READING Basic structure of prokaryotic cell p.360-361 Unifying
characteristics p.361-364 Form, distribution, motility, ecological
role, nutrition, human diseases p.361-366, 369-372 Fermentation,
aerobic respiration, photosynthesis in Monerans p.365-367 How
bacterial decomposers and parasites obtain their food p.365
Antibiotics, disinfectants, antiseptics p.374 Antibiotic resistance
p.368 Beneficial roles p370-372 3
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4 THE FIVE KINGDOMS
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5 Introduction to Bacteria 2 TYPES OF BACTERIA: Bacteria -Get
food from an outside source Blue-green Bacteria -Make their own
food
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6 BACTERIA Bacteria - small one celled monerans Bacteria like a
warm, dark, and moist environment They are found almost everywhere:
-water-air -soil-food -skin-inside the body -on most objects
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7 Spiral: spirilla rod-shaped: bacilli, bacillus Round: cocci 3
Shapes of Bacteria Bacteria are classified by shape into 3
groups:
9 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Capsule Cell wall
Ribosomes Nucleoid Flagella Pilli Cytoplasm
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10 Capsule 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell keeps the cell
from drying out and helps it stick to food or other cells
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11 Cell wall 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Thick outer
covering that maintains the overall shape of the bacterial
cell
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12 Ribosomes 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell cell part
where proteins are made Ribosomes give the cytoplasm of bacteria a
granular appearance in electron micrographs
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13 Nucleoid 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell a ring made
up of DNA
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14 Flagella 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell a whip-like
tail that some bacteria have for locomotion
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15 Pilli 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell hollow hair-like
structures made of protein allows bacteria to attach to other
cells. Pilli-singular Pillus-plural
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16 Cytoplasm 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell clear
jelly-like material that makes up most of the cell
Slide 17
Slide 18
Bacteria Reproduce Quickly In optimal conditions, an E. coli
bacteria can double every 20 minutes. The time it takes a bacteria
to double is known as the Generation time
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A Growth Table Time (min)# of E. Coli 01 202 404 608 8016 10032
12064 140128 160256 180512 Time (min)# of E. Coli 2001024 2202048
2404096 2608192 28016384 30032768 32065536 340131072 360262144
380524288
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At just over 6.5 hours you have over 1 MILLION E. coli. Imagine
that growing on your sandwich
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This type of growth has a special name. It is known as
Exponential growth. Exponential growth starts out slow but once it
gets going it grows quickly.
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Lets Graph it! Time # o f E. c o l i
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Time (min) # o f E. c o l i # of E. coli versus Time
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Salmonella Salmonella has a generation time of about 30 minutes
It can be found on chicken and can make you quite sick. Luckily it
takes about 10 million of them to get sick so thats quite a
few.
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Lets calculate how long it takes for bacteria to reach
10,000,000 if we have 1000 on our chicken sandwich.
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The Special Equation There is a special equation to use with
exponential growth N = N 0 2 t/T N = is the number of bacteria N 0
= the number of bacteria you start with T = the amount of time it
takes to double t = the actual time
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In ideal optimal conditions in about 3 days bacteria could
reproduce sooooo much that they would weigh more than our
planet.
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Lucky for us Lucky for us those conditions dont usually exist,
and a graph of bacterial growth generally looks like this
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29 Binary Fission- the process of one organism dividing into
two organisms Fission is a type of asexual reproduction
Reproduction of Bacteria How?... The one main (circular) chromosome
makes a copy of itself Then it divides into two Asexual
reproduction- reproduction of a living thing from only one
parent
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30 BINARY FISSION Bacteria dividing Completed Reproduction of
Bacteria
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31 The time of reproduction depends on how desirable the
conditions are Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm,
dark, and moist conditions Some can reproduce every 20 minutes (one
bacteria could be an ancestor to one million bacteria in six hours)
Reproduction of Bacteria
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32 Bacterial Cell & Nucleiod DNA Ring DNA replication Cell
wall synthesis Cell separation
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33 Bacteria Survival Endospore- a thick celled structure that
forms inside the cell they are the major cause of food poisoning
they can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions
it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm allows the
bacteria to survive for many years
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34 Bacillus subtilis Endospore-the black section in the middle
highly resistant structures can withstand radiation, UV light, and
boiling at 120oC for 15 minutes. Bacteria Survival
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35 Bacteria Survival Food sources parasites bacteria that feed
on living things saprophytes use dead materials for food
(exclusively) decomposers get food from breaking down dead matter
into simple chemicals important- because they send minerals and
other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use
them
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36 Harmful Bacteria some bacteria cause diseases Animals can
pass diseases to humans Communicable Disease Disease passed from
one organism to another This can happen in several ways: Air
Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush Drinking water
that contains bacteria
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37 1 1 1 1 1 Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque
(smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas) Harmful
Bacteria
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38 Helpful Bacteria Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the
soil for other organisms to grow Bacteria grow in the stomach of a
cow to break down grass and hay Most are used to make antibiotics
Some bacteria help make insulin Used to make industrial
chemicals
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39 1 1 1 1 1 E.coli on small intestines Helpful Bacteria
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40 Used to treat sewage Organic waste is consumed by the
bacteria, used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no longer
present to produce odors, sludge, pollution, or unsightly mess.
foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream,
buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk Helpful
Bacteria
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41 Controlling Bacteria 3 ways to control bacteria: 1) Canning-
the process of sealing food in airtight cans or jars after killing
bacteria endospores are killed during this process 2)
Pasteurization- process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria 3)
Dehydration- removing water from food Bacteria cant grow when H 2 O
is removed example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal
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42 Controlling Bacteria Antiseptic vs. Disinfectants
Antiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living things means
against infection Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol,
soap, mouthwash Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that destroy
bacteria on objects or nonliving things
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43 BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA Autotrophs make their own food through
photosynthesis commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay
wetsuch as rivers, creeks and dams larger than most bacterial cells
Some live in salt water, snow, and acid water of hot springs food
source for animals that live in the water
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44 BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA Blooms- occur when the bacteria
multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water
can be toxic to humans and animals