond by invading southern Virginia

Virginia – Second Battle of Bull Run

• Union General John Pope

• Confederate General Robert E. Lee

• August 29, 1862• Manassas, Virginia

Battle of Antietam

– Union General George McClellan vs. Confederate General Robert E. Lee

– Antietam Creek, Maryland – September 17, 1862

Battle of Antietam

– Bloodiest single day of the war – 24,000 casualties – a draw

– More casualties than the Revolution, War of 1812, and Mexican War combined

– KEY:

Clash of the Ironclads

• Ironclads:

– Confederates create the C.S.S. Virginia from the hull of an old ship called the Merrimac

– New ship would destroy the Union blockade

Clash of the Ironclads

• Union creates their own iron ship – the U.S.S. Monitor– Norfolk Harbor – March

9, 1862– Both ships battle to a

draw– KEY:

III. War in the West

• The Battles of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson – Union General Ulysses S.

Grant captures Confederate forts Henry and Donelson on the Cumberland River in Tennessee

Battle of Shiloh

• Shiloh, Tennessee – April 6-7, 1862

• KEY:

• Shiloh was the bloodiest battle in the West

• Earns Grant the reputation of being a “butcher”

The Fall of New Orleans

• Largest city in the Confederacy and gateway to Mississippi River

• Admiral David Farragut

• Captured the city on April 29, 1862

Siege of Vicksburg

• Union General Ulysses S. Grant led a siege (surround) at Vicksburg, a Mississippi River outpost – starved the citizens of the city

• Vicksburg surrendered on July 4, 1863

• KEY:

IV. Daily Life During the War

• Emancipation Proclamation:– Lincoln needed the proclamation to • Deprive the South of their labor force• Keep foreign nations out of the war• End slavery issue once and for all• Issued after the Battle of Antietam to avoid appearing

desperate

KEY:

African Americans in the War• African Americans could join after

the Proclamation – 186,000 enlisted – contrabands: escaped slaves who could join the Union Army

• Black soldiers were discriminated against by white soldiers, including less pay

Opposition to the War

• President Jefferson Davis lacked the cooperation of other Confederate states for much needed soldiers and supplies

• Riots over the Draft, a system that requires men to serve in the military, occurred in both the North and South – could avoid the draft IF you had $300 or hired a substitute

• Copperheads:

Life as a Civilian

• Once the war started, women in both North and South took over family farms and businesses

• Others became nurses to help the wounded, both in hospitals and on battlefields

• Clara Barton:

V. The Tide of War Turns

Battle of FredericksburgDecember, 1862 – Lee defeats Union General Ambrose Burnside at Fredericksburg, Virginia

Battle of Chancellorsville

“Stonewall” Jackson is Killed

• Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson was shot by his own men

• He was the best soldier in the Confederate army

• KEY:

Battle of Gettysburg

• Day 1 – July 1, 1863– Confederate raiding

party runs into Union cavalry – fighting starts

– Union soldiers under General George Meade entrench themselves on Cemetery Ridge and Culp’s Hill

Battle of Gettysburg

• Day 2 – July 2, 1863– Lee orders attack on

Union left side by Little Round Top

– Confederates stopped at Little Round Top by Union Colonel Joshua Chamberlain

Battle of Gettysburg

• Day 3 – July 3, 1863– Lee decides to attack the

center of Union lines at Cemetery Ridge

– Sends General George Pickett to attack – “Pickett’s Charge”

Aftermath of Gettysburg

• Lee’s troops never again launch an attack in the North

• Ends chances of foreign aid for the South

• November 19, 1863, Lincoln issues The Gettysburg Address:

Wilderness Campaign in the East

• Grant named commander of all Union forces in 1864, brought East to take on Lee

• Wilderness Campaign:

• Grant suffers heavy losses, but continues to push through Virginia knowing Lee could not replace his losses

Sherman Strikes the South

• Union General Sherman captures Atlanta on Sept. 2, 1864 – Sherman marches to Savannah, leaving a path of destruction – then moves north to Virginia

• Total War:

• Sherman’s destruction of the South created a lot of resentment

Total War - Richmond

The South Surrenders• Union troops capture Richmond

on April 3, 1865• Lee decides that further fighting

would be useless – on April 9, 1865, Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia

• Grant allows Lee’s soldiers to keep their horses, and gives Confederates some food

• Cost of the War:

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan

• Lincoln wanted to forgive rather than punish the South

• A former Confederate state could enter the Union again if:

Lincoln’s Assassination

• On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated– Place: Ford’s Theater,

Washington, D.C.– Assassin: John Wilkes

Booth– Result: