Chapter 18 Double V for Victory From Slavery to Freedom 9 th ed.
Slide 2 Reframing the Arsenal of Democracy Blacks in the Armed
Forces September 1940 black leaders submitted seven point program
outlining minimum essentials for treatment of blacks in the
military All available black reserves be used to train recruits
Black recruits receive same training as white recruits Acceptance
based on ability not race Specialized personnel be integrated
Blacks appointed to draft boards Discrimination abolished in Navy
and Army Air Corps African American appointments to serve as
assistants to secretaries of war and navy 2010 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Slide 3 Reframing the
Arsenal of Democracy War Department issued statement that African
Americans would be received in army proportionally to its
population in the country Did not call for integrated troops Under
pressure, Roosevelt appointed promoted Colonel Benjamin O. Davis to
brigadier general Appointed other blacks to significant positions
Blacks did not benefit from Americas industrial mobilization
Prejudice rampant 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights
Reserved. 3 Slide 4 Reframing the Arsenal of Democracy The March on
Washington in 1941 A. Philip Randolph planned all-black march on
Washington; emphasized new style of activism Large scale direct
action demanding defense jobs and an integrated military Government
officials alarmed at the marchs growing momentum attempted to
discourage it Randolph called off the march only after Roosevelt
issued Executive Order 8802 prohibiting discrimination in
employment in the defense industry and the government 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 Slide 5 5 A.
Philip Randolph rallies black Americans throughout the nation to
march on Washington in 1941 Slide 6 Reframing the Arsenal of
Democracy Executive Order 8802 Clause prohibiting discrimination
required in all defense contracts Fair Employment Practices
Committee (FEPC) established to receive and investigate complaints
No power to impose punishment White employers opposed order Did not
overturn Jim Crow in the South 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. 6 Slide 7 Reframing the Arsenal of Democracy
Hastie and Discrimination in the Armed Forces William Hastie
authored report revealing ways blacks were underutilized and
discriminated against in the armed forces Found they were
overwhelmingly assigned unskilled and menial duties War Department
believed integrating troops was neither practical nor desirable
2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Slide 8
In Military Service After 1940 passage of Selective Service Act,
more than 3 million blacks registered for potential service Served
in a variety of ways despite discrimination Participation in
administration of Selective Service Act reduced discrimination 2010
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 Slide 9 In
Military Service Black Women in the Military More than 4,000
enlisted in Womens Army Corps Protracted effort of black nurses to
gain respect Passage of Draft Nurse Bill ended armys discriminatory
policy 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9
Slide 10 10 Lt. Harriet Pickens and Ens. Frances Wills Slide 11 In
Military Service Tuskegee: Black Airmen In late 1940, government
announced plan to train African American pilots in Tuskegee,
Alabama Some objected to segregation; others saw it as progress
Nearly 2,000 black men completed pilot or support skills training
The Navy, the Marines, and Officer Training Not until 1942 did the
Navy and Marines begin to loosen exclusionary policies African
Americans agitated for opportunity to become commissioned officers
2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Slide
12 In Military Service Overseas ServiceEurope Half a million
African Americans saw overseas service during World War II
Twenty-two black combat units participated in European ground
operations January 1945 troops integrated into unit to fight on
German soil Troops remained segregated in Mediterranean Theater
2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 Slide
13 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13
Cpl. Carlton Chapman, tank machine gunner Slide 14 In Military
Service Service in the Pacific African Americans active in the war
in the Pacific and East Asia Service in the Navy In July 1943,
thousands of blacks trained to perform numerous technical tasks and
given appropriate ratings Service in the Merchant Marine Far less
segregated and discriminatory Four black captains with integrated
crews 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14
Slide 15 In Military Service Racism at Home Black soldiers targets
of racist acts at home Lynching; terrorizing; segregation Felix
Hall Racism on military bases USO, PXs, theaters Black press
covered treatment of black soldiers and helped to mobilize
agitation on home front War Department issued order of July 8,
1944, forbidding segregation in recreational and transportation
facilities 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights
Reserved. 15 Slide 16 In Military Service Racial Clashes Riots and
clashes took places both on and off military posts as African
Americans attempted to resist segregation and discrimination 2010
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16 Slide 17 In
Military Service Recognition for Service African Americans received
significant recognition for their military service during the war
Dorie Miller; Private George Watson Executive Order 9981 signed by
Harry S. Truman in July 1948 ended racial segregation in the armed
forces 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17
Slide 18 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
18 Dorie Miller Slide 19 Keeping the Home Fires Burning Blacks
prepared for employment by federal training programs but plagued by
discriminatory hiring practices The Work of the FEPC The FEPC began
to slowly turn tide for black workers Demonstrated instrumental
role of government in changing employment practices Black leaders
began to push to make the FEPC permanent 2010 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19 Slide 20 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20 African
Americans in wartime industry: Women at welding plant in New
Britain, Connecticut Slide 21 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. 21 African Americans in wartime industry: Men
at shipyard in Baltimore, Maryland Slide 22 Keeping the Home Fires
Burning Support for the War Effort African Americans gave
generously to war effort at home Purchased bonds Active in Office
of Civilian Defense Initiatives Black-White Conflict at Home Black
migration to North and West grew at fever pitch in 1940s Detroit
race riot finally put to rest after Roosevelt issued state of
emergency and sent soldiers 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. 22 Slide 23 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23 Crystal Bird Fauset, special
assistant, Office of Civilian Defense Slide 24 Keeping the Home
Fires Burning The Problem of Low Morale Low morale a worry to black
leaders Launched media campaign to build black morale and inform
whites about role of blacks in the war effort Radio was extremely
effective medium War Department used black artists, photographers,
and film writers to tell stories of black bravery and patriotism
2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24 Slide
25 Keeping the Home Fires Burning The Problem of Low Morale
Publicity did not assuage black resentment toward military
segregation William Hastie resigned over issue in 1943 Black
journalists covering the war from abroad wrote about black heroism
in the war and white racism in the armed forces 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25
