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Chapter 18

Industrial Revolution and European Society

“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it

was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness,

it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of

incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the

season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was

the winter of despair, we had everything before us,

we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to

heaven, we were all going direct the other way – in

short, the period was so far like the present period,

that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its

being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative

degree of comparison only.”

A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens

The Industrial Revolution in Great

Britain

Occurred gradually over decades

Tremendous impact on society

Beginnings of Industrialism

Three important factors made the “Industrial Age” possible:

① An adequate food supply

① Newer machines and better methods of farming led to an increased food supply

② A large & mobile labor force

① Increased efficiency & productivity meant fewer laborers needed to produce the food which led to the labor force of industry.

③ Expansion of trade

① Foreign trade became an increasingly vital part of the British economy

Great Britain

• Isolation from European continent

• Escaped destruction of Napoleonic

wars

• Relatively stable and peaceful society

• Government encouraged development

• Lower taxes

• Low interest rates

Agricultural Revolution Jethro Tull

• Invented the

seed drill

Charles Townshend

• Introduced system of crop rotation

Robert Bakewell

•Used selective breeding to produce larger, healthier animals.

Leviticus 25:2

• "Speak to the sons of Israel and say to

them, 'When you come into the land which

I shall give you, then the land shall have a

sabbath to the LORD. Six years you shall

sow your field, and six years you shall

prune your vineyard and gather in its crop,

but during the seventh year the land shall

have a sabbath rest, a sabbath to the

LORD; you shall not sow your field nor

prune your vineyard.”

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Textile Industry

John Kay

• The flying shuttle

• Made it possible for a weaver to work faster & weave cloth of greater width.

• Needed four spinners

James Hargreaves

• Invented the

spinning jenny

• Could spin eight

threads at a time

Richard Arkwright

•Invented a spinning frame that produced superior thread and was powered by water

Textiles (cont’d)

Samuel Crompton

• Invented the “spinning mule”

• One-person operation

• Could spin a thousand threads at a time

Eli Whitney

• Devised a simple cotton gin .

• One man could do the work of 50 pickers

Factory System

Domestic System

Workers:

1. lived in rural areas

2. labored at home

3. used own tools

4. set their own work schedules

5. determined how much they wanted to produce

Factory System

Workers:

1. often moved into urban environment to be near factory

2. used tools provided by factory owner

3. no longer controlled the number of hours he worked per day

4. more often performed work away from his family

Iron and Steel Production

• Invented the puddling furnace

to rid iron ore of its impurities

Found that shooting a jet of air into molten iron would help rid it of more impurities

Henry Bessemer

Henry Cort 1784

Power

James Watt

• Designed the first

practical and efficient

steam engine

John McAdam

• Designed method of road

building that used tightly-

packed, crushed rock

• “macadamized” roads

Transportation Transportation

Richard Trevithick

• Built a steam

powered locomotive

George Stephenson

• Built a locomotive that

could pull a train of cars

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Transportation Orville & Wilbur Wright

• Made the first successful

airplane flight at Kitty

Hawk, North Carolina

Henry Ford

• Began production of his

famous Model T

automobile

Mass Production 1. Automation

1. New machines helped workers perform their functions more quickly and efficiently

2. Interchangeable parts

1. A product needing repair could be fixed easily and cheaply by replacing the broken piece with an identical piece.

3. Division of labor

1. A number workers divided the manufacturing process into several simple procedures, each worker performing a separate function.

4. Assembly line

1. Workers stationed along a conveyor belt each assembled a different specific part of a product.

Science & Industry

Thomas Alva Edison

• American genius

• 1,093 patented inventions

Large Corporations:

• Began to replace small

businesses

• Helped to organize and

finance new corporations

• Controlled many of them

Consequences of Industrialism

• Poor living and work conditions

• Exhausting and dangerous working conditions

• Children working long hours

Positives:

• Better nourishment

• Longer life-spans

• Increase in food supply and industrial production

Evaluation:

• Opportunities created

• Growing emphasis on material goods

Responses

• Social Reform:

• Parliament enacts several bills

• 1833 – Factory Act passed to limit child labor

• 1834 – Poor Law placed national government in

charge of relief measures

• 1842 – The Mines Act barred all females and

males under ten years old from the coal mines

Reform

ECONOMIC

• In 1846, Parliament repealed the Corn Laws, which had

placed a high tariff on imported grain.

POLITICAL

• The Reform Bill of 1832 lowered property qualifications for

voting, increasing the electorate by an estimated 50%.

• Chartism advocated:

– universal manhood suffrage

– Secret ballot

– Equal electoral districts

– Pay for members of Parliament

– No property qualifications for members of Parliament

– Annual elections for members of Parliament

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Dominant Political Figures in 19th Century

Benjamin Disraeli (1804-81)

• Began political career as a liberal

• leader of Tory, or Conservative, party.

• Reform Bill of 1867 was passed by Parliament

• Bills related to health and housing

• Helped enable Britain to dominate trade in Suez

Canal region

• A man of strong religious faith

• Often placed moral conviction above political expediency

• Leader of the new Liberal Party

• Emphasized domestic reforms

• Established national court system

• Desired “home rule” for Ireland

William Gladstone (1809-98) The Parliament Bill of 1911

• House of Commons gain control of Parliament from House of Lords

• Salary voted for members of Parliament

– Poorer citizens could now become members

• Attitude toward the role of government began to change.

• Government expected to be involved in establishing and funding various social programs.

• People sought to remedy the evils around them by changing society.

Welfare State

• “A state in which the government assumes the responsibility for the material and social well-being of every individual “from the cradle to the grave.”

• Unemployment insurance

• Health protection

• Workman’s compensation

• Old-age pensions

• State control of secondary education

Socialism:

• Is defined as government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods for the presumed welfare of society.

• Emphasizes the group rather than the individual

• Many socialists advocate establishing an international government to replace independent national states.

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Socialism:

• Rejects individual responsibility

• Limits individual choice

• Replaces individual initiative with collectivism (rule by the group).

Man is by nature good – it is society that has corrupted him;

If society can be improved, then man will be improved, and all injustice and cruelty will cease

False Ideas:

• Direct result of French Enlightenment

Beliefs:

• If the inequities in society could be abolished, man’s natural goodness could be perfected

• The profit motive of capitalism was the basic source of evil and that it stimulated greed and hatred

• Proper surroundings and a good education would solve all problems.

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

• Textile manufacturer

• Established socialist community for his workers in Scotland

• Later established and agricultural community in New Harmony, Indiana

• Both “utopias” failed after only a short time

• People were not as unselfish and reasonable as he and others assumed

Karl Marx (1818-83)

• Son of prominent German Lawyer

• Abandoned study of law to study philosophy & history

• Doctorate at age 23 – radical political views –no

university would hire him

• Prussian govt. forced him to flee to Paris where he met

Friedrich Engels (1820-95)

• In 1846, Marx and Engels draw up the Communist

Manifesto expressing the views and aims of

communism.

• Premise: “the history of all human societies up to

the present time was one of class struggle.”

Karl Marx believed:

• utopian socialists were impractical

• his ideas (scientific socialism) were based on provable economic principles.

• every social, political, or religious movement springs from a desire by one group to take economic advantage of another.

• religion was a veil that obscured the real economic issues.

• History would naturally progress toward perfection

• Conflicts between groups were inevitable

• In a society in which everyone is equal and shares gladly the fruit of his labor with others - communism

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Karl Marx believed:

• All of history is dominated by class struggle

1. plebeians vs. patricians

2. serfs vs. lords

3. proletariat (workers) vs. bourgeoisie (middle class, property

owners, capitalists, and industrialists)

4. Communist revolutions were necessary

5. Once in power, proletariat would begin systematically to eliminate

anything that opposed the ideals of communism such as private

ownership and Christianity

6. Man would become a perfect being in a perfect society and would

no longer need a state to govern him.

• British socialists who sought to achieve a socialists society without revolution

• Fabians took their name from Quintus Fabius Maximus – a Roman general who tried to wear Hannibal down gradually.

The best way to destroy capitalism was to undermine it gradually rather than to seek its sudden overthrow.

Quintus Fabius Maximus

Christian socialists – theological liberals:

• believed that Christianity and capitalism were incompatible

• believed unregenerate society could and should live according to the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. 5-7)

• sought to establish an earthly millennium in which peace and justice would reign

• said that socialism is “the embodiment of Christianity in our industrial system.”

• “Christianity and socialism are almost interchangeable.”

The Bible and Wealth

• Deuteronomy 8:18 NAS

• "But you shall remember the LORD your God, for it is He who is giving you power to make wealth, that He may confirm His covenant which He swore to your fathers, as it is this day

• 2 Chronicles 1:11-12 NAS

• God said to Solomon, "Because you had this in mind, and did not ask for riches, wealth or honor, or the life of those who hate you, nor have you even asked for long life, but you have asked for yourself wisdom and knowledge that you may rule My people over whom I have made you king, wisdom and knowledge have been granted to you. And I will give you riches and wealth and honor, such as none of the kings who were before you has possessed nor those who will come after you."

Proverbs 3:13-16

• How blessed is the man who finds wisdom And the man who gains understanding. For her profit is better than the profit of silver And her gain better than fine gold. She is more precious than jewels ; And nothing you desire compares with her. Long life is in her right hand ; In her left hand are riches and honor.

• One of the biggest influences of capitalism, and the enemy of the socialist.

• Wrote Wealth of Nations

– attacked the prevailing economic system in Europe at the time.

– wealth was not how much gold & silver a country had but how many goods it could produce.

• Proposed that Free Trade among nations would produce wealth among countries.

• Advocated a policy known as “laissez faire” or hands off.

• The role of government, aside from law and order, was to provide an adequate education system, road system, and for the defense of the country.

Adam Smith

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Christianity & ministering to the poor

• The first real form of ministry was in the form of Sunday School.

• Robert Raikes: – Began the first Sunday Schools

for the poor in England during the late 18th century.

• George Mueller – Founded the best known

orphanage in Bristol England

•

Robert Raikes

George Mueller

• In 1844 George Williams established the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in London.

• In 1865 William Booth started the Salvation Army started in the London slums

• In America D. L. Moody and his partner Ira Sankey would have a huge impact on the world through evangelism.

– Beginning in 1873 Moody and Sankey would conduct large evangelical campaigns in tents through out the US and Britain in major industrial cities.

George Williams

William Booth

D.L.Moody

Ira Sankey

Faith in Science, not God

During the second half of the 19th century:

• Rapid expansion in scientific knowledge and technology.

• Practical inventions made life more comfortable.

• The telephone and telegraph made communication easier.

• Improved methods of transportation

• Better nutrition and better methods of diagnosing and treating disease increased the life span of people.

• Age of Reason changed the way scientist viewed God.

– No longer did they see God as the creator of all things,

– By the end of the century scientist viewed God as questionable.

• Science began to look at man and nature as the products of evolution.

Charles Darwin • In 1859 Darwin released his book,

The Origin of Species.

• Promoted theory that would come to be called “survival of the fittest.”

• Wrote The Descent of Man. in 1871

– Applied his theory of evolution to man, totally removing God from man’s creation, saying that we derived from the animals.

Charles Darwin

Discoveries during the 1800s and 1900s

• John Dalton: proposed that all chemical elements were composed of unique particles called atoms.

– recognized as the formulator of the atomic theory.

• Dmitri Mendeleev: organized the chemical elements into a chart according to their atomic masses

– Periodic Table

• William Roentgen: accidentally discovered x-rays while working with vacuum tubes.

• Henry Moseley: made more discoveries about atoms that would help to better organize the element chart.

John Dalton

Dmitri Mendeleev

William Roentgen

Henry Moseley

• Pierre & Marie Curie: Would discover two new elements in uranium ore called pitchblende.

• Ernest Rutherford: Discovered that the atom was composed of at least two distinct parts-a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons.

• Niels Bohr: Built on Rutherford’s theory. Bohr’s model would show that a nucleus was composed of two kinds of particles, positive protons and neutral neutrons. He would show that electrons moved around the nucleus like the planets orbiting the sun.

• Albert Einstein: Einstein would show the relationship between matter and energy. He would demonstrate this through the equation E=mc² (energy equals mass times the speed of light squared) Another of his contributions is the theory of relativity.

Pierre & Marie Curie

Ernest Rutherford

Niels Bohr

Albert Einstein

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New Trends in the Arts

Realism

• Rejected the idealist emotion of romanticism and the fascination with exotic themes and faraway places

• Life should be portrayed as it really is

Realist Writers

Charles Dickens (1812-70)

• Attacked injustice in society through vivid portrayals of such places as industrial slums and debtors’ prisons

Thomas Hardy (1840 – 1928)

• British novelist

• Portrayed man as engaged in a hopeless struggle against impersonal forces beyond his control

Samuel Clemens (1835 – 1910)

• Better known as Mark Twain

• Viewed life as did Hardy

• Used humor to convey his ideas

Leo Tolstoy (1828 - 1910)

• Realistically described life in Russia during the Napoleonic Wars

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Realist Artists

• Concentrated on observable, common-place subjects

• Tried to portray life as they saw it, not as they imagined it to be

Gustave Courbet (1819 – 77)

The Stone Breakers

The Third-Class Carriage

Gustave Courbet (1819 – 77)

Beach in Normandy

Impressionism

• Impressionists turned away from photographic realism in their painting

• Made light and color their chief concerns

Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)

Two Young Girls at the Piano

Claude Monet (1840 – 1926)

The Highway Bridge at Argenteuil

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August Rodin (1840 – 1917)

• One of the foremost sculptors of the 19th century

The Thinker

Impressionist Style in Music

Claude Debussy (1862 – 1918)

• Largely responsible for the impressionistic style in music

• Made unique chord structures in an attempt to express musically what impressionistic painters were portraying visually

• Only vaguely outlined the melody and harmony in his works

Post-Impressionism

• Post-impressionists believed that impressionism rejected too many traditional artistic concepts

Paul Cézanne 1839 - 1906

• Believed that artists should reduce everything to basic geometric shapes

House of Pére Lacroix

Vincent van Gogh (1853 – 90)

• Often distorted the figures in his paintings in an effort to portray the intense emotions he felt toward his subjects

Self Portrait

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Starry Night