The American Civil WarThe American Civil War

Acquisition of Federal Forts… Acquisition of Federal Forts… Fort SumterFort Sumter

Fort Sumter MapFort Sumter Map

Lincoln’s PlanLincoln’s Plan Can’t abandon the fortCan’t abandon the fort Lincoln showed political and tactical brilliance Lincoln showed political and tactical brilliance Lincoln maneuvered the situation so that if fighting ensued, Lincoln maneuvered the situation so that if fighting ensued,

the Confederates would have to fire the first shot.the Confederates would have to fire the first shot.

Confederate ReactionConfederate Reaction

Push to surrenderPush to surrender On April 12 at 4:30am, On April 12 at 4:30am,

Confederate leader PT Confederate leader PT Beauregard opened Beauregard opened firefire

Southern SecessionSouthern Secession

The remaining Southern states seceded The remaining Southern states seceded shortly after thisshortly after this Virginia – April 1861Virginia – April 1861 Arkansas & North Carolina – May 1861Arkansas & North Carolina – May 1861 Tennessee – June 1861Tennessee – June 1861

Stars and BarsStars and Bars: First Flag: First Flag

of the Confederacyof the Confederacy

Southern Reaction to WarSouthern Reaction to War Choosing SidesChoosing Sides VolunteersVolunteers Southern War-Time ProductionSouthern War-Time Production

Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, VaTredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Va

Lincoln’s Reaction to Ft. SumterLincoln’s Reaction to Ft. Sumter Called for 75,000 troops ***Called for 75,000 troops *** Anaconda Plan - naval blockadeAnaconda Plan - naval blockade Made efforts to secure the border statesMade efforts to secure the border states Suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus ***Suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus *** Mobilized the armyMobilized the army His goal is to preserve the UnionHis goal is to preserve the Union

*** considered unconstitutional *** considered unconstitutional

by someby some

Constitutionality – How did Lincoln Constitutionality – How did Lincoln pull this off?pull this off?

Both increasing the size of the army (Article I, Both increasing the size of the army (Article I, Sec 8, Pgh 14-15) and suspension of Habeas Sec 8, Pgh 14-15) and suspension of Habeas Corpus (Article I, Sec 9, Pgh 2) are powers Corpus (Article I, Sec 9, Pgh 2) are powers granted to Congress, not the Presidentgranted to Congress, not the President

Congress would not return to session until July Congress would not return to session until July

Lincoln cited gravity of situation Lincoln cited gravity of situation He had to make a callHe had to make a call

When Congress returned they supported LincolnWhen Congress returned they supported Lincoln

Military Action – Summer 1861Military Action – Summer 1861

Newspapers called for an attackNewspapers called for an attack Lincoln put some heat on his Lincoln put some heat on his

commanding generalcommanding general

Bull Run I – July 61Bull Run I – July 61

Picnic at the battlefieldPicnic at the battlefield The Union had early The Union had early

successsuccess Thomas “Stonewall” Thomas “Stonewall”

JacksonJackson ReinforcementsReinforcements Rebel YellRebel Yell The Great SkedaddleThe Great Skedaddle 5,000 casualties5,000 casualties

Limited WarLimited War

McClellan Makes an ImpactMcClellan Makes an Impact Aug 1861 – Aug 1861 –

McClellan takes over McClellan takes over and found the army and found the army in shamblesin shambles

McClellan turning McClellan turning them into an them into an organized armyorganized army

Newspapers Newspapers called him “Young called him “Young Napoleon”.Napoleon”.

Lincoln was pleased Lincoln was pleased with his initial resultswith his initial results

He would prove to be He would prove to be a timid and a timid and ineffective leaderineffective leader

=

West in Early 1862West in Early 1862

Union Victory at Shiloh (Apr) – cuts Tenn in halfUnion Victory at Shiloh (Apr) – cuts Tenn in half 11stst of the bloody battles – 23,000 casualties of the bloody battles – 23,000 casualties Grant just wins, baby!Grant just wins, baby!

Admiral David Farragut captured New OrleansAdmiral David Farragut captured New Orleans The Union was on the move in the WestThe Union was on the move in the West They had captured the Northern and Southern They had captured the Northern and Southern

portions of the Mississippi River, but the South portions of the Mississippi River, but the South still controlled a stronghold at Vicksburgstill controlled a stronghold at Vicksburg

Road to EmancipationRoad to Emancipation Several considerations were involved in the emancipation decisionSeveral considerations were involved in the emancipation decision

Lincoln was convinced emancipation was …Lincoln was convinced emancipation was …• legitimate war power legitimate war power • military necessity for preservation of Unionmilitary necessity for preservation of Union

Difficult for European nations to recognize the ConfederacyDifficult for European nations to recognize the Confederacy He felt the border states would remain in the Union He felt the border states would remain in the Union

Lincoln drafted the Emancipation Proclamation on July 13, 1862. Lincoln drafted the Emancipation Proclamation on July 13, 1862. After considering that McClellan was making no progress in Virginia After considering that McClellan was making no progress in Virginia and the armies in the west were encountering issues in and the armies in the west were encountering issues in Mississippi….Mississippi….

William Seward suggested that they wait for a Union victoryWilliam Seward suggested that they wait for a Union victory

Antietam – Sept 1862Antietam – Sept 1862

Lee advances into Union territory - MarylandLee advances into Union territory - Maryland Bloodiest day in American historyBloodiest day in American history Oct 1862 photographer Mathew Brady opened Oct 1862 photographer Mathew Brady opened

an exhibit in NYC called “The Dead of Antietam” an exhibit in NYC called “The Dead of Antietam” Homefront got to see what war was likeHomefront got to see what war was like

Lee retreated, but both sides sufferedLee retreated, but both sides suffered McClellan did not pursueMcClellan did not pursue

Lincoln ordered him to pursue, McClellan did notLincoln ordered him to pursue, McClellan did not Lincoln relieved McClellan of commandLincoln relieved McClellan of command

Preliminary Emancipation Preliminary Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

Antietam was a Union victoryAntietam was a Union victory Announced the Emancipation Proclamation Announced the Emancipation Proclamation

on September 22on September 22 Any slave in a state still in rebellion would be Any slave in a state still in rebellion would be

free effective January 1, 1863free effective January 1, 1863

Reactions to the Emancipation Reactions to the Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

Abolitionists and freemen - did not go far enoughAbolitionists and freemen - did not go far enough Southern Unionists - betrayedSouthern Unionists - betrayed Republicans - pleasedRepublicans - pleased Democrats - a war to free the slaves now, a perversion Democrats - a war to free the slaves now, a perversion

of the true war effort of the true war effort South - outragedSouth - outraged Neither France nor England were interested in opposing Neither France nor England were interested in opposing

the Union nowthe Union now

Gettysburg, Pa – July 1863Gettysburg, Pa – July 1863

Day 1 – Union holds the high groundDay 1 – Union holds the high ground Day 2 – Lee fails to dislodge Union – Round TopsDay 2 – Lee fails to dislodge Union – Round Tops Day 3 – Pickett’s ChargeDay 3 – Pickett’s Charge

51,000 men were lost51,000 men were lost 23,000 Union23,000 Union 28,000 Confederate28,000 Confederate

Lee retreated the next day and would never go north Lee retreated the next day and would never go north againagain

Meade did not pursueMeade did not pursue

VicksburgVicksburg Every day since late May, Grant pounded the city with artillery as Every day since late May, Grant pounded the city with artillery as

did Adm. David Porter on his gunboats on the Mississippidid Adm. David Porter on his gunboats on the Mississippi Civilians dug caves into the hillsideCivilians dug caves into the hillside

People ate dogs and horsesPeople ate dogs and horses On July 4, after 48 days under siege, the Confederates surrendered On July 4, after 48 days under siege, the Confederates surrendered

the citythe city 31,000 rebels were captured31,000 rebels were captured

Mississippi was in the Union’s controlMississippi was in the Union’s control Texas and Arkansas were cut off from the ConfederacyTexas and Arkansas were cut off from the Confederacy

Gettysburg and Vicksburg were decided within a day of eachother.Gettysburg and Vicksburg were decided within a day of eachother. Turning Point BattlesTurning Point Battles

First Federal DraftFirst Federal Draft In July 1863, Lincoln issued the first federal draftIn July 1863, Lincoln issued the first federal draft 20-45 yr olds20-45 yr olds Lincoln claimed it was within Congresses power to institute a draftLincoln claimed it was within Congresses power to institute a draft Some judges allowed drafted men to avoid service, but Lincoln threatened Some judges allowed drafted men to avoid service, but Lincoln threatened

to arrest any judge that interfered with the draftto arrest any judge that interfered with the draft How to avoid getting draftedHow to avoid getting drafted

Pay $300 or Pay $300 or Find a subFind a sub It was a rich man’s bill. It was a rich man’s bill.

In the end, 164,000 men were drafted – less than 10% of the armyIn the end, 164,000 men were drafted – less than 10% of the army

Grant Takes Over in 1864Grant Takes Over in 1864

Total War is engagedTotal War is engaged Grant forces Lee toward Richmond Grant forces Lee toward Richmond

Grant takes tremendous lossesGrant takes tremendous losses PetersburgPetersburg

ShermanSherman Held at Atlanta until Sept 1864Held at Atlanta until Sept 1864

Election of 1864Election of 1864 Abe Lincoln is reelected by almost all states crushing McClellan and Abe Lincoln is reelected by almost all states crushing McClellan and

confirming that the Union is behind the idea of victory.confirming that the Union is behind the idea of victory. Sherman’s and Sheridan’s victories changed the odds. Sherman’s and Sheridan’s victories changed the odds. Lincoln won 55% of the popular vote. Lincoln won 55% of the popular vote. Electoral college - 212-21 Electoral college - 212-21

He carried all but 3 states, Del, NJ, Ky. He carried all but 3 states, Del, NJ, Ky. Virtually all of the Army of the Potomac (McClellan’s old command) Virtually all of the Army of the Potomac (McClellan’s old command)

voted for Lincolnvoted for Lincoln This election was the last, best hope for the SouthThis election was the last, best hope for the South

Death BlowsDeath Blows

Sherman’s March to the Sea – late 64 – Sherman’s March to the Sea – late 64 – early 65early 65

Siege at Petersburg broken – Grant hunts Siege at Petersburg broken – Grant hunts Lee downLee down Appomattox – Apr 65Appomattox – Apr 65

Lincoln shot a week laterLincoln shot a week later John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth